Switching Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Pathways through Electronic Tuning of Copper Porphyrins.

The electronic structure of metal complexes plays key roles in determining their catalytic features. However, controlling electronic structures to regulate reaction mechanisms is of fundamental interest but has been rarely presented. Herein, we report electronic tuning of Cu porphyrins to switch pathways of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Through controllable and regioselective ß-oxidation of Cu porphyrin 1, we synthesized analogues 2-4 with one or two ß-lactone groups in either a cis or trans configuration. Complexes 1-4 have the same Cu-N4 core site but different electronic structures. Although ß-oxidation led to large anodic shifts of reductions, 1-4 displayed similar HER activities in terms of close overpotentials. With electrochemical, chemical and theoretical results, we show that the catalytically active species switches from a CuI species for 1 to a Cu0 species for 4. This work is thus significant to present mechanism-controllable HER via electronic tuning of catalysts.

Clinical and Immunological Significance of ANKRD52 in Pan-Cancer.

Ankyrin repeat domain 52 (ANKRD52) is a regulatory component of the protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) holoenzyme. Evidence has emerged to suggest involvement of ANKRD52 in tumor metastases and cancer cell escape from T cell-mediated elimination and immunotherapy but there has been no research across different cancer types. The current study explored the biological functions of ANKRD52 by combining data from many databases. The aim was to expose new diagnostic or treatment biomarkers for malignant tumors. The roles of ANKRD52 with respect to immunotherapy in 33 human cancer types were analyzed by combining data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), UCSC Xena, the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), TISIDB and Cellminer. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the association between ANKRD52 expression and prognosis, immunological indicators (immune cell infiltration, ESTIMATE scores and tumor microenvironment (TME) signatures), tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) and drug sensitivity. ANKRD52 expression was generally higher in 24 tumor tissues than in normal tissues and was associated with poor prognosis, especially in kidney chromophobe (KICH). Lower expression was observed in advanced cancer. ANKRD52 expression was strongly linked to major immunological indicators, such as immune cell infiltration, ESTIMATE scores, TME signatures, as well as expression of immune and tumor-related genes. Expression was also associated with indicators of immunotherapy efficacy and outcome, such as TMB in 7 cancer types and MSI in 12. In addition, ANKRD52 expression was linked to sensitivity to a number of anticancer drugs. ANKRD52 had a distinct immune function in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) that correlated negatively with most immune indicators. Expression was enriched in proliferation-, differentiation- and metabolism-related pathways and linked to other immune cells and TME signatures. A nomogram to predict 3- or 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients with BRCA was constructed. ANKRD52 may have utility as an oncological and immunological biomarker. New insights into oncogenesis are presented and the development of ANKRD52-targeting to increase the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy explored.

Driving factors and decoupling effects of agricultural carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province based on time-varying parameter C-D production function.

The reduction of agricultural emission plays an important role in realizing the dual-carbon goals. It is thus of great significance to examine the characteristics and drivers of regional agricultural carbon emission. We measured agricultural carbon emission in Jiangxi Province from the perspective of input-output and production processes, and explored the drivers and decoupling dynamics of agricultural carbon emission by using the LMDI decomposition method together with the Tapio decoupling model modified by time-varying parameter C-D production function. The results showed that agricultural carbon emission in Jiangxi increased by 26.4% from 2010 to 2021, and the carbon emission intensity decreased year by year with an average annual rate of 4.9%. Factors such as agricultural carbon intensity, labor input, and capital stock collectively reduced carbon emission by a total of 61.05 Mt, with a contribution of 27.0%, 44.5% and 28.5%, respectively. Level of agricultural economic development, agricultural structure, and technological progress had strong driving effects, which accounted for 75.7%, 5.6% and 18.8%, respectively. Agricultural carbon emission in Jiangxi was weakly decoupled from economic development, capital stock, and technological progress factors, but was negatively decoupled from labor input. Moreover, the decoupling state was more desirable in the later period than in the earlier period. Our results suggested that the application of the time-varying parameter C-D production function is innovative and applicable by incorporating technology, labor, and capital factors in the examination of carbon emission drivers and decoupling effects.

Enterolactone and trabectedin suppress epithelial ovarian cancer synergistically via upregulating THBS1.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common and fatal subtype of ovarian malignancies, with no effective therapeutics available. Our previous studies have demonstrated extraordinary suppressive efficacy of enterolactone (ENL) on EOC. A chemotherapeutic agent, trabectedin (Trabe), is shown to be effective on ovarian cancer, especially when combined with other therapeutics, such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or oxaliplatin. Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), a kind of matrix glycoprotein, plays important roles against cancer development through inhibiting angiogenesis but whether it is involved in the suppression of EOC by ENL or Trabe remains unknown. To test combined suppressive effects of ENL and Trabe on EOC and possible involvement of THBS1 in the anticancer activities of ENL and Trabe. The EOC cell line ES-2 was transfected with overexpressed THBS1 by lentivirus vector. We employed tube formation assay to evaluate the anti-angiogenesis activity of ENL and of its combined use with Trabe after THBS1 overexpression and established drug intervention and xenograft nude mouse cancer models to assess the in vivo effects of the hypothesized synergistic suppression between the agents and the involvement of THBS1. Mouse fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing and microbiota analysis. We detected strong inhibitory activities of ENL and Trabe against the proliferation and migration of cancer cells and observed synergistic effects between ENL and Trabe in suppressing EOC. ENL and Trabe, given either separately or in combination, could suppress the tube formation capability of human microvascular endothelial cells, and this inhibitory effect became even stronger with THBS1 overexpression. In the ENL plus Trabe combination group, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 and cluster of differentiation 36 was both upregulated, whereas matrix metalloproteinase 9, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cluster of differentiation 47 were all decreased. With the overexpression of THBS1, the results became even more pronounced. In animal experiments, combined use of ENL and Trabe showed superior inhibitory effects to either single agent and significantly suppressed tumor growth, and the overexpression of THBS1 further enhanced the anti-cancer activities of the drug combination group. ENL and Trabe synergistically suppress EOC and THBS1 could remarkably facilitate the synergistic anticancer effects of ENL and Trabe.

Single-cell characterization revealed hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming of gastric cancer.

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Single-cell sequencing technology can achieve an accurate and unbiased assessment of cell heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the molecular characteristics of GC-related malignant cells at a single-cell resolution. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing GC profiles were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Moreover, feature gene sets of metabolic pathways and hypoxia signals were collected from the Molecular Signatures Database. The marker genes of specific cell types were collected from the published literature and CellMarker database. The R package InferCNV was used to calculate the copy-number variations of cells and to identify real cancer cells. The weighted relative pathway activity algorithm was used to evaluate the differences in metabolic activity between cell types. Results: Our study found that cancer epithelial cells exhibited individual differences in molecular features and showed metabolic heterogeneity. Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic pathway activity were the major contributors to the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer epithelial cells. Furthermore, we used the hypoxia signaling pathway to indirectly evaluate the oxygen content of cells and found that hypoxia contributed to the heterogeneity of cancer epithelial cells. Finally, functional identification of genes co-expressed with HIF1A showed that the reprogramming of the oxidative stress response contributed to the tumor malignant progression. Conclusions: This study described hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming of GC at a single-cell level, partially addressing the lack of insight into the heterogeneity of cancer cell metabolism when using traditional sequencing technology.

Roles, detection, and visualization of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute pancreatitis.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are produced in large quantities at the site of inflammation, and they locally capture and eliminate various pathogens. Thus, NETs quickly control the infection of pathogens in the body and play vital roles in immunity and antibacterial effects. However, evidence is accumulating that NET formation can exacerbate pancreatic tissue damage during acute pancreatitis (AP). In this review, we describe the research progress on NETs in AP and discuss the possibility of NETs as potential therapeutic targets. In addition, since the current detection and visualization methods of NET formation are not uniform and the selection of markers is still controversial, a synopsis of these issues is provided in this review.

KAZN as a diagnostic marker in ovarian cancer: a comprehensive analysis based on microarray, mRNA-sequencing, and methylation data.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer (OC) is among the deadliest malignancies in women and the lack of appropriate markers for early diagnosis leads to poor prognosis in most cases. Previous studies have shown that KAZN is involved in multiple biological processes during development, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, so defects or aberrant expression of KAZN might cause queer cell behaviors such as malignancy. Here we evaluated the KAZN expression and methylation levels for possible use as an early diagnosis marker for OC. METHODS: We used data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarrays, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) to investigate the correlations between KAZN expression and clinical characteristics of OC by comparing methylation levels of normal and OC samples. The relationships among differentially methylated sites in the KAZN gene, corresponding KAZN mRNA expression levels and prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: KAZN was up-regulated in ovarian epithelial tumors and the expression of KAZN was correlated with the patients' survival time. KAZN CpG site cg17657618 was positively correlated with the expression of mRNA and the methylation levels were significantly differential between the group of stage "I and II" and the group of stage "III and IV". This study also presents a new method to classify tumor and normal tissue in OC using DNA methylation pattern in the KAZN gene body region. CONCLUSIONS: KAZN was involved in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate a new direction for ovarian cancer research and provide a potential diagnostic biomarker as well as a novel therapeutic target for clinical application.

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most serious malignant tumors, which has the fastest growing morbidity and mortality worldwide. A role of the lung microbiota in LC pathogenesis has been analyzed, but a comparable role of the gut microbiota has not yet been investigated. In this study, the gut microbiota of 30 LC patients and 30 healthy controls were examined via next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA and analyzed for diversity and biomarkers. We found that there was no decrease in significant microbial diversity (alpha diversity) in LC patients compared to controls (P observed = 0.1422), while the composition (beta diversity) differed significantly between patients and controls (phylum [stress = 0.153], class [stress = 0.16], order [stress = 0.146], family [stress = 0.153]). Controls had a higher abundance of the bacterial phylum Actinobacteria and genus Bifidobacterium, while patients with LC showed elevated levels of Enterococcus. These bacteria were found as possible biomarkers for LC. A decline of normal function of the gut microbiome in LC patients was also observed. These results provide the basic guidance for a systematic, multilayered assessment of the role of the gut microbiome in LC, which has a promising potential for early prevention and targeted intervention.

One-step enrichment and chemiluminescence detection of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in river water using Mg-Al-carbonate layered double hydroxides.

In this work, Mg-Al CO3-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were used as adsorbent materials for sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in aqueous solutions, the enriched SDBS can be directly detected by IO4(-)-H2O2 chemiluminescence (CL) system. The commonly existing cations cannot be enriched by Mg-Al CO3-LDHs due to the structurally positively charged layers of LDHs, while other adsorbed anionic interferents had no effect on the IO4(-)-H2O2 CL reaction. The corresponding linear regression equation was established in the range of 0.1-10 µM for SDBS. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3 for SDBS was 0.08 µM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for nine repeated measurements of 0.5 µM SDBS was 2.6%. This proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of SDBS in river water samples. To the best of our knowledge, we have first time coupled the high enrichment capacity of LDHs towards anions with CL detection for analytes.