The double-edged scalpel: Experiences and perceptions of pregnancy and parenthood during Canadian surgical residency training.

INTRODUCTION: Only 34% of Canadian surgeons in 2022 were female. The protracted length of surgical residency training, concerns regarding infertility, and increased rates of obstetrical complications have been shown to contribute to the disproportionate lack of females in surgical specialties. METHODS: A novel online survey was sent to all surgical residents in Canada. Respondents were asked about perceptions of pregnancy and parenthood during surgical training, and parents were asked about parental leave, accommodations they received, and pregnancy complications. Chi squared tests were used to compare opinions of male and female residents. RESULTS: A total of 272/2,419 (11.2%) responses were obtained, with a high response from females (61.8%) and orthopaedic residents (29.0%). There were 56 women reporting 76 pregnancy events during training, 62.5% of which had complications. Notably, 27.3% of men and 86.7% of women 'agreed' or 'strongly agreed' that surgeons have higher pregnancy complication rates than the general population (p<0.001). Men were much less likely to believe that pregnant residents should be offered modified duties (74.2% of men, 90.0% of women, p = 0.003). Women were much more likely to experience significant stigma or bias due to their status as a parent (43% of women, 0% of men, p<0.001). Women reported negative comments from others at a higher rate (58.5% of women, 40.7% of men, p = 0.013). Women believe there is negative stigma attached to being pregnant during training (62.7% of women, 42.7% of men, p = 0.01). The limitations of our study include a small sample size and response bias. CONCLUSION: Challenges and negative perceptions exist around pregnancy and parenthood in surgical residency, which disproportionately affect women trainees.

Outcomes of critically ill older adults with COVID-19: a multicentre retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Older adults with COVID-19 have a high prevalence of complications and mortality during hospitalization. Given the large proportion of older adults requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), we aimed to describe the management and outcomes of older adults with COVID-19 requiring ICU care and identify predictors of hospital mortality. METHODS: We included consecutive patients ≥ 65 yr of age who were admitted between 11 March 2020 and 30 June 2021 to one of five Toronto (ON, Canada) ICUs with a primary diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a retrospective cohort study. Patient characteristics, ICU treatment, and outcomes were recorded. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Of the 273 patients, the median [interquartile range] age was 74 [69-80] yr, 104 (38.1%) were female, and 164 (60.1%) required invasive mechanical ventilation. One hundred and forty-two patients (52.0%) survived their hospital stay. Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors were older (74 [70-82] yr vs 73 [68-78] yr; P = 0.03), and a smaller proportion was female (39/131, 29.8% vs 65/142, 45.8%; P = 0.01). Patients had long hospital (19 [11-35] days) and ICU (9 [5-22] days) stays, with no significant differences in ICU length of stay or duration of invasive mechanical ventilation between the two groups. Higher APACHE II score, increasing age, and the need for organ support were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality while female sex was associated with lower mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Older critically ill COVID-19 patients had long ICU and hospital stays, and approximately half died in hospital. Further research is needed to identify individuals who will benefit most from an ICU admission and to evaluate posthospitalization outcomes.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les personnes âgées atteintes de la COVID-19 ont une prévalence élevée de complications et de mortalité pendant l'hospitalisation. Compte tenu de la forte proportion de personnes âgées nécessitant une admission dans une unité de soins intensifs (USI), nous avons cherché à décrire la prise en charge et les devenirs des personnes âgées atteintes de COVID-19 nécessitant des soins intensifs et à identifier les prédicteurs de mortalité hospitalière. MéTHODE: Nous avons inclus des patient·es consécutif·ves âgé·es de ≥ 65 ans admis·es entre le 11 mars 2020 et le 30 juin 2021 dans l'une des cinq unités de soins intensifs de Toronto (ON, Canada) avec un diagnostic primaire d'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 dans une étude de cohorte rétrospective. Les caractéristiques des patient·es, le traitement en USI et les devenirs ont été enregistrés. Nous avons utilisé une régression logistique multivariable pour identifier les prédicteurs de mortalité hospitalière. RéSULTATS: Parmi les 273 patient·es, l'âge médian [écart interquartile] était de 74 [69-80] ans, 104 (38,1 %) étaient des femmes et 164 (60,1 %) ont nécessité une ventilation mécanique invasive. Cent quarante-deux personnes (52,0 %) ont survécu à leur séjour à l'hôpital. Comparativement aux personnes survivantes, les personnes qui n'ont pas survécu étaient plus âgées (74 [70-82] ans vs 73 [68­78] ans; P = 0,03), et une plus faible proportion était de sexe féminin (39/131, 29,8 % vs 65/142, 45,8 %; P = 0,01). Les séjours des patient·es à l'hôpital (19 [11-35] jours) et à l'USI (9 [5-22] jours) étaient longs, sans différence significative dans la durée du séjour en USI ou la durée de la ventilation mécanique invasive entre les deux groupes. Un score APACHE II plus élevé, un âge plus avancé et le besoin de mesures de soutien d'organes étaient indépendamment associés à une mortalité plus élevée à l'hôpital, tandis que le sexe féminin était associé à une mortalité plus faible. CONCLUSION : Les personnes plus âgées gravement malades atteintes de la COVID-19 ont eu de longs séjours en soins intensifs et à l'hôpital, et environ la moitié sont décédées à l'hôpital. D'autres recherches sont nécessaires pour identifier les personnes qui bénéficieraient le plus d'une admission à l'USI et pour évaluer les devenirs post-hospitalisation.

Mortality in hospitalized older adults with COVID-19 during three waves: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Background: The waves of COVID-19 infections in Ontario, Canada, were marked by differences in patient characteristics and treatment. Our objectives were to (i) describe patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of hospitalized older adults with COVID-19 between waves 1, 2, and 3, (ii) determine if there was an improvement in in-hospital mortality in waves 2 and 3 after adjusting for covariates. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was done in five acute care hospitals in Toronto, Ontario. Consecutive hospitalized older adults aged ≥65 years with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. Wave 1 extended from March 11 to July 31, 2020, wave 2 from August 1, 2020 to February 20, 2021, and wave 3 from February 21 to June 30, 2021. Patient characteristics and outcomes were abstracted from charts. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association between COVID-19 and in-hospital mortality in waves 2 and 3 compared with wave 1. Results: Of the 1671 patients admitted to acute care, 297 (17.8%) were admitted in wave 1, 751 (44.9%) in wave 2, and 623 (37.3%) in wave 3. The median age of our cohort was 77.0 years (interquartile range: 71.0-85.0) and 775 (46.4%) were female. The prevalence of frailty declined in progressive waves. The use of dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab was significantly higher in waves 2 and 3 compared with wave 1. In the unadjusted analysis, in-hospital mortality was unchanged between waves 1 and 2, but it was lower in wave 3 (18.3% vs. 27.4% in wave 1). After adjustment, in-hospital mortality was unchanged in waves 2 and 3 compared with wave 1. Conclusion: In-hospital mortality in hospitalized older adults with COVID-19 was similar between waves 1 and 3. Further research should be done to determine if COVID-19 therapies have similar benefits for older adults compared with younger adults.

The triponderal mass index as a measure of adiposity in pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a cross-sectional study.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer. Treatments of ALL predispose survivors to obesity, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The hallmark of obesity is excess fat mass, and adiposity is a superior predictor of cardiometabolic risk when compared to Body Mass Index (BMI), yet clinical measures of adiposity in children are lacking. The Tri-Ponderal Mass Index (TMI) (kg/m3) is a more accurate adiposity measure compared to BMI z-score in the general pediatric population. This cross-sectional study aimed to validate TMI as an adiposity measure against DEXA scan-derived adiposity, and to compare it to BMI z-score, in pediatric ALL survivors. This study was a retrospective chart review of pediatric ALL survivors diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 at McMaster Children's Hospital, a tertiary pediatric center in Ontario, Canada. One hundred and thirteen patients (Female n = 55, 48.70%) were included, and adiposity was measured using DEXA scans. Exploratory partial correlations and linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and ALL risk status. Both TMI and BMI z-score correlated with the DEXA-measured fat mass percentage (FM%) (partial correlation TMI versus FM% r = 0.56; p value < 0.0001; BMI z-score versus FM% r = 0.55; p value < 0.0001). In regression analyses, the association of TMI was not inferior to BMI z-score in assessing adiposity (TMI versus FM% estimated unstandardized B 0.80, 95% CI 0.56, 1.02; p value < 0.0001; BMI z-score versus FM% (unstandardized B 0.37, 95% CI 0.26, 0.49; p value < 0.0001). The TMI is a useful clinical adiposity-specific measure in survivors of pediatric ALL.