Alzheimer's disease: new insight in assessing of amyloid plaques morphologies using multifractal geometry based on Naive Bayes optimized by random forest algorithm.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a physical illness, which damages a person's brain; it is the most common cause of dementia. AD can be characterized by the formation of amyloid-beta (Aß) deposits. They exhibit diverse morphologies that range from diffuse to dense-core plaques. Most of the histological images cannot be described precisely by traditional geometry or methods. Therefore, this study aims to employ multifractal geometry in assessing and classifying amyloid plaque morphologies. The classification process is based on extracting the most descriptive features related to the amyloid-beta (Aß) deposits using the Naive Bayes classifier. To eliminate the less important features, the Random Forest algorithm has been used. The proposed methodology has achieved an accuracy of 99%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 98.5%. This study employed a new dataset that had not been widely used before.

A new strategy for the early detection of alzheimer disease stages using multifractal geometry analysis based on K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is considered one of the most diseases that much prevalent among elderly people all over the world. AD is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting cognitive functions and were characterized by progressive and collective functions deteriorating. Remarkably, early detection of AD is essential for the development of new and invented treatment strategies. As Dementia causes irreversible damage to the brain neurons and leads to changes in its structure that can be described adequately within the framework of multifractals. Hence, the present work focus on developing a promising and efficient computing technique to pre-process and classify the AD disease especially in the early stages using multifractal geometry to extract the most changeable features due to AD. Then, A machine learning classification algorithm (K-Nearest Neighbor) has been implemented in order to classify and detect the main four early stages of AD. Two datasets have been used to ensure the validation of the proposed methodology. The proposed technique has achieved 99.4% accuracy and 100% sensitivity. The comparative results show that the proposed classification technique outperforms is recent techniques in terms of performance measures.

A novel synthesis of dibenzo[c,f]chromenes, dibenzo[c,h]chromenes and benzo[7,8]chromeno[3,4-f]isoindoles as antimicrobial agents.

Naphtho[2,1-b]pyranone (3) was allowed to react with arylmethylenemalononitriles to yield 4-amino-5-oxo-2-aryl-5H-dibenzo[c,f]chromene-3-carbonitriles (4a,b); with ethyl 3,4-dichlorobenzylidene cyanoacetate to furnish dibenzo[c,f]chromene (5) and with elemental sulfur in dioxane containing piperidine to give thieno[3,4-d]naphtho[2,1-b]pyranone (6). Similarly, naphtho[1,2-b]pyranone (7) was reacted with arylmethylenemalononitriles and elemental sulfur to furnish dibenzo[c,h]chromenes (8) and thieno[3,4-d]naphtho[1,2-b]pyranone (10), respectively. Compound 10 underwent cycloaddition with N-arylmaleimides to yield benzo[7,8]chromeno[3,4-f]isoindoles (11a-c). Some of these compounds were screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activities.

The potential of aspirin in prodrug synthesis: a new potential delivery system of AZT and FLT.

Aspirin (O-acetylsalicylic acid) has been used to synthesize prodrugs of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT). The mixed anhydride between aspirin and trifluoroacetic acid was synthesized and reacted with AZT and FLT to give the blocked nucleosides attached through the 5'-O position to the 2-position of 2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzodioxin-4-one. The prodrugs showed the same activities against HIV-1 in MT-4 cells as the original drugs. Hydrolysis of the synthesized prodrugs in the growth medium, used for anti-HIV investigations, resulted in formation of 5-O acetylated drugs which were subsequently hydrolyzed into the original drugs.

Evaluation of governmental dental health services in rural health centers in Egypt.

The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the existing utility of rural oral health services after 20 yr of implementing the compulsory law of rural health services in Egypt. Six out of 26 governorates present in Egypt were selected. Ten rural health centers from each governorate were visited. A review from each center was performed about the demographic features of the village, the dental manpower and type and condition of dental equipment. The existing records of the dental treatment performed per year from July 1980 to June 1981 were recorded. The general findings revealed that only 31% of rural health centers of the selected governorates had dental facilities. The demand for dental treatments in these centers varied between the six governorates and ranged between 12% in Alexandria to 1% in Dakahlia of the population. Most of the treatments performed were extractions (52.52%), while conservative treatments were minimal (0.85%). Prosthetic treatments were not available in these centers.

Effect and mechanism of action of methomyl and cypermethrin insecticides on kynurenine metabolizing enzymes of mouse liver.

The effect of methomyl and cypermethrin insecticides on the B6-dependent kynurenine hydrolase (KH) and kynurenine aminotransferase (KATE) was studied. These insecticides induced pronounced inhibition on the (KH) and (KATE) enzymes after single dose treatment. Repeated doses of methomyl induced inhibition on the (KH) and (KATE) activities, whereas repeated treatment with cypermethrin had no effect on the activities of these enzymes. In vitro methomyl inhibited (KH) and (KATE) enzymes at 10(-6)M up to 10(-3)M, through a competitive mechanism. Methomyl and cypermethrin are capable of causing alterations in the kynurenine metabolizing enzymes of mouse liver.