Brown adipose tissue-derived FGF21 mediates the cardioprotection of dexmedetomidine in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis through the secretion of adipokines, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with a protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). It remains largely unknown whether or not BAT-derived FGF21 is involved in DEX-induced cardioprotection in the context of MI/RI. Herein, we demonstrated that DEX alleviated MI/RI and improved heart function through promoting the release of FGF21 from interscapular BAT (iBAT). Surgical iBAT depletion or supplementation with a FGF21 neutralizing antibody attenuated the beneficial effects of DEX. AMPK/PGC1α signaling-induced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) release in brown adipocytes is required for DEX-mediated cardioprotection since blockade of the AMPK/PGC1α axis weakened the salutary effects of DEX. Co-culture experiments showed that DEX-induced FGF21 from brown adipocytes increased the resistance of cardiomyocytes to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury via modulating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Our results provided robust evidence that the BAT-cardiomyocyte interaction is required for DEX cardioprotection, and revealed an endocrine role of BAT in DEX-mediating protection of hearts against MIRI.

Vaccarin alleviates septic cardiomyopathy by potentiating NLRP3 palmitoylation and inactivation.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis often leads to significant morbidity and mortality due to severe myocardial injury. As is known, the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome crucially contributes to septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) by facilitating the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18. The removal of palmitoyl groups from NLRP3 is a crucial step in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thus, the potential inhibitors that regulate the palmitoylation and inactivation of NLRP3 may significantly diminish sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. PURPOSE: The present study sought to explore the effects of the prospective flavonoid compounds targeting NLRP3 on SCM and to elucidate the associated underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN: The palmitoylation and activation of NLRP3 were detected in H9c2 cells and C57BL/6 J mice. METHODS/RESULTS: Echocardiography, histological staining, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, qPCR, ELISA and network pharmacology were used to assess the impact of vaccarin (VAC) on SCM in mice subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. From the collection of 74 compounds, we identified that VAC had the strongest capability to suppress NLRP3 luciferase report gene activity in cardiomyocytes, and the anti-inflammatory characteristics of VAC were further ascertained by the network pharmacology. Exposure of LPS triggered apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial disorder in cardiomyocytes. The detrimental alterations were significantly reversed upon VAC treatment in both septic mice and H9c2 cells exposed to LPS. In vivo experiments demonstrated that VAC treatment alleviated septic myocardial injury, indicated by enhanced cardiac function parameters, preserved cardiac structure, and reduced inflammation/oxidative response. Mechanistically, VAC induced NLRP3 palmitoylation to inactivate NLRP3 inflammasome by acting on zDHHC12. In support, the NLRP3 agonist ATP and the acylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) prevented the effects of VAC. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that VAC holds promise in protecting against SCM by mitigating cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation via priming NLRP3 palmitoylation and inactivation. These results lay the solid basis for further assessment of the therapeutic potential of VAC against SCM.

Cichoric acid ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization.

Cichoric acid (CA), a widely utilized polyphenolic compound in medicine, has garnered significant attention due to its potential health benefits. Sepsis-induced acute kidney disease (AKI) is related with an elevated risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, it remains unclear whether CA provides protection against septic AKI. The aim of this study is to investigated the protective effect and possible mechanisms of CA against LPS-induced septic AKI. Sepsis-induced AKI was induced in mice through intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with LPS. LPS exposure significantly increased the levels of M1 macrophage biomarkers while reducing the levels of M2 macrophage indicators. This was accompanied by the release of inflammatory factors, superoxide anion production, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and subsequent succinate formation. Conversely, pretreatment with CA mitigated these abnormalities. CA attenuated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-induced glycolysis by lifting the NAD+/NADH ratio in macrophages. Additionally, CA disrupted the K (lysine) acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A)/α-tubulin complex, thereby reducing α-tubulin acetylation and subsequently inactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Importantly, administration of CA ameliorated LPS-induced renal pathological damage, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and disturbances in mitochondrial function in mice. Overall, CA restrained HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis via inactivation of SDH, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation and the amelioration of sepsis-induced AKI.

Deficiency of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) impairs endothelial function in diet-induced diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) plays a critical role in the regulation of cholesterol ester metabolism. Deficiency of NCHE1 accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice. Nonetheless, the role of NCEH1 in endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes has not been explored. The present study sought to investigate whether NCEH1 improved endothelial function in diabetes, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. METHODS: The expression and activity of NCEH1 were determined in obese mice with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, high glucose (HG)-induced mouse aortae or primary endothelial cells (ECs). Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in aortae response to acetylcholine (Ach) was measured. RESULTS: Results showed that the expression and activity of NCEH1 were lower in HFD-induced mouse aortae, HG-exposed mouse aortae ex vivo, and HG-incubated primary ECs. HG exposure reduced EDR in mouse aortae, which was exaggerated by endothelial-specific deficiency of NCEH1, whereas NCEH1 overexpression restored the impaired EDR. Similar results were observed in HFD mice. Mechanically, NCEH1 ameliorated the disrupted EDR by dissociating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from caveolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to eNOS activation and nitric oxide (NO) release. Moreover, interaction of NCEH1 with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 led to the degradation of Cav-1 through the ubiquitination pathway. Silencing Cav-1 and upregulating ZNRF1 were sufficient to improve EDR of diabetic aortas, while overexpression of Cav-1 and downregulation of ZNRF1 abolished the effects of NCEH1 on endothelial function in diabetes. Thus, NCEH1 preserves endothelial function through increasing NO bioavailability secondary to the disruption of the Cav-1/eNOS complex in the endothelium of diabetic mice, depending on ZNRF1-induced ubiquitination of Cav-1. CONCLUSIONS: NCEH1 may be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.

Female travellers in hospitality and tourism industry: A systematic literature review.

Female tourism is gaining momentum in the world. Thus, a review of female tourism is essential to explore future research directions. The paper discusses the evolution of female tourism research from the early 1980s to 2022 through different analytical methods. The 116 articles published in the list of Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals were collected. A systematic quantitative assessment of 116 articles was conducted using HistCite, and research themes were identified using VOSviewer. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to trace the growth of research, understand the past research development of each research theme, and identify research gaps for further research. The results show that current female tourism research can be divided into three research themes: motivation, risk, and sexuality. The motivations for young female travellers, solo female travellers, and middle-aged female travellers are discussed. In the atmosphere of gender equality, current female tourism research in risk and sexuality contains contradictory viewpoints with past studies as a result of changing times. A research agenda in four potential research areas is recommended. This review contributes to female tourism research by providing researchers with literature to guide and support further research.

Chicoric acid ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy via regulating macrophage metabolism reprogramming.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-related cardiac dysfunction is believed to be a primary cause of high morbidity and mortality. Metabolic reprogramming is closely linked to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and dysregulated glycolysis in activated macrophages, leading to inflammatory responses in septic cardiomyopathy. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and succinate play critical roles in the progression of metabolic reprogramming in macrophages. Inhibition of SDH may be postulated as an effective strategy to attenuate macrophage activation and sepsis-induced cardiac injury. PURPOSE: This investigation was designed to examine the role of potential compounds that target SDH in septic cardiomyopathy and the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS/RESULTS: From a small molecule pool containing about 179 phenolic compounds, we found that chicoric acid (CA) had the strongest ability to inhibit SDH activity in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure stimulated SDH activity, succinate accumulation and superoxide anion production, promoted mitochondrial dysfunction, and induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in macrophages, while CA ameliorated these changes. CA pretreatment reduced glycolysis by elevating the NAD+/NADH ratio in activated macrophages. In addition, CA promoted the dissociation of K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A) from α-tubulin, and thus reducing α-tubulin acetylation, a critical event in the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Overexpression of KAT2A neutralized the effects of CA, indicating that CA inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome in a specific manner that depended on KAT2A inhibition. Importantly, CA protected the heart against endotoxin insult and improved sepsis-induced cardiac mitochondrial structure and function disruption. Collectively, CA downregulated HIF-1α expression via SDH inactivation and glycolysis downregulation in macrophages, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation and the improvement of sepsis-induced myocardial injury. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the therapeutic role of CA in the resolution of sepsis-induced cardiac inflammation.

Hydrogen sulfide in health and diseases: cross talk with noncoding RNAs.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is previously described as a potentially lethal toxic gas. However, this gasotransmitter is also endogenously generated by the actions of cystathionine-ß-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in mammalian systems, thus belonging to the family of gasotransmitters after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). The physiological or pathological significance of H2S has been extensively expanded for decades. Growing evidence has revealed that H2S exerts cytoprotective functions in the cardiovascular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems by modulating numerous signaling pathways. With the continuous advancement of microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained recognition as key players in human health and diseases due to their considerable potential as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Coincidentally, H2S and ncRNAs are not independent regulators but interact with each other during the development and progression of human diseases. Specifically, ncRNAs might serve as downstream mediators of H2S or act on H2S-generating enzymes to govern endogenous H2S production. The purpose of this review is to summarize the interactive regulatory roles of H2S and ncRNAs in the initiation and development of various diseases and explore their potential health and therapeutic benefits. This review will also highlight the importance of cross talk between H2S and ncRNAs in disease therapy.

[Effect of Ropivacaine Combined with Dexmedetomidine for Serratus Anterior Plane Block Plus Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Postoperative Recovery Quality of Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Radical Resection of Lung Cancer].

Objective: To study the postoperative analgesic effect of ropivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine for serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) under ultrasound visualization plus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer. Methods: A total of 129 patients undergoing elective thoracoscopic surgery were enrolled. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups ( n=43 in each group), a normal saline group (control group), a ropivacaine mesylate group (Group R) and a ropivacaine mesylate combined with dexmetomidine hydrochloride group (Group RD). After operation, ultrasound-guided SAPB was performed and patients in the three groups received the injection of 0 mL of 0.9% normal saline, 25 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine, and 25 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine+1 µg/kg dextrometomidine hydrochloride mixture, respectively. In addition, PCIA was used for all the patients. The button on the PCIA pump was pressed when the postoperative pain visual analogue score (VAS)≥4 on coughing, and rescue analgesic of sufentanil was given intravenously at 2.5 µg/bolus. The primary outcome was the VAS scores at rest and on coughing at 10 min (T 1), 6 h (T 2), 12 h (T 3), 24 h (T 4), and 48 h (T 5) after extubation. The secondary outcomes included hemodynamics, the quality of sleep for the first 3 nights after operation, number of times the button on the PCIA pump was pressed, intraoperative and postoperative opioid dosage, time of first postoperative rescue analgesic, duraion of intubation, length of stay at the hospital, adverse reactions, etc. Results: Compared with those of the control group, the VAS scores of the Group R and Group RD were significantly lower at 10 min, 6 h, and 12 h after extubation ( P<0.05). In comparison with Group R, the number of patients requiring rescue analgesia, the time of first postoperative rescue analgesic, the number of times the button on the PCIA pump was pressed, and the total dose of rescue sufentanil were all significantly lower ( P<0.05) in the Group RD. Patients in the Group RD had better sleep quality in the second and third nights after operation and lower incidence of nausea and vomiting ( P<0.05). Conclusion: 0.5% ropivacaine and 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine SAPB combined with PCIA can significantly reduce postoperative pain and improve postoperative recovery quality in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer.

Metrnl ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inactivation of cGAS/STING signaling dependent on LKB1/AMPK/ULK1-mediated autophagy.

INTRODUCTION: Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) is ubiquitously expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose with beneficial roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Metrnl is found to protect against cardiac hypertrophy and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. However, its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is undefined. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to elucidate the potential roles of Metrnl in DCM. METHODS: Gain- andloss-of-function experimentswere utilized to determine the roles of Metrnl in the pathological processes of DCM. RESULTS: We found that plasma Metrnl levels, myocardial Metrnl protein and mRNA expressions were significantly downregulated in both streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (T1D) mice and leptin receptor deficiency (db/db) (T2D) mice. Cardiac-specific overexpression (OE) of Metrnl markedly ameliorated cardiac injury and dysfunction in both T1D and T2D mice. In sharp contrast, specific deletion of Metrnl in the heart had the opposite phenotypes. In parallel, Metrnl OE ameliorated, whereas Metrnl downregulation exacerbated high glucose (HG)-elicited hypertrophy, apoptosis and oxidative damage in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Antibody-induced blockade of Metrnl eliminated the effects of benefits of Metrnl in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Metrnl activated the autophagy pathway and inhibited the cGAS/STING signaling in a LKB1/AMPK/ULK1-dependent mechanism in cardiomyocytes. Besides, Metrnl-induced ULK1 phosphorylation facilitated the dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of STING where it interacted with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), a scaffold protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase that was responsible for ubiquitination and degradation of STING, rendering cardiomyocytes sensitive to autophagy activation. CONCLUSION: Thus, Metrnl may be an attractive therapeutic target or regimen for treating DCM.

Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by ferroptosis inhibition via SLC7A11/GPX4 axis activation.

The SLC7A11/GPX4 axis plays an important role in ferroptosis during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of dexmedetomidine (DEX) post-conditioning on cardiac IRI and to explore whether the effect was achieved by SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway regulation. Rat myocardial IRI was established by occluding the left anterior descending artery for 30 min followed by 2-h reperfusion. The infarct area was detected by diphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining; the cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. The levels of lipid peroxide biomarkers were measured to estimate the injury caused by lipid peroxide. HE staining and Sirius staining were utilized to assess myocardial damage and fibrosis. The mitochondrial morphology was observed by electron micrography. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were employed to measure the relative molecular characteristics. Our results showed that DEX administration at the beginning of reperfusion attenuated IRI-induced myocardial injury, alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibited the activation of SLC7A11/GPX4, and modulated the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins, including SLC7A11, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain (FTH), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Conversely, the ferroptosis activator erastin partly suppressed the DEX-mediated cardio protection. Altogether, these results reveal that DEX inhibits ferroptosis by enhancing the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, thereby preventing cardiac I/R injury.

Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Cell Communications in Hypertension: Mechanism Insights and Therapeutic Potential of ncRNAs.

Hypertension, a chronic and progressive disease, is an outstanding public health issue that affects nearly 40% of the adults worldwide. The increasing prevalence of hypertension is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite of the available treatment medications, an increasing number of hypertensive individuals continues to have uncontrolled blood pressure. In the vasculature, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial fibroblasts play a fundamental role in vascular homeostasis. The aberrant interactions between vascular cells might lead to hypertension and vascular remodeling. Identification of the precise mechanisms of vascular remodeling may be highly required to develop effective therapeutic approaches for hypertension. Recently, extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of proteins or noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) between vascular cells holds promise for the treatment of hypertension. Especially, extracellular vesicle-packaging ncRNAs have gained enormous attention of basic and clinical scientists because of their tremendous potential to act as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets of hypertension. Here we will discuss the current findings focusing on the emerging roles of extracellular vesicle-carrying ncRNAs in the pathologies of hypertension and its associated vascular remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hypertension. The future research directions on the challenges and perspectives of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs in hypertensive vascular remodeling are also proposed.

Frailty is an independent risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications in elderly patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resections.

BACKGROUND: Although frailty as a common geriatric syndrome is associated with postoperative complications, its relationship with postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) following pulmonary resections in elderly patients is unclear. AIMS: To investigate the relationship between frailty and PPCs in elderly patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resections and explore the effect of the addition of frailty assessment to PPC risk index and ASA on their predictive ability. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, we measured frailty status using the FRAIL scale in elderly patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resections. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the relationship between frailty and PPCs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the predictive power of frailty and other assessment tools. RESULTS: 227 patients were analyzed in the study. The prevalence of PPCs was 24.7%. Significant differences between patients with and without PPCs were observed in the following aspects: BMI, smoking, COPD, respiratory infection within the last month, FEV1/FVC ratio, creatinine, ASA, frailty and PPC risk index (p < 0.05, respectively). After adjusting for all covariates, frailty was significantly related to PPCs in elderly patients (odds ratio: 6.33, 95% confidence interval: 2.45-16.37). Combined with frailty assessment, the area under the curve for ASA class and PPC risk index was increased to 0.759 (95% CI 0.687-0.831) and 0.821 (95% CI 0.758-0.883). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty was associated with PPCs in elderly patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resections. Combined with the frailty assessment, the predictive power of the PPC risk index and ASA class was improved.

Itaconate ameliorates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury through the Nrf2/ARE pathway.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a critical predisposing factor of sepsis in the clinic. As a product of human energy metabolism and immune response, itaconate can effectively reduce inflammation in the body. This research employed 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) to illustrate that itaconate exerted anti-inflammatory effects to protect the body from acute lung injury (ALI) induced by MRSA. METHODS: HE staining and immunohistochemistry are used to evaluate the MRSA-induced ALI in mice. WB and qPCR were used to verify the effect of 4-OI on inflammation and oxidative stress caused by MRSA. Molecular docking was used to verify the binding sites of 4-OI and Keap1. RESULTS: We demonstrated that 4-OI treatment increased the survival ratio, attenuated the pathological damage, inhibited neutrophil infiltration, and reduced lung bacterial burden in the mouse MRSA pneumonia model. 4-OI decreased the expression of inflammatory factors by stimulating the Nrf2 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, 4-OI exerted its effect by promoting nuclear transport of Nrf2 in vitro. The results of molecular docking indicated that 4-OI bound to the pocket of Keap1 and exerted a stable interaction. Both Nrf2 inhibitors (ML385) and Nrf2-/- mice abolished the protective effect of 4-OI on MRSA-induced inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: 4-OI prevents lung damage caused by MRSA bacteremia via activating Nrf2/ARE pathway.

MiRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNAs as mediators in hypertension-related vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction.

Hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that involves complex genetic and environmental factors. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are important components of blood vessels, and their dysregulation has been shown to be involved in vascular remodeling during the development of systemic hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) via multiple mechanisms, such as aberrant apoptosis, phenotype conversion, proliferation, and migration of VSMCs. With increasing advances in microarrays and next-generation sequencing, nonprotein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted much attention due to their numerous functions in health and diseases. Among ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs are emerging as novel modulators in the biological behaviors of VSMCs, especially in systemic hypertension and PAH. Studies have recommended miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNAs as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for systemic hypertension and PAH. In this review, we summarize the current studies focusing on the roles of VSMC-derived miRNAs, lncRNAs and circular RNAs in the pathologies of systemic hypertension and PAH. MiRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNAs might serve as attractive targets for the prevention and treatment of VSMC dysfunction-linked systemic hypertension and PAH.

Sevoflurane postconditioning reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury-induced necroptosis by up-regulation of OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylated RIPK3.

Inhalation anesthetics have been demonstrated to have protective effects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). O-linked GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) modifications have been shown to protect against MIRI. This study aimed to investigate whether O-GlcNAcylation and necroptosis signaling were important for sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) induced cardioprotective effects. Apart from rats in the SHAM and sevoflurane (SEVO) group, rats underwent 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h reperfusion. Cardiac hemodynamics and function were determined. In addition, myocardial infarction size, cardiac function parameters, myocardial lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) content, myocardium histopathological changes, necrotic myocardium, O-GlcNAcylation, and protein expression levels of necroptosis biomarkers were measured, together with co-immunoprecipitation experiments using proteins associated with the necroptosis pathway and O-GlcNAcylation. SPC reduced myocardial infarction size, ameliorated cardiac function, restored hemodynamic performance, improved histopathological changes, and reduced receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)/receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)/mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) mediated necroptosis. In addition, SPC up-regulated O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) mediated O-GlcNAcylation, increased O-GlcNAcylated RIPK3, and inhibited the association of RIPK3 and MLKL. However, OSMI-1, an OGT inhibitor, abolished SPC mediated cardioprotective effects and inhibited OGT mediated up-regulation of O-GlcNAcylation and down-regulation of RIPK3 and MLKL proteins induced by SPC. Our study demonstrated that SPC restrained MIRI induced necroptosis via regulating OGT mediated O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 and lessening the formulation of RIPK3/MLKL complex.

The combination of CC chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5) and Treg cells predicts prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in T cells. CC chemokine receptor 5 is a highly expressed chemokine receptor in T cells. They play an important role in inflammation and immune response of stroke. METHODS: Flow cytometry measured Tregs and CCR5+ Tregs in the blood of patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were utilized to analyze the effect of Tregs and CCR5+ Tregs on the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess predictive values for Treg cells and CCR5+ Tregs. RESULTS: Tregs in patients with severe ischemic stroke were higher than those in mild ischemic stroke (P < 0.05), while the expression of CCR5+ Tregs were reversed (P < 0.05). The results of univariate and multivariate logistics regression analysis showed that Tregs and CCR5+ Tregs had a good predictive effect on the prognosis of ischemic stroke. The ROC curve demonstrated that the combination of Tregs and CCR+ Tregs achieved a better prediction effect (AUC = 0.758; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of Tregs and CCR5+ Tregs can be used as biomarkers for the prognosis of ischemic stroke.

Emerging Role of IL-10 in Hypertrophic Scars.

Hypertrophic scars (HS) arise from traumatic or surgical injuries and the subsequent abnormal wound healing, which is characterized by continuous and histologically localized inflammation. Therefore, inhibiting local inflammation is an effective method of treating HS. Recent insight into the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, in fibrosis has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of HS and has suggested new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent progress in elucidating the role of IL-10 in the formation of HS and its therapeutic potential based on current research. This knowledge will enhance our understanding of the role of IL-10 in scar formation and shed new light on the regulation and potential treatment of HS.

Roles of circular RNAs in diabetic complications: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic potential.

Diabetes is characterized by changed homeostasis of blood glucose levels, which is associated with various complications, including cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. In recent years, accumulative evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs are identified as a novel type of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) involving in the regulation of various physiological processes and pathologic conditions. Specifically, the emergence of complications response to diabetes is finely controlled by a complex gene regulatory network in which circular RNAs play a critical role. Recently, circular RNAs are emerging as messengers that could influence cellular functions under diabetic conditions. Dysregulation of circular RNAs has been closely linked to the pathophysiology of diabetes-related complications. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current progression and underlying mechanisms of circular RNA in the development of diabetes-related complications. We will also provide an overview of circular RNA-regulated cell communications in different types of cells that have been linked to diabetic complications. We anticipated that the completion of this review will provide potential clues for developing novel circular RNAs-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets for diabetes and its associated complications.

LncRNAs and circular RNAs as endothelial cell messengers in hypertension: mechanism insights and therapeutic potential.

Endothelial cells are major constituents in the vasculature, and they act as important players in vascular homeostasis via secretion/release of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. In healthy arteries, endothelial cells play a key role in the regulation of vascular tone, cellular adhesion, and angiogenesis. A shift in the functions of the blood vessels toward vasoconstriction, proinflammatory state, oxidative stress and deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) might lead to endothelial dysfunction, a key event implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular metabolic diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Thus, reversibility of endothelial dysfunction may be beneficial for maintaining vascular homeostasis. In recent years, accumulative evidence has documented that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critically involved in endothelial homeostasis. Specifically, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs are highly expressed in endothelial cells where they serve as important mediators in normal endothelial functions. Dysregulation of lncRNAs and circular RNAs has been tightly associated with hypertension-related endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we will summarize the current progression and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA and circular RNA in endothelial cell biology under hypertensive conditions. We will also highlight their potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for hypertension and its associated endothelial dysfunction.

A sensitive H2O2 biosensor based on carbon nanotubes/tetrathiafulvalene and its application in detecting NADH.

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) plays a pivotal role in the electron-transfer chain of biological system. Analysis of many biological markers is based on the detection of the enzymatically generated NADH. In this paper, a sensitive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor, fabricated by carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)/horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was applied for detecting the NADH in a buffer containing methylene blue (MB) at low operating potential of - 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Since the NADH could be oxidized by MB to release H2O2, the electrochemical biosensor enables to detect the NADH in the MB buffer. And the low working potential made the biosensor avoid the interference from other electroactive substances. Linear response ranges from 10 µM to 790 µM, with a sensitivity of 4.76 µA mM-1 and a detection limit of 1.53 µM were obtained under the optimum conditions. The proposed sensor provided a promising approach for sensitively detecting the NADH.