[Effects of heat-reinforcing acupuncture on urine metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different acupuncture methods on urine metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rabbits, and to explore the specificity mechanism of heat-reinforcing acupuncture for RA. METHODS: A total of 40 clean purple-blue rabbits were randomly allocated to a normal group, a model group, a mild reinforcing-reducing needling (MRRN) group, a twirling-reinforcing needling (TRN) group and a heat-reinforcing needling (HRN) group, 8 rabbits in each one. Except the normal group, the rabbits in the remaining groups were treated with ovalbumin and freezing to establish RA model. The rabbits in the MRRN group, TRN group and HRN group were treated with MRRN, TRN and HRN at "Zusanli" (ST 36), respectively, 30 min per treatment, once a day for seven days. After treatment, 24-h urine was collected. The rabbits were sacrificed to collect synovial tissues of knee to perform morphology observation; the liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) was applied to measure urine metabolites. All the data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the leucine-related metabolites, as main urine metabolites, were decreased in the model group (P<0.05), while the purine-related metabolites and tryptophane-related metabolites were increased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the leucine-related metabolites, as main urine metabolites, were increased in the three needling groups after treatment (P<0.05), while the tryptophan-related metabolites andpurine-related metabolites were decreased (P<0.05), moreover, the leucine-related metabolites in the HRN group were obviously higher than those in the MRRN group and TRN gruop (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MRRN, TRN and HRN can regulate the pathway of leucine metabolism (energy metabolism), purine metabolism (oxidative damage) and tryptophane metabolism (immune regulation) for RA, The specificity of HRN for RA focuses on regulation of leucine metabolism (energy metabolism).

Metabolic Profiling of Plasma in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Using Liquid Chromatography and Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: To delineate the metabolomic profiling and identify early diagnostic biomarkers in maternal plasma from the pregnant women who subsequently developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF MS). METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from GDM pregnant women (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30) at the 20th gestational week in Huzhou Central Hospital and Huzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The principle component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal PLS (OPLS) were sequentially applied to discover the differential metabolites for GDM diagnosis. Further, we analyzed the identified biomarkers in the MetPA database in order to reveal the key relevant metabolism in GDM. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 975 aligned metabolites were distinguished among GDM plasma and healthy controls. In particular, the level of linolenic acid and arachidonic acid was significantly elevated in GDM. CONCLUSIONS: The linolenic acid and arachidonic acid could be selected as new potent biomarkers for GDM diagnosis and prognosis in early pregnancy; however, they still need to be confirmed from large samples in future.

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Alterations in Mouse Plasma and Liver in Response to Fava Beans.

Favism is a life-threatening hemolytic anemia resulting from the intake of fava beans by susceptible individuals with low erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. However, little is known about the metabolomic changes in plasma and liver after the intake of fava beans in G6PD normal and deficient states. In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the plasma and liver metabolic alterations underlying the effects of fava beans in C3H- and G6PD-deficient (G6PDx) mice, and to find potential biomarkers and metabolic changes associated with favism. Our results showed that fava beans induced oxidative stress in both C3H and G6PDx mice. Significantly, metabolomic differences were observed in plasma and liver between the control and fava bean treated groups of both C3H and G6PDx mice. The levels of 7 and 21 metabolites in plasma showed significant differences between C3H-control (C3H-C)- and C3H fava beans-treated (C3H-FB) mice, and G6PDx-control (G6PDx-C)- and G6PDx fava beans-treated (G6PDx-FB) mice, respectively. Similarly, the levels of 7 and 25 metabolites in the liver showed significant differences between C3H and C3H-FB, and G6PDx and G6PDx-FB, respectively. The levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and creatinine were significantly increased in the plasma of both C3H-FB and G6PDx-FB mice. In the liver, more metabolic alterations were observed in G6PDx-FB mice than in C3H-FB mice, and were involved in a sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, the urea cycle, and the nucleotide metabolic pathway. These findings suggest that oleic acid, linoleic acid, and creatinine may be potential biomarkers of the response to fava beans in C3H and G6PDx mice and therefore that oleic acid and linoleic acid may be involved in oxidative stress induced by fava beans. This study demonstrates that G6PD activity in mice can affect their metabolic pathways in response to fava beans.

Investigation into the role of catabolite control protein A in the metabolic regulation of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 using gene expression profile analysis.

Catabolite control protein A (CcpA) serves a key function in the catabolism of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) by affecting the biological function and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of this bacterium. The aim of the present study was to identify variations in CcpA expression in S. suis 2 using gene expression profile analysis. Using sequencing and functional analysis, CcpA was demonstrated to play a regulatory role in the expression and regulation of virulence genes, carbon metabolism and immunoregulation in S. suis 2. Gene Ontology and Kyto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that CcpA in S. suis 2 is involved in the regulation of multiple metabolic processes. Furthermore, combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolite data suggested that metabolites varied due to the modulation of gene expression levels under the influence of CcpA regulation. In addition, metabolic network analysis indicated that CcpA impacted carbon metabolism to a certain extent. Therefore, the present study has provided a more comprehensive analysis of the role of CcpA in the metabolic regulation of S. suis 2, which may facilitate future investigation into this mechanism. Furthermore, the results of the present study provide a foundation for further research into the regulatory function of CcpA and associated metabolic pathways in S. suis 2.

A systematic analysis of predicted MiR-31-targets identifies a diagnostic and prognostic signature for lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have shown that miR-31 could play a potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of several cancers including lung cancer. The aim of this study is to globally summarize the predicting targets of miR-31 and their potential function, pathways and networks, which are involved in the biological behavior of lung cancer. METHODS: We have conducted the natural language processing (NLP) analysis to identify lung cancer-related molecules in our previous work. In this study, miR-31 targets predicted by combinational computational methods. All target genes were characterized by gene ontology (GO), pathway and network analysis. In addition, miR-31 targets analysis were integrated with the results from NLP analysis, followed by hub genes interaction analysis. RESULT: We identified 27 hub genes by the final integrative analysis and suggested that miR-31 may be involved in the initiation, progression and treatment response of lung cancer through cell cycle, cytochrome P450 pathway, metabolic pathways, apoptosis, chemokine signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, as well as others. CONCLUSION: Our data may help researchers to predict the molecular mechanisms of miR-31 in the molecular mechanism of lung cancer comprehensively. Moreover, the present data indicate that the interaction of miR-31 targets may be promising candidates as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapy of lung cancer.

A study on the extraction process of active ingredients from Akebia Stem and an analysis of their anti-gastric cancer activity.

The study investigated the extraction process of active ingredients from akebia stem and an analysis of their anti-gastric cancer activity. Three different extraction methods were used to obtain extracts, namely the decoction method (group A), reflux extraction method (group B), and maceration method (group C), of which reflux extraction method and maceration method used ethanol as the extraction solvent, while decoction method used distilled water for extraction. The differences in anti-gastric cancer activity of the three extracts were compared. MTT assay was used to test and compare the inhibitory effects of extracts obtained in A, B, and C groups on gastric cancer cells. The results showed that the dry extract obtained by heat reflux extraction with "water-ethanol" ratio of 1:2, extractant volume of 70 ml, with ethanol as extraction solvent presented the best inhibitory activity on gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells in this study. Its inhibitory effect did not change over time, and was directly proportional to the concentration.

The associated ion between the VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma and the clinicopathological features in subjects infected with HBV.

AIM: To evaluate the possible association between the vitamin D receptor (VDR), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHOD: 968 chronic HBV infection patients were enrolled, of which 436 patients were diagnosed HCC patients, and 532 were non-HCC patients. The clinicopathological characteristics of HCC were evaluated. The genotypes of VDR gene at FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI were determined. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of VDR FokI C>T polymorphism were significantly different between HCC and non-HCC groups. HCC patients had a higher prevalence of FokI TT genotype than non-HCC subjects. With FokI CC as reference, the TT carriage had a significantly higher risk for development of HCC after adjustments with age, sex, HBV infection time, α -fetoprotein, smoking status, and alcohol intake. In addition, we also found that the TT genotype carriage of FokI polymorphisms were associated with advanced tumor stage, presence of cirrhosis, and lymph node metastasis. The SNP at BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI did not show positive association with the risk and clinicopathological features of HCC. CONCLUSION: The FokI C>T polymorphisms may be used as a molecular marker to predict the risk and to evaluate the disease severity of HCC in those infected with HBV.

RAGE genetic polymorphisms are associated with risk, chemotherapy response and prognosis in patients with advanced NSCLC.

AIM: To explore the association between genetic polymorphisms of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and susceptibility, chemotherapy response rate and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHOD: This is a prospective study in which 562 patients with NSCLC and 764 healthy controls were enrolled. Three RAGE genetic polymorphisms, namely, -429T/C, -374T/A and 82G/S were genotyped. Platinum-based chemotherapy was given to 432 subjects with advanced inoperable NSCLC and their responses to chemotherapy were evaluated. RESULTS: All the polymorphic genotypes of RAGE polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility for NSCLC. Only the 82G/S polymorphisms denoted a significant difference between responders and non-responders to chemotherapy. The 82SS genotype and 82S allele distribution not only increased the NSCLC risk, but also was associated with a lower chemotherapy response rate and poor prognosis, indicated by overall survival and progression free survival. CONCLUSION: The 82G/S genetic polymorphism of RAGE gene might be used as a genetic marker to screen for patients sensitive to thermotherapy and to predict the prognosis of NSCLC.

CD146 expression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and a poor prognosis in gastric cancer.

CD146 has been regarded as a novel potential therapeutic target for multiple cancers. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of CD146 in gastric cancer and evaluate its clinical-pathological and prognostic significance. The expression of CD146 and three epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins (E-cadherin, ß-catenin and vimentin) was examined in 144 gastric cancers by immunohistochemistry. Fifty-nine cases (41.0%) were defined as positive for CD146 expression. We found that CD146 expression correlated positively with lymph node involvement and a poor prognosis, and retained an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, positive expression of CD146 was strongly associated with loss of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and acquisition of the expression of the mesenchymal markers nuclear ß-catenin and vimentin. These findings suggest that CD146 might promote EMT and progression in gastric cancer, and thus may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with gastric cancers.

Identification of serum biomarkers for lung cancer using magnetic bead-based SELDI-TOF-MS.

AIM: To identify novel serum biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis using magnetic bead-based surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum (SELDI-TOF-MS). METHODS: The protein fractions of 121 serum specimens from 30 lung cancer patients, 30 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 33 healthy controls were enriched using WCX magnetic beads and subjected to SELDI-TOF-MS. The spectra were analyzed using Bio-marker Wizard version 3.1.0 and Biomarker Patterns Software version 5.0. A diagnostic model was constructed with the marker proteins using a linear discrimination analysis method. The validity of this model was tested in a blind test set consisted of 8 randomly selected lung cancer patients, 10 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 10 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Seventeen m/z peaks were identified, which were significantly different between the lung cancer group and the control (tuberculosis and healthy control) groups. Among these peaks, the 6445, 9725, 11705, and 15126 m/z peaks were selected by the Biomarker Pattern Software to construct a diagnostic model for lung cancer. This four-peak model established in the training set could discriminate lung cancer patients from non-cancer patients with a sensitivity of 93.3% (28/30) and a specificity of 90.5% (57/63). The diagnostic model showed a high sensitivity (75.0%) and a high specificity (95%) in the blind test validation. Database searching and literature mining indicated that the featured 4 peaks represented chaperonin (M9725), hemoglobin subunit beta (M15335), serum amyloid A (M11548), and an unknown protein. CONCLUSION: A lung cancer diagnostic model based on bead-based SELDI-TOF-MS has been established for the early diagnosis or differential diagnosis of lung cancers.

Association of two polymorphisms within and near SOCS3 gene with obesity in three nationalities in Xinjiang province of China.

AIM: SOCS3 gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity in animal models, but the data from human studies are relatively limited. To address this issue, a genetic association analysis on nationalities with different genetic background living in the similar environmental conditions was performed. METHODS: Two thousand seven hundred eleven subjects were randomly recruited from the Kazakh, Uygur and Han nationalities in Xinjiang of China. SNP polymorphisms rs4969168 and rs9892622 within or near the SOCS3 gene were genotyped using TaqMan-MGB™ assay. Association study between the two polymorphisms and obesity-related traits (body mass index [BMI]; waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]; weight; height, waist, and hip measurements) was conducted. RESULTS: Significant association was found between rs4969168 and the obesity-related traits, including BMI (25.32 ± 3.49 kg/m(2) for AA, 24.60 ± 3.70 kg/m(2) for AG, 24.39 ± 3.42 kg/m(2) for GG, P=0.042), weight (65.58 ± 11.42 kg for AA, 63.50 ± 11.30 kg for AG, 62.00 ± 10.78 kg for GG, P=0.011) in the Han nationality, but not in the Kazakh or Uygur nationalities. Rs9892622 was significantly associated with BMI, WHR, and WAIST in the Uygur males. Rs9892622 was also associated with BMI in Kazakh males. Linear regression analysis verified the above findings. However, neither of the two polymorphisms was associated with obesity-related traits in the total population. CONCLUSION: The polymorphism rs4969168 within or near the SOCS3 gene has a significant effect in the Han nationality, while rs9892622 was associated with obesity in Uygur and Kazakh nationalities in Xinjiang of China.

Proteomic analysis identified DJ-1 as a cisplatin resistant marker in non-small cell lung cancer.

The aim of study is to identify cisplatin-resistance associated biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). We use two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to compare the proteome between lung cancer cell line A549 and its cisplatin-resistant subline A549/DDP. Nine cisplatin resistance-related proteins were identified, and DJ-1, one of the differently expressed proteins, was selected for further validation and evaluation. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that high expression level of DJ-1 was associated with cisplatin resistance and a predictor for poor prognosis in 67 locally advanced NSCLC patients. Furthermore, in vitro results showed that silencing DJ-1 increased the proliferation inhibitory effect of cisplatin to A549/DDP cells. In conclusion, DJ-1 might play an important role in the resistibility to cisplatin, and it could also act as a novel candidate biomarker for predicting the response of NSCLC patients to cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

GC/MS-based metabolomic approach to validate the role of urinary sarcosine and target biomarkers for human prostate cancer by microwave-assisted derivatization.

A recent study showed that sarcosine may be potentially useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to validate diagnostic value of sarcosine for PCa, to evaluate urine metabolomic profiles in patients with PCa in comparison of non-cancerous control, and to further explore the other potential metabolic biomarkers for PCa. Isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ID GC/MS) metabolomic approach was applied to evaluate sarcosine using [methyl-D(3)]-sarcosine as an internal standard. Microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) together with GC/MS was utilized to obtain the urinary metabolomic information in 20 PCa patients compared with eight patients with benign prostate hypertrophy and 20 healthy men. Acquired metabolomic data were analyzed using a two-sample t test. Diagnostic models for PCa were constructed using principal component analysis and were assessed with receiver-operating characteristic curves. Results showed that the urinary sarcosine level has no statistical difference between the PCa group and the control group. In addition, nine metabolomic markers between the PCa group and the healthy male group were selected, which constructed a diagnostic model with a high area under the curve value of 0.9425. We conclude that although urinary sarcosine value has limited potential in the diagnostic algorithm of PCa, urinary metabolomic panel based on GC/MS assay following MAD may potentially become a diagnostic tool for PCa.

The combination of stem cell markers CD133 and ABCG2 predicts relapse in stage I non-small cell lung carcinomas.

The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of two cancer stem cell markers CD133 and ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and evaluate their prognostic values for postoperative relapse. The expression levels of CD133 and ABCG2 in 145 stage I NSCLC tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry. Positive CD133 and ABCG2 expression was defined in 31.7 and 37.9% of the NSCLC tumors, respectively. Both stem markers alone did not correlate with any of the clinicopathological characteristics and were insufficient to predict recurrence after surgery. However, our results showed that the dual expression of CD133 and ABCG2 (CD133+/ABCG2+) status was an independent predictor of postoperative recurrence for patients with stage I NSCLC. Furthermore, CD133+/ABCG2+ NSCLC tumors (33 cases, 22.8%) had a significantly higher microvessel density and higher expression levels of angiogenic factors than the other subgroups. In conclusion, this study suggests that NSCLC patients with the dual expression of CD133 and ABCG2 have a high risk of early relapse and might benefit from anti-angiogenesis therapy.

miRNA-145 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by targeting c-Myc.

MicroRNAs are important gene regulators that potentially play a profound role in tumorigenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that miR-145 is a tumor suppressor capable of inhibiting breast and colon cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. However, the biological function of miR-145 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is largely unknown. In colon cancer cells, c-Myc is a confirmed direct target for miR-145. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of miR-145 and c-Myc on proliferation of NSCLC cells, using the NSCLC cell lines A549 and H23 as models. We determined the expression level of miR-145 in tumor tissues relative to adjacent non-tumor tissues, and in NSCLC cell lines relative to non-malignant lung cells. Downregulation of miR-145 was seen in tumor tissues and the two NSCLC cell lines by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MTT and focus formation assays were conducted to measure cell proliferation rates. Cell growth was inhibited and the G1/S transition was blocked by miR-145 in transfection assays of A549 and H23 cells. We further showed that c-Myc was a direct target for miR-145. Introduction of miR-145 dramatically suppressed the c-Myc/eIF4E pathway, which was demonstrated to be crucial for cell proliferation in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, we found that CDK4 was regulated by miR-145 in cell cycle control. Taken together, our study results demonstrate that miR-145 inhibits proliferation of NSCLC cells through c-Myc. Increasing miR-145 expression may provide a novel approach for the treatment of NSCLC.

miR-199a regulates the tumor suppressor mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 in gastric cancer.

Small noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor proliferation and metastasis. However, their function and mechanism in the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer has not yet been elucidated. Here, we investigated the relationship between miRNA-199a and gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis. Using real-time reverse-transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction, we found that miR-199a is highly expressed in gastric cancer compared to normal gastric tissues and in metastatic, compared to non-metastatic gastric cancer tissues. MiR-199a positively regulated gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Further studies showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 was significantly down-regulated by miR-199a at the post-transcriptional level and, the level of miR-199a expression in gastric cancer significantly correlated with clinical progression. These findings suggested miR-199a promoted proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through a regulatory pathway in gastric cancer that has yet to be described. miR-199a may be useful as a new potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

Interruption of ß-catenin suppresses the EGFR pathway by blocking multiple oncogenic targets in human glioma cells.

Malignant gliomas are the most common type of intrinsic central nervous system (CNS) tumors with high mortality and morbidity. ß-catenin is overexpressed in human glioblastoma and knockdown of ß-catenin inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasive ability, and induces apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, treating the nude mice carrying established subcutaneous LN229 gliomas with siRNA targeting ß-catenin intratumorally also delayed the tumor growth. However, the mechanisms of down-regulation of ß-catenin that represses glioblastoma malignancy behavior remain to be elucidated. We utilized text-mining of MEDLINE abstracts with natural language processing to establish the ß-catenin biologic association network, and identified several interactions of this network with the EGFR pathway. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, our results confirmed down-regulation of ß-catenin induced reduced expression of EGFR, STAT3 and AKT1 mRNA and protein, besides, the level of phosphorylated Akt also decreased. A similar reduction in expression of CyclinD1, MMP2 and MMP9, downstream genes of the EGFR pathway, was observed. These results suggest that the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway regulates glioma cell proliferation and invasion, in part via the EGFR pathway.

Global changes of mRNA expression reveals an increased activity of the interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway by repression of miR-221/222 in glioblastoma U251 cells.

MicroRNA (miR)-221 and miR-222 are frequently upregulated in various types of human malignancy including glioblastoma. Previous studies have identified some targets of miR-221 and miR-222, such as p27 and p57. Inter-relationship between miR-221 and miR-222 expression and global mRNA expression remains elusive. Here we knocked down miR-221 and miR-222 expression and found 158 differentially expressed genes with 2-fold changes in U251 glioma cells by microarray analysis. Using the KEGG pathway databases and BioCarta, we found that the IFN-alpha signaling pathway was the most significant pathway modulated by differentially expressed genes. STAT1 and STAT2 are core proteins in the IFN-alpha signaling pathway. By Western blotting and immunofluorescence, we found that STAT1 and STAT2 expression and phosphorylation were upregulated in U251 cells with knocked-down miR-221/222. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 was present in the nucleus after repression of miR-221/222 expression in U251 cells. These data indicate for the first time a mechanism involving STAT1/2 upregulation under the transcriptional control of INF-alpha signaling after knockdown of miR-221/222 cluster in U251 glioma cells.

Metabolomic investigation of gastric cancer tissue using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Gastric cancer screening or diagnosis is mainly based on endoscopy and biopsy. The aim of this study was to identify the difference of metabolomic profile between normal and malignant gastric tissue, and to further explore tumor biomarkers. Chemical derivatization together with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was utilized to obtain the metabolomic information of the malignant and non-malignant tissues of gastric mucosae in 18 gastric cancer patients. Acquired metabolomic data was analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test to find the tissue metabolic biomarkers for gastric cancer. A diagnostic model for gastric cancer was constructed using principal component analysis (PCA), and was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results showed that 18 metabolites were detected differently between the malignant tissues and the adjacent non-malignant tissues of gastric mucosa. Five metabolites were also detected differently between the non-invasive tumors and the invasive tumors. The diagnostic model could discriminate tumors from normal mucosae with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.9629, and another diagnostic model constructed for clinical staging was assessed with an AUC value of 0.969. We conclude that the metabolomic profile of malignant gastric tissue was different from normal, and that the selected tissue metabolites could probably be applied for clinical diagnosis or staging for gastric cancer.

Metabolomic study for diagnostic model of oesophageal cancer using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

The prognosis for oesophageal cancer is poor. Attempts have been made for the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis. Metabolomic panel has been evaluated as potential candidate biomarkers. With gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as a sensitive modality for metabolomics, various tissue metabolites can be detected and identified. We hypothesized that tissue metabolomic biomarkers may be identifiable and diagnostically useful for oesophageal cancer. We present a metabolomic method of chemical derivatization followed by GC/MS to analyze the metabolic difference in biopsied specimens between oesophageal cancer and corresponding normal mucosae obtained from 20 oesophageal cancer patients. The GC/MS data was analyzed using a two sample t-test to explore the potential metabolic biomarkers for oesophageal cancer. A diagnostic model was constructed to discriminate normal from malignant samples, using principal component analysis (PCA) and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. t-Test showed a total of 20 marker metabolites detected were found to be different with statistical significance (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis yielded a complete distinction between the two groups. The diagnostic model could discriminate tumors from normal mucosae with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 1. Our findings suggest that this assay may potentially provide a new metabolomic biomarker for oesophageal cancer.