Important Role of Ultrasonography Immediately After Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules to Detect Acute Transient Thyroid Swelling.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether early detection of acute transient thyroid swelling (ATTS) is possible using ultrasonography (US) surveillance immediately after fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and discuss the usefulness of routine US after FNAB. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the incidence, clinical features, and US and computed tomography findings of ATTS in patients with thyroid nodules who underwent FNABs at our hospital. The study period was divided into two time periods: only symptomatic patients after FNAB were examined using US in the first period (period A: January 2016 to November 2020), whereas all patients were routinely examined using US shortly after FNAB in the second period (period B: December 2020 to December 2022). RESULTS: We found that the frequency of ATTS increased from 0.18% (10/5,685) in period A to 1.58% (31/1,958) in period B because the majority of ATTS cases in period B were asymptomatic. Follow-up US performed 15 minutes to 3 hours later confirmed no exacerbation of thyroid swelling in patients diagnosed with ATTS during period B. Routine US examinations, shortly after FNAB, significantly reduced the number of return visits after discharge (from 5/10 to 2/31, p=0.006). Furthermore, the incidence of unilateral swelling was higher than previously reported. CONCLUSION: Routine US examinations shortly after FNAB may be useful in identifying ATTS regardless of the presence of symptoms; moreover, they may reduce patients' return visits after leaving the hospital. It is also important to inform patients that delayed complications are possible and that severe cases, although rare, do exist.

Significant role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on serum calcium levels after total thyroidectomy: a prospective cohort study.

Introduction: Although active vitamin D (VD) has been used both preoperatively and postoperatively to prevent hypocalcemia risk in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) has not been examined. This study comprehensively investigated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D on calcium (Ca) concentrations after total thyroidectomy. Methods: Serum Ca, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25(OH)2D levels were measured in 82 patients with thyroid disease before and after surgery. Results: Serum Ca, PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D levels decreased significantly on the morning of the first postoperative day. Notably, the decrease in 1,25(OH)2D concentration was significantly lower than that of PTH concentration (10.5 ± 33.4% vs. 52.1 ± 30.1%, p<0.0001), with 28% of patients showing increases in 1,25(OH)2D. The only factor predicting a postoperative 1,25(OH)2D decrease was a high preoperative 1,25(OH)2D concentration. Postoperative 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, as well as the magnitude and rate of decrease from preoperative levels, showed strong positive correlations with preoperative 1,25(OH)2D concentrations (p<0.0001 for all three variables) but not with PTH concentrations. These findings suggest that 1,25(OH)2D concentrations after thyroidectomy were more strongly dependent on preoperative concentrations than on the effect of PTH decrease and were relatively preserved, possibly preventing sudden severe postoperative hypocalcemia. A high 1,25(OH)2D level was the most important preoperative factor for hypocalcemia (<2 mmol/L; p<0.05) on the first postoperative day; however, only PTH decrease was statistically significant (p<0.001) when intraoperative factors were added. In the PTH >10 pg/mL group, the decrease in 1,25(OH)2D levels was significantly associated with postoperative hypocalcemia (p<0.05). Similarly, in the PTH levels >15 pg/mL group, a decrease in 1,25(OH)2D concentration was a significant factor, and the amount of PTH decrease was no longer significant. Conclusion: 1,25(OH)2D plays an important role in preventing sudden, severe hypocalcemia due to decreased PTH levels after total thyroidectomy, whereas high preoperative 1,25(OH)2D levels are a significant risk factor for postoperative hypocalcemia. Optimizing preoperative protocols to adjust Ca, PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D levels to improve the management of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy and to prevent extreme intraoperative PTH decreases may reduce the risk of hypocalcemia.

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement pitfalls: parathyroid hormone spikes with carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone fragments in primary hyperparathyroidism-a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring is a critical surgical adjunct for determining the extent of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), with reported false-positive and false-negative rates of up to 10%. Surgeons must understand the parathyroid hormone (PTH) dynamics and select the appropriate IOPTH protocol and interpretation criteria for curative surgery. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 64-year-old woman with a large cystic parathyroid tumor and PHPT who experienced a significant delay in IOPTH decrease but was cured without additional surgery. The patient's basal intact PTH was 96.2 pg/mL, which decreased to 93.3 pg/mL at 25 min and 72.4 pg/mL at 55 min after removal of the parathyroid tumor. In an attempt to elucidate its pathophysiology, 1-84 PTH levels were measured in stored serum. These results can also be attributed to the relatively low basal PTH levels, intact PTH spike, and high ratio of large carboxyl-terminal PTH fragments present. The patient had normal intact PTH and calcium levels at the 9-month postoperative visit. CONCLUSIONS: As detailed reports on these phenomena are scarce, we discuss the causes of false-negative IOPTH results in terms of PTH production, secretion, metabolism, and differences in measurement methods to avoid unnecessary surgery.

A prospective cross-sectional study on hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy in patients with Graves' disease: insights on secondary hyperparathyroidism.

PURPOSE: To investigate the parathyroid function and calcium (Ca) levels in the secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) state in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS: We examined 31 consecutive patients with Graves' disease without chronic kidney disease, who were treated with total thyroidectomy. The patients were divided into a normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) group (NPTH group; n = 19) with a PTH level ≤ 65 pg/mL, and a secondary hyperparathyroidism group (SHPT group; n = 12), with a PTH level > 65 pg/mL. The PTH and Ca-related parameters were examined and the risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia were analyzed. RESULTS: The preoperative Ca level was significantly lower (2.24 ± 0.06 vs. 2.31 ± 0.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05) in the SHPT group than in the NPTH group. The reduction in PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and Ca levels from the preoperative day to the next morning was significantly greater in the SHPT group than in the NPTH group (p < 0.05). When intraoperative factors were included, the decrease in the PTH level alone was significant. SHPT was a significant factor in determining the extent of PTH reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in the SHPT state were more susceptible to postoperative PTH reduction, which, combined with low preoperative Ca levels, increased the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with Graves' disease.