RESUMEN
Deformable electroluminescent devices (DELDs) with mechanical adaptability are promising for new applications in smart soft electronics. However, current DELDs still present some limitations, including having stimuli-insensitive electroluminescence (EL), untunable mechanical properties, and a lack of versatile stimuli response properties. Herein, a facile approach for fabricating in situ interactive and multi-stimuli responsive DELDs with optical/photothermal/mechanical tunability was proposed. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polydopamine (PDA)/graphene oxide (GO) adaptable hydrogel exhibiting optical/photothermal/mechanical tunability was used as the top ionic conductor (TIC). The TIC can transform from a viscoelastic state to an elastic state via a special freezing-salting out-rehydration (FSR) process. Meanwhile, it endows the DELDs with a photothermal response and thickness-dependent light shielding properties, allowing them to dynamically demonstrate "on" or "off" or "gradually change" EL response to various mechanical/photothermal stimuli. Thereafter, the DELDs with a viscoelastic TIC can be utilized as pressure-responsive EL devices and laser-engravable EL devices. The DELDs with an elastic TIC can withstand both linear and out-of-plane deformation, enabling the designs of various interactive EL devices/sensors to monitor linear sliders, human finger bending, and pneumatically controllable bulging. This work offers new opportunities for developing next-generation EL-responsive devices with widespread application based on adaptable hydrogel systems.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Excessive water intake is rarely associated with life-threatening hyponatraemia. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hyponatraemia associated with excess water intake. METHODS: This review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All studies (case reports, observational or interventional studies) reporting excess water intake and hyponatraemia in adults (1946-2019) were included. RESULTS: A total of 2970 articles were identified and 177 were included (88.7% case reports), consisting of 590 patients. The mean age was 46±16 years (95% CI 44 to 48 years), 47% female, 52% had a chronic psychiatric disorder and 31% had no underlying condition. The median volume of water consumed and serum sodium at presentation was 8 L/day (95% CI 8.9 to 12.2 L/day) and 118 mmol/L (95% CI 116 to 118 mmol/L), respectively. The motivator for increased water consumption was psychogenic polydipsia (55%); iatrogenic (13%); exercise (12%); habitual/dipsogenic polydipsia (7%) and other reasons (13%). The clinical features on presentation were severe in 53% (seizures, coma); moderate in 35% (confusion, vomiting, agitation) and mild in 5% (dizziness, lethargy, cognitive deficit) and not reported in 5% of studies. Treatment was supportive in 41% of studies (fluid restriction, treatment of the underlying cause, emergency care), and isotonic and hypertonic saline was used in 18% and 28% of cases, respectively. Treatment-related complications included osmotic demyelination (3%) and rhabdomyolysis (7%), and death occurred in 13% of cases. CONCLUSION: Water intoxication is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and requires daily intake to substantially exceed population-based recommendations. The limitations of this analysis are the low quality and high risk of bias of the included studies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: A pre-existing protocol in the international prospective register of systematic reviews was updated to incorporate any new amendments and reregistered at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42019129809).
