[The long 1992 in medicinal (non-)security of Russia. Report II. Market networks and institutes].

The year of 1992 is very important milestone in history of Russian pharmaceutical market. It began not in January 1922, but in December 1991, when the President and Government enactments to open free market for medications were promulgated. The advisers of B. N. Yeltsin considered market economy as reliable mean to overcome medicinal deficiencies, corruption and bureaucratic monopoly. However, panacea did not work. Moreover, it caused completely new problems. The human and state security implies protection from threats of dependencies. The unprepared dive into market plunged Russians and the country into severe dependence on import of medications and foreign pharmaceutical companies. The proposed study expands our publications in this journal and in journal "Pharmacy" in 2022. At that time, analysis of medication scarcity was implemented on the basis of published sources and relied on journalistic evidences. The current study is carried out on the basis of archival documents of the Ministry of Health Care of the Russian Federation and authors interviews of representatives of regulator. The second report reconstructs the sequence of the emergence and correlation of the structural elements of the Russian pharmaceutical market.

[The long 1992 year in medicinal (non-)security of Russia. Report I. Market trial].

The year 1992 is an important landmark in the history of Russian pharmaceutical market. It began not in January, but in December 1991, when orders of the President and the Government to open free market of medications were promulgated. The Yeltsin advisers conceived that market economy was infallible means to combat medication shortages, corruption and bureaucratic monopoly. However, panacea did not work. Moreover, it gave rise to completely new problems. The human and state security implies protection from threats of dependence. The unprepared dive into market plunged Russians and the country into deep dependence on imported medications and foreign pharmaceutical companies. The proposed study proceeds our publications in this journal and in journal "Pharmacia" in 2022. At that time, analysis of medication "famine" was implemented on basis of published sources and relied on journalistic evidences. The current study was carried out on the basis of archive documents of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and authors interviews of representatives of the regulator. The first report reveals administrative mechanism that engendered crisis of medication supply in the first post-Soviet year of our country.

[The industrial landscape of Russian pharmaceutical industry in 2010-2018].

The article presents interim results of large-scale experiment on organization of pharmaceutical clusters in Russia in the 2010s. For the pharmaceutical industry, organization of clusters marked transition from spontaneous market to development of technological production complexes with full cycle of development, testing and production of medications. For the first time such first "star clusters" as the Kaluga, Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg and "Northern" pharmaceutical clusters are described, including their nascence, institutional formation and encountered problems.

[Government modernisation of the 'old' pharmaceutical business (2008-2011). Report 1. Threats and security].

This series of articles analyses the drug safety policy of the Russian Federation. The first report reveals the reasons behind the government's dramatic turnaround in the pharmaceutical market and pharmaceutical industry, which emerged in 2007-2008. Based on publications, author interviews and unique protocol documents from the government archive, the logic and sequence of a new regulatory agreement between the pharmaceutical business and the Russian state are revealed.

[Government modernisation of the 'old' pharmaceutical business (2008-2011). Report 2. Pharmaceutical future and biosafety].

This series of articles is devoted to an analysis of the drug safety policy of the Russian Federation. The second communication focuses on the history of strategy development and choice of tactics for pharmaceutical industry modernisation, the spectrum of interests of the concept-makers and the contradictions between the approaches. Based on journal publications and oral interviews, the authors traced the process of creating a regulatory agreement between political authorities and professional groups on power sharing and management delegation after the recognition of the pharmaceutical market as an object of state security.

[The medical representatives, or debates of 2010s about promotion of medications].

The article considers the issue of the restrictions imposed by the government in the 2010s into process of introducing and promoting medications at the market by means of medical representatives. The government decided to formalize relationships of pharmaceutical manufacturers with consumers of medications. On the one hand, such a trend was occurring all over the world and was stimulated by social attacks at Big Pharma under slogan "the conflict of interests". On the other hand, at the Russian pharmaceutical market, the restrictions of direct contacts of pharmaceutical manufacturers with physicians and and pharmaceutists were supported above all by national manufacturers of medicines. In the course of competition, vast army of Russian medical representatives was stigmatized that made many medics either to leave pharmaceutical market or to limit themselves to formal duties.

[The achievements and deficiencies of history of the Soviet health care].

The authors of the book under discussion on the forum speculate on subject matters and difficulties of their own and collective studies of the Soviet past. The reviews of the book prompted authors not only to reveal creative concepts, analytical approaches and methods, but also to assess state of the research field "History of the Soviet health care", its trends and deficiencies and to suggest main directions of its development.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report III. The interests of consumers].

The article (the third one in author's series of historical studies of drug supply and pharmaceutical business) examines the period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of the third millennium. The analysis of state of the market based on data from Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is presented. The article consists of three reports. The first one considered "field players" of the pharmaceutical market (owners of different types of pharmaceutical business). The second one dealt with all the personnel serving the market game (Russian employees of pharmaceutical companies) and their reflection of the new, post-Soviet experience of living in private business. The third report covers issue of "spectators and judges" i.e. consumers in broad sense of word: from state to buyers of pharmacy medications. The conflicting interests of state structures and officials who played double role (bulk buyers and regulators) as well as needs and problems of retail consumers of pharmaceutical production are demonstrated.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report II. The Pharma servants of Russia].

The article (the third one of authors cycle of historical studies of medication supply and pharmaceutical business) examines period of economic renaissance of the Russian pharmaceutical market in the first years of third millennium. The state of market according data of Russian analytical agencies, medical periodicals and recollections of participants is considered. The article consists of three reports. In the first report the issue was the "field players" of pharmaceutical market, and in the second one - all the personnel serving market game, making it possible, their reflections on their new, post-Soviet experience of life in private business.

[The Renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market (2000-2004). Report I. The field players].

The article (third one out of author's cycle of historical studies of medicinal provision and pharmaceutical business) considers period of economic renaissance of Russian pharmaceutical market during the first five years of Third Millennium. The market conditions are analyzed according data of Russian analytical agencies, materials of medical periodicals and memories of participants. The article is composed of three reports. The first report demonstrates changes in composition of essential players on market field that occurred after 1998 default.

[The 1998 default and the pharmaceutical market. Report 2: Predictions and Estimates].

In a series of articles, researchers analyze the significance of the 1998 default for the development of the pharmaceutical industry and for the fates of pharmaceutical market participants. The second communication presents the results of an analysis of predictive statements and the collective memory of representatives of the pharmaceutical community. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the interviews published in pharmaceutical publications and taken by the authors of the article during 2019-2021. A total of 43 texts were used.

The default of 1998 and pharmaceutical market. Report I. The chronicle of disaster.

The researchers, in series of articles, analyze significance of the default of 1998 for both pharmaceutical industry and participants of pharmaceutical market. The Report I presents results of investigation of corresponding economic and social aspects of issue. The article presents contradictions in tax and financial policies of then ruling authorities; regulatory drawbacks created by inefficient awareness of economic situation and social specificity of pharmaceutics; means for pharmaceutical companies to survive in these conditions.

[The Russian pharmaceutical industry in 1990s. Report III. Insider vision].

The third report, which is a continuation of article on the Russian pharmaceutical branch in the 1990s, analyses corresponding conceptions of internal observers (participators of production and distribution of medications), including their assessments of normality of emerging market. The conclusion is made that the Russian pharmaceutical market grew from chaos that resulted from wreckage of the Soviet medication supply system in 1994-1998. The general dominance of generics over patented medications, distributors over manufacturers, weak interest of state authorities to long-term cooperation with pharmaceutics for the sake of development of own national production, low legal culture were generic characteristics of its infrastructure.

[The Russian pharmaceutical branch in 1990s. Report II. The optics of external observers].

The article proceeds to explore history of the pharmaceutical branch in the 1990s. The changes in system of medicinal supply in Russia are demonstrated through infrastructural transformations and their assessment by political figures and regulators of pharmaceutical market.

[The Russian pharmaceutical branch in 1990s. Report 1. From the Soviet to the market].

The article opens series of publications devoted to the history of occurrence of pharmaceutical market in Russia. The specifics of medication supply system in the Soviet period, circumstances of its deconstruction in early 1990s and modes of overcoming medication scarcity in 1993-1994 are considered. The authors compared publicly available digital data of 1990s documenting state of pharmaceutical branch, with testimonies of pharmaceutical market participants, their speculations on its state and conceptions about its normativity. This kind of methodological approach permitted to discover latent incentives and hidden obstacles in the history of Russian Pharma and to discern asymmetries of infrastructural development.

[The failed reform of higher medical education in Russia in the beginning of the XX century].

In 1907-1910, the Pirogov Society prepared project of large-scale reform of university medical education. The elite of medical community and the students of Russia criticized the organization and content of educational process at medical faculties of Russian universities and developed set of proposals their reforming. In particular, suggestions were made about changing target goals of medical faculties functioning, transferring to two-stage model of training of physician, revising scope and character of teaching theoretical medical disciplines and organizing a number of new chairs.

[Deterioration of Soviet people's health in an era of stagnation].

The article analyzes negative changes in the USSR population health in the era of stagnation. These changes are traced on the basis of statistical indices of physical development, morbidity of infectious and mental diseases, mortality and life expectancy. The mentioned data are compared with indices of ecological pollution, drinking water and foodstuff quality. The study results are explained by political decisions on reclamation of unsettled territories, developing of all-Union constructions, (anti)alcohol campaigns.

[The state and possibilities of the Soviet Health Care in 1960-1980s].

The article presents materials characterizing the state of health care system in the USSR in 1960-1980s. The main attention is paid to the complex of unresolved problems that had negative impact on capacity and quality of population medical care. The conclusions concerning factors weakening state health care system during last decades of the USSR existence are expressed and justified.

[The restoration or formation? The post-war reform of the Soviet health care].

The article considers main directions of health care reform in the USSR during first post-war decades. The brief description of the state of health and health care in the USSR on the eve of the reform is presented. The main transformations implemented in 1945-1965 are adduced and analyzed. The corresponding impact on changes in medical demographic indices is demonstrated.

[The principles of the Soviet medicine: history of establishment].

The article reveals the conditions for creation of concept of "the Soviet medicine" and traces the evolution of its principles i.e. the understanding of its key features. The source base was created on extracted their formulations from the program texts of Bolsheviks, journal publications of medical administrators, minutes of meetings of historians of medicine and textbooks on the organization of health care. The study demonstrated how during the hundred years (1918-2018) the semantics of formulations changed quite radically. The explanation is proposed concerning how and why the former meanings were lost and the form of statements sacralized.