Application of nanotechnology in thrombus therapy.

The diseases caused by two pathological processes, thrombosis, and thromboembolism, are clinically known as thrombotic diseases, which seriously threaten human life and health, and their incidence rate is the highest among various diseases. Research on thrombotic diseases is one of the focuses and hotspots of contemporary medical research. Nanomedicine is a new branch of nanotechnology used in the medical field, and nanomaterials are widely used in medical imaging and drug delivery to help diagnose and treat major diseases such as cancer. With the gradual maturity of nanotechnology, new nanomaterials have recently been used in antithrombotic drugs and released accurately at lesions, which has improved antithrombotic therapy safety. Nanosystems can be employed for cardiovascular diagnosis in future as they can aid in diagnosing pathological diseases and treat them with targeted delivery systems. Unlike other reviews, we herein aim to illustrate the progress of nanosystems in thrombosis therapy. This paper mainly describes how a drug-loaded nanosystem can control drug release under various conditions and accurately treat thrombus, summarizing the research progress of nanotechnology in antithrombotic therapy so that clinicians can better understand nanotechnology and its applications and provide new ideas for treating thrombosis.

The external jugular vein is a feasible and safe alternative access for retrieval of inferior vena cava filter.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to analyze whether the external jugular vein (EJV) is a feasible and safe alternative access for the retrieval IVCFs designed for the jugular approach. METHODS: This study was designed as a nonrandomized, controlled study. The patients were divided into two groups: the IJV or EJV access groups. All operations were performed by the vascular surgery team. The main outcome was the technical success rate. The secondary outcomes included (1) the IVCF retrieval rate; (2) the time required to puncture the access vein (min); (3) the number of punctures required for access, and other aspects. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients were recruited for IVCF retrieval. Seventeen patients refused to join this trial, leaving 58 patients in the IJV group and 44 patients in the EJV group. In the IJV group, technical success was not achieved in one patient who started in the EJV group and was transferred to the IJV group. There was no significant difference in age, comorbidities, or technical success rate between the two groups. Significant differences were observed in puncture time (min), number of punctures, and inadvertent puncture of the carotid artery. All of the patients were discharged 1 or 2 days after the operation. CONCLUSION: EJV is safe and feasible alternative access for the retrieval of IVCFs that are designed for jugular approaches.

Pathogenic role of microRNAs in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke: Implications for diagnosis and therapy.

Ischemic stroke resulting from atherosclerosis (particularly in the carotid artery) is one of the major subtypes of stroke and has a high incidence of death. Disordered lipid homeostasis, lipid deposition, local macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and plaque rupture are the main pathological processes of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Hepatocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are the main cell types participating in these processes. By inhibiting the expression of the target genes in these cells, microRNAs play a key role in regulating lipid disorders and atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. In this article, we listed the microRNAs implicated in the pathology of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke and aimed to explain their pro- or antiatherosclerotic roles. Our article provides an update on the potential diagnostic use of miRNAs for detecting growing plaques and impending clinical events. Finally, we provide a perspective on the therapeutic use of local microRNA delivery and discuss the challenges for this potential therapy.

Surgery Treatment of Primary Tumors of the Inferior Vena Cava.

Background: Primary tumor of the inferior vena cava is a rare tumor, which arises from the smooth muscle of vascular walls. Surgery appears the only curative treatment. However, the optimal surgical methods and surgical management are not well-studied. In this article, we reviewed the successful treatment experience of patients in our center who had resection of primary tumor of the inferior vena cava and reviewed the relevant literature. Methods: Four cases of patients who undergoing initial resection of primary tumors of the inferior vena cava from September 2017 to August 2021 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were screened and followed up. They were discussed and cases reported in this field were reviewed. Results: Among the four patients, three of them were female. The median age of the disease is 53.75 years (range 45-60 years). After surgical treatment, tumors were removed in all patients, and some patients had reconstruction of inferior vena cava. There were no disease-specific deaths, no serious complications, and no recurrence during follow-up in these cases. Conclusions: Careful preoperative examination, correct surgical treatment methods, and multidisciplinary collaboration can lead to safe and successful operations, which improve the survival rate of patients.

Corrigendum: Schisandrin B Antagonizes Cardiotoxicity Induced by Pirarubicin by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP) Opening and Decreasing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733805.].

Schisandrin B Antagonizes Cardiotoxicity Induced by Pirarubicin by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP) Opening and Decreasing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.

Objective: Pirarubicin (THP), one of the anthracycline anticancer drugs, is widely used in the treatment of various cancers, but its cardiotoxicity cannot be ignored. Schisandrin B (SchB) has the ability to upregulate cellular antioxidant defense mechanism and promote mitochondrial function and antioxidant status. However, it has not been reported whether it can resist THP-induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SchB on THP cardiotoxicity and its mechanism. Methods: The rat model of cardiotoxicity induced by THP was established, and SchB treatment was performed at the same time. The changes of ECG, cardiac coefficient, and echocardiogram were observed. The changes of myocardial tissue morphology were observed by H&E staining. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL. The levels of LDH, BNP, CK-MB, cTnT, SOD, and MDA in serum were measured to observe the heart damage and oxidative stress state of rats. The expression of cleaved-caspase 9, pro/cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2/Bax, and cytosol and mitochondrial Cyt C and Bax was evaluated by western blot. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were cocultured with THP, SchB, and mPTP inhibitor CsA to detect the production of ROS and verify the above signaling pathways. The opening of mPTP and mitochondrial swelling were detected by mPTP kit and purified mitochondrial swelling kit. Results: After 8 weeks, a series of cardiotoxicity manifestations were observed in THP rats. These adverse effects can be effectively alleviated by SchB treatment. Further studies showed that SchB had strong antioxidant and antiapoptotic abilities in THP cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: SchB has an obvious protective effect on THP-induced cardiotoxicity. The mechanism may be closely related to the protection of mitochondrial function, inhibition of mPTP opening, and alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.

Canagliflozin is a potential cardioprotective drug but exerts no significant effects on pirarubicin­induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Pirarubicin (THP), one of the anthracycline anticancer drugs, is widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer, but its cardiotoxicity cannot be ignored. Canagliflozin, the first sodium­glucose co­transporter­2 inhibitor approved by the USA FDA, has been shown to have a significant effect on cardiovascular damage caused by diabetes. However, it has not been reported whether it can resist THP­induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of canagliflozin on THP­induced cardiotoxicity and its mechanism. A rat model of cardiotoxicity induced by THP was established and canagliflozin treatment was performed at the same time. The changes of electrocardiography, cardiac coefficient and echocardiogram were observed. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, brain natriuretic peptide, creatine kinase MB, cardiac troponin T, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde were detected. The expression of SOD2, NADPH oxidase 2, pro/cleaved­caspase­ and Bcl­2/Bax were evaluated by western blotting. The primary culture of cardiomyocytes was prepared to explore the effect in vitro. After eight weeks, a series of cardiotoxicity manifestations were observed in THP rats. However, canagliflozin treatment had no significant effect on the above adverse reactions. Similarly, further studies showed that canagliflozin had no significant effect on THP­induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro. The present study showed that there was no significant protective effect of canagliflozin on THP­induced cardiotoxicity and cardiomyocyte injury.

Comparative study on clinical efficacy of different methods for the treatment of intramural aortic hematoma.

To explore the difference of curative effect between different treatment modalities, in order to provide reference for the treatment of aortic intramural hematoma (IMH). 168 patients with aortic intramural hematoma diagnosed and treated from January 2010 to July 2020 were selected in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Among them, 48 patients were diagnosed with Stanford A aortic intramural hematoma and 120 were diagnosed with Stanford B aortic intramural hematoma. According to the therapeutic methods, patients were divided into conservative treatment group and endovascular treatment group (TEVAR). For endovascular treatment group, according to the different timing of surgery, can be divided into acute phase group (onset within 72 h) and non-acute phase group (time of onset > 72 h).The clinical data and follow-up data were collected and analyzed by variance analysis and χ2 test. There were 168 patients diagnosed with aortic intramural hematoma 39 of them were (81.25%) Stanford A aortic intramural hematoma patients with pleural or pericardial effusion. For patient with Stanford A aortic intramural hematoma, endovascular treatment was performed in 15 patients (31.2%), and 33 cases (68.8%) for conservative treatment. The average follow-up (24.9 ± 13.9) was months. There were 120 patients with Stanford type B aortic intramural hematoma (71.4%), 60 patients received endovascular treatment (50%), and 60 patients (50%) received conservative treatment, with an average follow-up of (27.8 ± 14.6) months. For Stanford A type aortic intramural hematoma patients when the maximum aortic diameter ≥ 50 mm or hematoma thickness ≥ 11 mm, with high morbidity and mortality, positive endovascular treatment can reduce complications and death. For patients with Stanford type B aortic intramural hematoma, when the maximum aortic diameter ≥ 40 mm or hematoma thickness ≥ 10 mm, with high morbidity and mortality, positive endovascular treatment can reduce complications and death. Both Stanford type A and B aortic intramural hematoma patients could benefit from the endovascular treatment when the initial maximum aortic diameter is ≥ 50 mm or the hematoma thickness is ≥ 11 mm.

Kaempferide improves oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB pathway in obese mice.

OBJECTIVES: Kaempferide (Ka), a major natural active component of Tagetes erecta L, has numerous pharmacological effects such as anti-obesity, anticancer, and anti-hypertension. However, there is no clear evidence that Ka is directly related to inflammation and oxidative stress in obese mice. We aimed to explore the effects of Ka on inflammation and oxidative stress and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The obese mice were induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The anti-obesity effect was tested by liver and body weight, liver and adiposity index, and white adipose tissue. Blood sample analysis was used to detect the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. The anti-oxidation effect was assessed using GSH, SOD, MDA, CAT, T-AOC, and other indicators. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using TNF-α, MCP-1, and Adiponectin. Western blot and Real-Time PCR were used to evaluate the related signaling pathways. RESULTS: Obesity, glycolipid metabolism disorder, inflammation, and oxidative stress developed in HFD mice. These changes can be effectively alleviated by Ka treatment for 16 weeks. Further studies have suggested that these beneficial effects of Ka may be associated with inhibition of the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: Ka possesses important anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. The mechanism may be causally associated with the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway, which improves inflammation and oxidative stress.

Therapeutic Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Combined With Nano Silver Dressing on Diabetic Foot Patients.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of epidermal growth factor combined with nano silver dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. Methods: A total of 160 patients with diabetic foot ulcers admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from 2015-06 to 2018-06 were selected to participate in the experiment. A randomized table method was used to randomly divide 160 patients into 4 groups: 40 in the epidermal growth factor group, 40 in the nano-silver dressing group, 40 in the combined group, and 40 in the saline control group (normal saline). The healing stage of the wound surface and the growth degree of granulation tissue were graded. Each group was given a dressing change every other day, and the time required for wound repairing to each healing stage was observed. After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the wound exudate was collected for bacterial culture. Results: There was no significant difference in the time between the four groups of patients reaching the effective phase of treatment (level 1). Compared with the control group, the epidermal growth factor group and the combined group achieved a shorter time for wound repairing to healing stages 2 and 3, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The combined group had a shorter wound repairing time than the epidermal growth factor group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the positive rate of bacteria in the combined group and the silver nanoparticles group was significantly lower after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in wound healing between the four groups during the clinically effective period. After this period, the combined use of recombinant epidermis Growth factors and nano-silver dressings have a significant effect on promoting wound healing and can effectively prevent infection.

Kaempferide improves glycolipid metabolism disorder by activating PPARγ in high-fat-diet-fed mice.

AIMS: Kaempferide (Ka, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), an active ingredient of Tagetes erecta L., has been demonstrated to possess many pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer and antihypertension in previous study. However, there is no evidence of Ka on metabolic disorder in former studies. This study investigated the effects of Ka on glycolipid metabolism and explored the underlying mechanisms of action in vivo and vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mouse model of glycolipid metabolism disorder was induced by high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of Ka were evaluated on bodyweight, lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism. Hypolipidemic effect was examined by blood sample analysis. The hypoglycemic effect was detected by several indicators, like blood glucose, serum insulin, HOMA index and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT). The signaling pathways of lipid metabolism (PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1) and glucose metabolism (PPARγ/PI3K/AKT) were evaluated using Real-Time PCR and Western blot. The primary culture of hepatocyte was prepared to confirm the target of Ka by co-culturing with PPARγ agonist or inhibitor. KEY FINDINGS: The HFD mice developed obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Administration of Ka at a dose of 10 mg/kg.BW for 16 weeks effectively attenuated these changes. Further studies revealed the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Ka depended on the activation of PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 and PPARγ/PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. The primary hepatocyte test, co-cultured with PPARγ agonists or inhibitors, further confirmed the above signaling pathway and key protein. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggested that Ka played an important role in improving glycolipid metabolism disorder. These favorable effects were causally associated with anti-obesity. The underlying mechanisms might have to do with the activation of the PPARγ and its downstream signaling pathway. Our study helped to understand the pharmacological actions of Ka, and played a role for Ka in the effective treatment of obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic hepatitis and other metabolic diseases.

IL-33 promotes the progression of vascular restenosis after carotid artery balloon injury by promoting carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and inflammatory response.

Interleukin (IL)-33 is associated with vascular restenosis after carotid artery balloon injury. This work aims to investigate the involvement of IL-33 in carotid artery balloon injury. We first constructed carotid artery balloon injury model in male Wistar rats. Then, we found that IL-33 was highly expressed in the rats with carotid artery balloon injury 3, 14 and 21 days after surgery. Furthermore, IL-33 treatment promoted inflammatory response and carotid artery intimal hyperplasia in the rats with carotid artery balloon injury, which was effectively improved by anti-IL-33 treatment. In addition, IL-33 treatment enhanced proliferation, migration, inflammatory response and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent way. In summary, our study demonstrates that IL-33 treatment promotes the progression of vascular restenosis after carotid artery balloon injury by enhancing carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and inflammatory response. Thus, our findings suggest that IL-33 maybe a valuable target for carotid artery balloon injury therapies.

The anti-insulin resistance effect of scutellarin may be related to antioxidant stress and AMPKα activation in diabetic mice.

AIMS: Scutellarein (Sc), a natural compound and an active ingredient of Erigeronbrevis-capus (Vant.), shows anti-obesity, anti-inflammation and lipid-lowering properties in our previous study. However, no previous in vivo and vitro has been conducted to assess the effects of Sc in insulin resistance (IR). This study investigated the effects of Sc on IR and oxidative stress and explored the underlying mechanisms of action in vivo and vitro. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A well-established mouse model of IR, induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, was applied in this study. The effects of Sc were evaluated on obesity, glycometabolism disorder and oxidative stress. The anti-IR effect was assessed using blood glucose, serum insulin, HOMA index, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT), intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (IPITT), and glucose-regulating enzyme activity. The insulin signaling pathways and AMPKα expressions were tested by Western blot. The primary culture of hepatocytes was prepared and used for confirming the above signaling pathways. RESULTS: Obesity, IR and oxidative stress developed in HFD mice. Administration of Sc at a dose of 50mg/kg for 16 weeks effectively attenuated these changes. Further studies revealed the antagonistic effect of Sc on IR was a result of the activation of the insulin signaling pathway and AMPKα. The primary hepatocyte test, stimulated by high glucose, further confirmed that SC exerts anti-IR through the above signaling pathway and key protein. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that Sc possesses not only an important novel anti-IR effect but also an anti-oxidative stress effect. These favorable effects were causally associated with weight loss and the improved glycometabolism. The underlying mechanisms might associated with the activation of the insulin signaling pathway and AMPKα. Our study promotes the understanding of the pharmacological actions of Sc, and plays a role for Sc in the effective treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Familial early-onset deep venous thrombosis associated with a novel HRG mutation.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains a serious clinical problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Some DVT cases are caused by inherited thrombophilia derived from genetic aberrations and several disease-causing genes have been identified so far. Among them, HRG is an uncommon one with limited related reports. Here, we reported on a family with early-onset DVT where acquired risky conditions were excluded. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous single base pair substitution in exon 2 of HRG gene resulting in a conserved residue replacement of the protein (c. C271T, p. P73S). Sanger sequencing confirmed the co-segregation of the mutation and plasma quantification determined circulating protein deficiency. The mutation might therefore impair hemostatic balance by causing reduced circulating HRG level. Our study broadens the mutation spectrum of the HRG gene and underscores the importance of its function in regulating coagulation pathway.

Exome sequencing identified a novel SMAD2 mutation in a Chinese family with early onset aortic aneurysms.

Aortic aneurysm remains a devastating disease due to its fatal complications, such as aortic dissection and rupture. A subset of aortic aneurysm is caused by genetic defect and to date more than a dozen of disease-causing genes have been discovered to account for the disease. In this study, by using whole exome sequencing, we identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.833C>T, p.A278V) in the SMAD2 gene in a family with early onset aortic aneurysms. The mutation segregated in this family, was high conserved among species and predicted to be pathogenic by multiple in silico programs. To our knowledge, this is the second report that link the SMAD2 mutations to aortic aneurysm. We recommend that SMAD2 should be included in the expanding panel of genetic testing for patients with unexplained aortic aneurysms, which will facilitate genotype-phenotype correlation of SMAD2 mutations. Given the current wide application of molecular diagnosis in clinical setting, identification of the defected gene allows recognition of additional family members at risk for aortic diseases and gene-based management of the carriers.

Synthesis and antimicrobical evaluation of a novel class of 1,3,4-thiadiazole: derivatives bearing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety.

A series of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives bearing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety were synthesized by the method of splicing active substructures. Among these derivatives, compounds 12, 13, 15-22 and 24-31 were firstly reported. All the compounds were assayed for antimicrobial activities against five fungi strains and four bacteria strains. The preliminary results indicated that compounds 25 and 28-31 showed good antifungal activities against Physaclospora piricola and Rhizoctonia solani. Compound 26 exhibited good antifungal activities against Cercospora beticola and R. solani. Most of the compounds showed better antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria strains than Gram-positive bacteria strains. Compounds 25 and 28 showed the best activities against Pseudomonas fluorescence while compounds 30-31 showed good activities against Escherichia coli.

[Analysis of surgical treatment results in 120 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the surgical treatment of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). METHODS: The clinic data of 120 BCS patients who underwent various consecutive surgical treatments from July 2001 to October 2010 was analyzed. There were 82 male and 38 female patients, aging from 11 to 72 years with a mean age of (41 ± 13) years. All patients experienced various examinations to identify the pathological type of BCS. There were 5 cases of small hepatic veins type, 28 cases of large hepatic veins (LHV) type, 31 cases of inferior vena cava (IVC) type and 56 cases of combined obstruction of LHV and IVC. Totally, 25 patients experienced interventional treatment, include percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stenting for stenosis of hepatic vein and/or IVC, 77 patients experienced open-thorax operation for BCS radical resection under protection of right atrium by-pass with extracorporeal circulation. RESULTS: Totally 97 cases were followed up from 1 to 120 months after various surgical treatment methods. Perioperative mortality was 6.2% (6/97). Follow-up period mortality was 8.2% (8/97). The restenosis of IVC and/or hepatic vein happened in 3 cases out of 25 cases in intervention treatment group in contrast with 15 cases out of 77 cases in radical resection group. The 5-year patency and survival rate of IVC/hepatic vein were 64.5% and 83.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of BCS need to get accurate diagnosis and pathological classification firstly, then, to choose appropriate therapeutic strategies based on individual pathological classification. The BCS radical resection can be an alternative method in some particular pathological classifications and the cases who failed in interventional treatment.

[Kinetic study on the photo-catalytic degradation of reactive brilliant X-3B by UVC and UVA].

Different wavelengths of UV light source were studied for the degradation of reactive brilliant red X-3B to reveal the function of wavelengths in photo-catalytic oxidation. The results showed that there were simultaneous photo-oxidation and photo-catalytic oxidation reactions for reactive brilliant red X-3B under ultraviolet light irradiation (254 nm), while under ultraviolet light irradiation (365 nm), there were only photo-catalytic reactions. The degradation of X-3B followed apparent first-order kinetics under 365 nm ultraviolet light irradiation, it also could be depicted by formulation of L-H model more precisely, while under 254 nm ultraviolet light irradiation, it followed apparent second-order kinetics. Compared with the degradation half-life of 365 nm light, the degradation half-life of brilliant red X-3B in 254 nm light decreased from 37.263 min to 0.855 min, indicating that the light quantum efficiency of short-wave UV was higher than that of the long-wave UV.

Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of Schiff base transition metal complexes as potential urease inhibitors.

Six transition metal compounds of Schiff base ligands were evaluated for the inhibitory activity on jack bean urease, of which compounds 2-6 were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. It was found that copper(II) complexes 1 and 4 showed strong inhibitory activity against jack bean urease (IC(50) = 0.52 and 0.46 microM), compared with acetohydroxamic acid (IC(50) = 42.12 microM) as a positive reference. Cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) compounds also exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 3.88-25.20 microM). A docking analysis using the AUTODOCK 4.0 program could explain the inhibitory activities of 1 and 4 against urease.

Photo-degradation of C.I. Disperse Blue 56 by UV irradiation combined with manganese minerals.

Photo-degradation of C.I. Disperse Blue 56 (DB56) by UV irradiation combined with manganese minerals (UV/MM) was investigated in this paper. Through comparative study with the UV/titanium dioxide (TiO2) process, it was found that the UV/MM method had similar photodegradation efficiency to UV/TiO2 and was slightly more effective in removing the toxicity. In the conditions of DB56 concentration = 400 mg/L, pH = 9.0, manganese minerals dosage = 20 g/L, room temperature (25 degrees C), dissolved oxygen (O2) = 50 L/h, and reaction time = 1 hour, the color and chemical oxygen demand removal percentages were up to approximately 94 and 51%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that UV/MM is an alternative approach that should be explored further in the treatment of dyeing wastewaters.