[Effects of Different Modified Materials on Soil Fungal Community Structure in Saline-Alkali Soil].

Studying the effects of different modified materials on the physicochemical properties and fungal community structure of saline-alkali soil can provide theoretical basis for reasonable improvement of saline-alkali soil. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the effects of five treatments, namely, control (CK), desulfurization gypsum (T1), soil ameliorant (T2), organic fertilizer (T3), and desulfurization gypsum compounds soil ameliorant and organic fertilizer (T4), on soil physicochemical properties and fungal community diversity, composition, and structure of saline-alkali soil in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that compared with those in CK, the contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, and alkali hydrolysis nitrogen were significantly increased in modified material treatments, and the T4 treatment significantly decreased soil pH. Modified treatments increased the Simpson and Shannon indexes of fungi but decreased the Chao1 index. The dominant fungi were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota, and the dominant genera were Mortierella, Conocybe, Botryotrichum, Fusarium, and Pseudogymnoascus. The application of modified materials increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Fusarium, and Pseudogymnoascus, while decreasing the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Mortierella. LEfSe analysis showed that modified treatments altered the fungal community biomarkers. Correlation analysis showed that pH and available potassium were the main environmental factors affecting fungal community structure. The results can provide scientific basis for improving saline-alkali soil and increasing soil nutrients in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia.

An ultralight, pulverization-free integrated anode toward lithium-less lithium metal batteries.

The high-capacity advantage of lithium metal anode was compromised by common use of copper as the collector. Furthermore, lithium pulverization associated with "dead" Li accumulation and electrode cracking deteriorates the long-term cyclability of lithium metal batteries, especially under realistic test conditions. Here, we report an ultralight, integrated anode of polyimide-Ag/Li with dual anti-pulverization functionality. The silver layer was initially chemically bonded to the polyimide surface and then spontaneously diffused in Li solid solution and self-evolved into a fully lithiophilic Li-Ag phase, mitigating dendrites growth or dead Li. Further, the strong van der Waals interaction between the bottommost Li-Ag and polyimide affords electrode structural integrity and electrical continuity, thus circumventing electrode pulverization. Compared to the cutting-edge anode-free cells, the batteries pairing LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 with polyimide-Ag/Li afford a nearly 10% increase in specific energy, with safer characteristics and better cycling stability under realistic conditions of 1× excess Li and high areal-loading cathode (4 milliampere hour per square centimeter).

A Fully Amorphous, Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Operating at Subzero-Temperatures.

Solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries have shown prospects as safe, high-energy electrochemical storage technology for powering regional electrified transportation. Owing to limited ion mobility in crystalline polymer electrolytes, the battery is incapable of operating at subzero temperature. Addition of liquid plasticizer into the polymer electrolyte improves the Li-ion conductivity yet sacrifices the mechanical strength and interfacial stability with both electrodes. In this work, we showed that by introducing a spherical hyperbranched solid polymer plasticizer into a Li+ -conductive linear polymer matrix, an integrated dynamic cross-linked polymer network was built to maintain fully amorphous in a wide temperature range down to subzero. A quasi-solid polymer electrolyte with a solid mass content >90 % was prepared from the cross-linked polymer network, and demonstrated fast Li+ conduction at a low temperature, high mechanical strength, and stable interfacial chemistry. As a result, solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries employing the new electrolyte delivered high reversible capacity and long cycle life at 25 °C, 0 °C and -10 °C to serve energy storage at complex environmental conditions.

Refined Electrolyte and Interfacial Chemistry toward Realization of High-Energy Anode-Free Rechargeable Sodium Batteries.

Anode-free rechargeable sodium batteries represent one of the ultimate choices for the 'beyond-lithium' electrochemical storage technology with high energy. Operated based on the sole use of active Na ions from the cathode, the anode-free battery is usually reported with quite a limited cycle life due to unstable electrolyte chemistry that hinders efficient Na plating/stripping at the anode and high-voltage operation of the layered oxide cathode. A rational design of the electrolyte toward improving its compatibility with the electrodes is key to realize the battery. Here, we show that by refining the volume ratio of two conventional linear ether solvents, a binary electrolyte forms a cation solvation structure that facilitates flat, dendrite-free, planar growth of Na metal on the anode current collector and that is adaptive to high-voltage Na (de)intercalation of P2-/O3-type layered oxide cathodes and oxidative decomposition of the Na2C2O4 supplement. Inorganic fluorides, such as NaF, show a major influence on the electroplating pattern of Na metal and effective passivation of plated metal at the anode-electrolyte interface. Anode-free batteries based on the refined electrolyte have demonstrated high coulombic efficiency, long cycle life, and the ability to claim a cell-level specific energy of >300 Wh/kg.

Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode.

Micron-sized Si anode promises a much higher theoretical capacity than the traditional graphite anode and more attractive application prospect compared to its nanoscale counterpart. However, its severe volume expansion during lithiation requires solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with reinforced mechanical stability. Here, we propose a solvent-induced selective dissolution strategy to in situ regulate the mechanical properties of SEI. By introducing a high-donor-number solvent, gamma-butyrolactone, into conventional electrolytes, low-modulus components of the SEI, such as Li alkyl carbonates, can be selectively dissolved upon cycling, leaving a robust SEI mainly consisting of lithium fluoride and polycarbonates. With this strategy, raw micron-sized Si anode retains 87.5% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C (1500 mA g-1, 25°C), which can be improved to >300 cycles with carbon-coated micron-sized Si anode. Furthermore, the Si||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 battery using the raw micron-sized Si anode with the selectively dissolved SEI retains 83.7% capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C (90 mA g-1). The selective dissolution effect for tailoring the SEI, as well as the corresponding cycling life of the Si anodes, is positively related to the donor number of the solvents, which highlights designing high-donor-number electrolytes as a guideline to tailor the SEI for stabilizing volume-changing alloying-type anodes in high-energy rechargeable batteries.

Insights into Anion-Solvent Interactions to Boost Stable Operation of Ether-Based Electrolytes in Pure-SiOx ||LiNi0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2 Full Cells.

Ether solvents with superior reductive stability promise excellent interphasial stability with high-capacity anodes while the limited oxidative resistance hinders their high-voltage operation. Extending the intrinsic electrochemical stability of ether-based electrolytes to construct stable-cycling high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries is challenging but rewarding. Herein, the anion-solvent interactions were concerned as the key point to optimize the anodic stability of the ether-based electrolytes and an optimized interphase was realized on both pure-SiOx anodes and LiNi0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2 cathodes. Specifically, the small-anion-size LiNO3 and tetrahydrofuran with high dipole moment to dielectric constant ratio realized strengthened anion-solvent interactions, which enhance the oxidative stability of the electrolyte. The designed ether-based electrolyte enabled a stable cycling performance over 500 cycles in pure-SiOx ||LiNi0.8 Mn0.1 Co0.1 O2 full cell, demonstrating its superior practical prospects. This work provides new insight into the design of new electrolytes for emerging high-energy density lithium-ion batteries through the regulation of interactions between species in electrolytes.

A Self-Reconfigured, Dual-Layered Artificial Interphase Toward High-Current-Density Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

The uncontrollable dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase have long plagued the practical application of Li metal batteries. Herein, a dual-layered artificial interphase LiF/LiBO-Ag is demonstrated that is simultaneously reconfigured via an electrochemical process to stabilize the lithium anode. This dual-layered interphase consists of a heterogeneous LiF/LiBO glassy top layer with ultrafast Li-ion conductivity and lithiophilic Li-Ag alloy bottom layer, which synergistically regulates the dendrite-free Li deposition, even at high current densities. As a result, Li||Li symmetric cells with LiF/LiBO-Ag interphase achieve an ultralong lifespan (4500 h) at an ultrahigh current density and area capacity (20 mA cm-2 , 20 mAh cm-2 ). LiF/LiBO-Ag@Li anodes are successfully applied in quasi-solid-state batteries, showing excellent cycling performances in symmetric cells (8 mA cm-2 , 8 mAh cm-2 , 5000 h) and full cells. Furthermore, a practical quasi-solid-state pouch cell coupling with a high-nickel cathode exhibits stable cycling with a capacity retention of over 91% after 60 cycles at 0.5 C, which is comparable or even better than that in liquid-state pouch cells. Additionally, a high-energy-density quasi-solid-state pouch cell (10.75 Ah, 448.7 Wh kg-1 ) is successfully accomplished. This well-orchestrated interphase design provides new guidance in engineering highly stable interphase toward practical high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.

Mitigating Electron Leakage of Solid Electrolyte Interface for Stable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The interfacial stability is highly responsible for the longevity and safety of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the continuous solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI) growth would deteriorate its stability. Essentially, the SEI growth is associated with the electron leakage behavior, yet few efforts have tried to suppress the SEI growth, from the perspective of mitigating electron leakage. Herein, we built two kinds of SEI layers with distinct growth behaviors, via the additive strategy. The SEI physicochemical features (morphology and componential information) and SEI electronic properties (LUMO level, band gap, electron work function) were investigated elaborately. Experimental and calculational analyses showed that, the SEI layer with suppressed growth delivers both the low electron driving force and the high electron insulation ability. Thus, the electron leakage is mitigated, which restrains the continuous SEI growth, and favors the interface stability with enhanced electrochemical performance.

Noncoordinating Flame-Retardant Functional Electrolyte Solvents for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

In Li-ion batteries, functional cosolvents could significantly improve the specific performance of the electrolyte, for example, the flame retardancy. In case the cosolvent shows strong Li+-coordinating ability, it could adversely influence the electrochemical Li+-intercalation reaction of the electrode. In this work, a noncoordinating functional cosolvent was proposed to enrich the functionality of the electrolyte while avoiding interference with the Li storage process. Hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, an efficient flame-retardant agent with proper physicochemical properties, was chosen as a cosolvent for preparing functional electrolytes. The nonpolar phosphazene molecules with low electron-donating ability do not coordinate with Li+ and thus are excluded from the primary solvation sheath. In graphite-anode-based Li-ion batteries, the phosphazene molecules do not cointercalate with Li+ into the graphite lattice during the charging process, which helps to maintain integral anode structure and interface and contributes to stable cycling. The noncoordinating cosolvent was also applied to other types of electrode materials and batteries, paving a new way for high-performance electrochemical energy storage systems with customizable functions.

Competitive Doping Chemistry for Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Materials.

Chemical modification of electrode materials by heteroatom dopants is crucial for improving storage performance in rechargeable batteries. Electron configurations of different dopants significantly influence the chemical interactions inbetween and the chemical bonding with the host material, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We revealed competitive doping chemistry of Group IIIA elements (boron and aluminum) taking nickel-rich cathode materials as a model. A notable difference between the atomic radii of B and Al accounts for different spatial configurations of the hybridized orbital in bonding with lattice oxygen. Density functional theory calculations reveal, Al is preferentially bonded to oxygen and vice versa, and shows a much lower diffusion barrier than BIII . In the case of Al-preoccupation, the bulk diffusion of BIII is hindered. In this way, a B-rich surface and Al-rich bulk is formed, which helps to synergistically stabilize the structural evolution and surface chemistry of the cathode.

[Difference in intra- and inter-specific competition of two endangered plant species (Toona ciliate var. pubescens and Taxus chinensis var. mairei)in the middle subtropical zone of China]. / ä¸­äºšçƒ­å¸¦æ¿’å±æ¤ç‰©æ¯›çº¢æ¤¿å’Œå—æ–¹çº¢è±†æ‰ç§å† ä¸Žç§é—´ç«žäº‰å·®å¼‚.

Endangered plant species are an important part of global biodiversity. To understand the competition patterns and mechanisms of endangered tree species from plant growth forms in the middle subtropical forest ecosystems, we examined the differences in intra- and inter-specific competitions between Toona ciliate var. pubescens (an intolerant of shade, deciduous species) and Taxus chinensis var. mairei (a tolerant of shade, evergreen species) in the Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that intra-specific competition was dominant in the T. ciliate var. pubescens population, accounting for 66.4% of the total competition intensity. In contrary, the competitive intensity of T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by the inter-specific competition, which accounted for 68.7% of the total competition intensity. The intra- and inter-specific competition intensity of both species decreased gradually with increasing tree diameter, indicating that competitive pressure was prevalent in small trees. T. ciliate var. pubescens was mainly affected by self-thinning due to intra-specific competition, whereas T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by alien-thinning due to inter-specific competition. The small individuals of both species could develop into mature stage only after experiencing intense competitive selection during stand regeneration. Considering the substantial difference in the sources of competition pressures, different biodiversity conservation measures should be taken for the two endangered species with contrasting growth forms in the middle subtropical regions.

Effect of tao-hong-si-wu-tang, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, on physical fatigue in mice.

Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) is a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, which has traditionally been used in China for about one thousand years. The present study investigated the effect of THSWT on physical fatigue. 32 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 in each group. All were administered orally and daily for 28 days. Group I received isotonic saline solution as control; Group II, III and IV obtained 5, 10 and 20ml/ kg body weight of THSWT solutions, respectively. After 28 days, the anti-physical fatigue effect of THSWT was evaluated by using a forced swimming test, along with the determination of blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The data showed that THSWT could extend exhaustive swimming time of mice, as well as decrease the BLA and BUN contents and increase the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The results support that THSWT had anti-physical fatigue effect.

[Advances of development of phage display systems].

The phage display technology (PDT) was unique in genetic engineering and recombinant expression. The phage display systems (PDS) were platforms (kits) composed of genetic modified phages, helper phages, and host bacteria. This review concisely summarized the development of four types of PDS, based on M13, λ, T4, and T7 phages, in terms of phage molecular genetics and genetic (gene or genome) engineering. We addressed on the key components and their genetic (genomic) engineering for modifications, the technical features of different anchors, and the development progress and selection reference of those different kits.

[Comparisons of different methods for virus-elimination of edible fungi].

Four dsRNA bands were extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus TD300 by the dsRNA isolation technique with sizes of 8.2 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.1 kb, and 1.1 kb, respectively. Four virus-eliminated methods, i. e. hyphal tips cut (HTC), protoplast regeneration (PR), single spore hybridization (SSH), and frozen and lyophilized (FL), were applied to prepare virus-eliminated strains, and one virus-eliminated strain was selected for each virus-elimination method. The virus-eliminated strains were named as HTC8, PR15, FL01, and SSH11, respectively. There were low concentration of 8.2 kb dsRNA remained in HTC8, as well as low concentration of 8.2 kb and 2.5 kb dsRNA remained in FL01. However, no dsRNA remained in PR15 and SSH11. The hyphal growth rate and laccase activity of the virus-eliminated strains increased, especially HTC8 and PR15, whose hyphal growth rate was higher by 22.73% and 18.18%, and laccase activities higher by 145.83% and 134.38% than that of the original strain, respectively. The conclusion is that hyphal tips cut and protoplast regeneration are suitable to prepare virus-eliminated strains of edible fungi.