Earlier peak photosynthesis timing potentially escalates global wildfires.

More intense fire weather due to climate change is implicated as a key driver of recent extreme wildfire events. As fuel stock, the role of vegetation and its phenology changes in wildfire dynamics, however is not fully appreciated. Using long-term satellite-based burned areas and photosynthesis observations, we reveal that an earlier peak photosynthesis timing (PPT) potentially acts to escalate subsequent wildfires, with an increase in the global average burned fraction of 0.021% (∼2.20 Mha) for every additional day of PPT advancement. Satellite observations and Earth System modeling consistently show that this fire escalation is likely due to intensified drought conditions and increased fuel availability associated with the climate feedback arising from earlier PPT. Current fire-enabled dynamic global vegetation models can reproduce the observed negative correlation between PPT and burned area but underestimate the strength of the relationship notably. Given the continued PPT advancement owing to climate change, the bioclimatic effects of vegetation phenology change suggest a potentially pervasive upward pressure on future wildfires.

A global dataset of forest regrowth following wildfires.

Wildfires result in forest loss or degradation and release substantial emissions into the atmosphere. Forest regrowth following these fires allows for ecosystem repair and carbon replenishment. However, there is a lack of datasets explicitly characterizing the forest regrowth after fires. Here we employed multiple remotely sensed datasets to generate the first global maps of forest structure regrowth including forest height, aboveground biomass (AGB), leaf area index (LAI), and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) following wildfires at a 30 m spatial resolution. The regrowth index for each structural parameter includes regrowth ratio and rate at 5-year intervals, primarily from 2000 to 2020. The dataset developed in this study provides detailed insights into the characteristics of global forest regrowth following forest fires in both spatial and temporal dimensions, contributing to the assessment of forest ecology equilibrium and the quantification of forest carbon dynamics.

Porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein interacts with the Grb2 through its proline-rich motifs to induce activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK signal pathway and promote virus replication.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe watery diarrhoea, dehydration and high mortality in piglets, which has the potential for cross-species transmission in recent years. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is a bridging protein that can couple cell surface receptors with intracellular signal transduction events. Here, we investigated the reciprocal regulation between Grb2 and PDCoV. It is found that Grb2 regulates PDCoV infection and promotes IFN-ß production through activating Raf/MEK/ERK/STAT3 pathway signalling in PDCoV-infected swine testis cells to suppress viral replication. PDCoV N is capable of interacting with Grb2. The proline-rich motifs in the N- or C-terminal region of PDCoV N were critical for the interaction between PDCoV-N and Grb2. Except for Deltacoronavirus PDCoV N, the Alphacoronavirus PEDV N protein could interact with Grb2 and affect the regulation of PEDV replication, while the N protein of Betacoronavirus PHEV and Gammacoronavirus AIBV could not interact with Grb2. PDCoV N promotes Grb2 degradation by K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. Overexpression of PDCoV N impaired the Grb2-mediated activated effect on the Raf/MEK/ERK/STAT3 signal pathway. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism of how host protein Grb2 protein regulates viral replication and how PDCoV N escaped natural immunity by interacting with Grb2.

High-resolution satellite estimates of coal mine methane emissions from local to regional scales in Shanxi, China.

Coal mines are significant anthropogenic sources of methane emissions, detectable and traceable from high spatial resolution satellites. Nevertheless, estimating local or regional-scale coal mine methane emission intensities based on high-resolution satellite observations remains challenging. In this study, we devise a novel interpolation algorithm based on high-resolution satellite observations (including Gaofen5-01A/02, Ziyuan-1 02D, PRISMA, GHGSat-C1 to C5, EnMAP, and EMIT) and conduct assessments of annual mean coal mine methane emissions in Shanxi Province, China, one of the world's largest coal-producing regions, spanning the period 2019 to 2023 across various scales: point-source, local, and regional. We use high-resolution satellite observations to perform interpolation-based estimations of methane emissions from three typical coal-mining areas. This approach, known as IPLTSO (Interpolation based on Satellite Observations), provides spatially explicit maps of methane emission intensities in these areas, thereby providing a novel local-scale coal mine methane emission inventory derived from high-resolution top-down observations. For regional-scale estimation and mapping, we utilize high-resolution satellite data to complement and substitute facility-level emission inventories for interpolation (IPLTSO+GCMT, Interpolation based on Satellite Observations and Global Coal Mine Tracker). We evaluate our IPLTSO and IPLTSO+GCMT estimation with emission inventories, top-down methane emission estimates from TROPOMI observations, and TROPOMI's methane concentration enhancements. The results suggest a notable right-skewed distribution of methane emission flux rates from coal mine point sources. Our IPLTSO+GCMT estimates the annual average coal mine methane emission in Shanxi Province from 2019 to 2023 at 8.9 ± 0.5 Tg/yr, marginally surpassing top-down inversion results from TROPOMI (8.5 ± 0.6 Tg/yr in 2019 and 8.6 ± 0.6 Tg/yr in 2020). Furthermore, the spatial patterns of methane emission intensity delineated by IPLTSO+GCMT and IPLTSO closely mirror those observed in TROPOMI's methane enhancements. Our comparative assessment underscores the superior performance and substantial potential of the developed interpolation algorithm based on high-resolution satellite observations for multi-scale estimation of coal mine methane emissions.

Formulating Self-Repairing Solid Electrolyte Interface via Dynamic Electric Double Layer for Practical Zinc Ion Batteries.

Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) encounter interface issues stemming from the water-rich electrical double layer (EDL) and unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, we propose the dynamic EDL and self-repairing hybrid SEI for practical ZIBs via incorporating the horizontally-oriented dual-site additive. The rearrangement of distribution and molecular configuration of additive constructs the robust dynamic EDL under different interface charges. And, a self-repairing organic-inorganic hybrid SEI is constructed via the electrochemical decomposition of additive. The dynamic EDL and self-repairing SEI accelerate interfacial kinetics, regulate deposition and suppress side reactions in the both stripping and plating during long-term cycles, which affords high reversibility for 500 h at 42.7 % depth of discharge or 50 mA ⋅ cm-1. Remarkably, Zn//NVO full cells deliver the impressive cycling stability for 10000 cycles with 100 % capacity retention at 3 A ⋅ g-1 and for over 3000 cycles even at lean electrolyte (7.5 µL ⋅ mAh-1) and high loading (15.26 mg ⋅ cm-2). Moreover, effectiveness of this strategy is further demonstrated in the low-temperature full cell (-30 °C).

Lattice Strain with Stabilized Oxygen Vacancies Boosts Ceria for Robust Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Outperforming Benchmark Pt.

Earth-abundant metal oxides are usually considered as stable but catalytically inert toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their unfavorable hydrogen intermediate adsorption performance. Herein, a heavy rare earth (Y) and transition metal (Co) dual-doping induced lattice strain and oxygen vacancy stabilization strategy is proposed to boost CeO2 toward robust alkaline HER. The induced lattice compression and increased oxygen vacancy (Ov) concentration in CeO2 synergistically improve the water dissociation on Ov sites and sequential hydrogen adsorption at activated Ov-neighboring sites, leading to significantly enhanced HER kinetics. Meanwhile, Y doping offers stabilization effect on Ov by its stronger Y─O bonding over Ce─O, which endows the catalyst with excellent stability. The Y,Co-CeO2 electrocatalyst exhibits an ultra-low HER overpotential (27 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and Tafel slope (48 mV dec-1), outperforming the benchmark Pt electrocatalyst. Moreover, the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer incorporated with Y,Co-CeO2 achieves excellent stability of 500 h under 600 mA cm-2. This synergistic lattice strain and oxygen vacancy stabilization strategy sheds new light on the rational development of efficient and stable oxide-based HER electrocatalysts.

Incorporating Sodium-Conductive Polymeric Interfacial Adhesive with Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Quasi-Solid-State Sodium Metal Batteries.

Inorganic solid-state electrolytes have attracted enormous attention due to their potential safety, increased energy density, and long cycle-life benefits. However, their application in solid-state batteries is limited by unstable electrode-electrolyte interface, poor point-to-point physical contact, and low utilization of metallic anodes. Herein, interfacial engineering based on sodium (Na)-conductive polymeric solid-state interfacial adhesive is studied to improve interface stability and optimize physical contacts, constructing a robust organic-rich solid electrolyte interphase layer to prevent dendrite-induced crack propagation and security issues. The interfacial adhesive strategy significantly increases the room-temperature critical current density of inorganic Na-ion conductors from 0.8 to 3.2 mA cm-2 and markedly enhances the cycling performance of solid-state batteries up to 500 cycles, respectively. Particularly, the Na3V2(PO4)3-based full solid-state batteries with high cathode loading of 10.16 mg cm-2 also deliver an excellent cycling performance, further realizing the stable operation of solid-state laminated pouch cells. The research provides fundamental perspectives into the role of interfacial chemistry and takes the field a step closer to realizing practical solid-state batteries.

Computational Insights into Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with the Organophosphorus Flame Retardant DOPO.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used as green char promoters in the formulation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) for polymeric materials, and they could reduce the amount of usage of OPFRs and their release into the environment by forming [host:guest] inclusion complexes with them. Here, we report a systematic study on the inclusion complexes of natural CDs (α-, ß-, and γ-CD) with a representative OPFR of DOPO using computational methods of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The binding modes and energetics of [host:guest] inclusion complexes were analyzed in details. α-CD was not able to form a complete inclusion complex with DOPO, and the center of mass distance [host:guest] distance amounted to 4-5 Å. ß-CD and γ-CD allowed for a deep insertion of DOPO into their hydrophobic cavities, and DOPO was able to frequently change its orientation within the γ-CD cavity. The energy decomposition analysis based on the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (sobEDAw) indicated that electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion contributions favored [host:guest] complexation, while the exchange-repulsion term showed the opposite. This work provides an in-depth understanding of using CD inclusion complexes in OPFRs formulations.

Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries.

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density, safety, low cost, and abundance of zinc. However, the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs. Therefore, feasible and advanced non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction. In this review, we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field. Then, we discussed the working mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design, crystal structure tuning, interface strategy, and atomic engineering. We also included theoretical studies, machine learning, and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions. Finally, we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.

Atomic-Level Catalyst Coupled with Metal Oxide Heterostructure for Promoting Kinetics of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Despite the low competitive cost and high theoretical capacity of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, their practical application is severely hindered by the lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling and low conversion efficiency. Herein, the electronic structure of hollow Titanium dioxide nanospheres is tunned by single Iron atom dopants that can cooperatively enhance LiPS absorption and facilitate desired redox reaction in practical Li-S batteries, further suppressing the notorious shuttle effect, which is consistent with theoretical calculations and in situ UV/vis investigation. The obtained electrode with massive active sites and lower energy barrier for sulfur conversions exhibits exceptional cycling stability after 500 cycles and high capacity under the sulfur loading of 10.53 mg cm-2. In particular, an Ah-level Li-S pouch cell is fabricated, further demonstrating that the synthetic strategy based on atomic-level design offers a promising route toward practical high-energy-density Li-S batteries.

Weakening warming on spring freeze-thaw cycle caused greening Earth's third pole.

The Tibetan Plateau, recognized as Earth's third pole and among the most responsive regions to climate shifts, profoundly influences regional and even global hydrological processes. Here, we discerned a significant weakening in the influence of temperature on the initiation of surface freeze-thaw cycle (the Start of Thawing, SOT), which can be ascribed to a multitude of climatic variables, with radiation emerging as the most pivotal factor. Additionally, we showed that the diminishing impact of warming on SOT yields amplified soil moisture within the root zone. This, in turn, fosters a greening third pole with increased leaf area index and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. We further showed that current Earth system models failed to reproduce the linkage between weakened sensitivity and productivity under various shared socioeconomic pathways. Our findings highlight the dynamic shifts characterizing the influence of climate warming on spring freeze-thaw process and underscore the profound ecological implications of these changes in the context of future climate scenarios.

Nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticle-embedded functional carbon nanofibers for lithium sulfur batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attracting tremendous attention owing to their critical advantages, such as high theoretical capacity of sulfur, cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendliness. Nevertheless, the vast commercialisation of Li-S batteries is severely hindered by sharp capacity decay upon operation and shortened cycle life because of the insulating nature of sulfur along with the solubility of intermediate redox products, lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), in electrolytes. This work proposes the use of multifunctional Ni/NiO-embedded carbon nanofibers (Ni/NiO@CNFs) synthesized by an electrospinning technique with the corresponding heat treatment as promising free-standing current collectors to enhance the kinetics of LiPS redox reactions and to provide prolonged cyclability by utilizing more efficient active materials. The electrochemical performance of the Li-S batteries with Ni/NiO@CNFs with ∼2.0 mg cm-2 sulfur loading at 0.5 and 1.0C current densities delivered initial specific capacities of 1335.1 mA h g-1 and 1190.4 mA h g-1, retrieving high-capacity retention of 77% and 70% after 100 and 200 cycles, respectively. The outcomes of this work disclose the beneficial auxiliary effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticle embedment onto carbon nanofiber mats as being attractively suited up to achieve high-performance Li-S batteries.

CD30 plays a role in T-dependent immune response and T cell proliferation.

CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and expressed in both normal and malignant lymphoid cells. However, the role of CD30 in lymphopoiesis is not known. In this study, we showed CD30 was expressed both in T and B cells, but its deficiency in mice had no effect on T- and B-cell development. In fact, CD30 deficiency attenuated B-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens. The impaired B cell response in CD30-deficient mice is caused by the reduction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression. Moreover, CD30-deficient mice exhibited decreased TCR-mediated T cell proliferation and slightly impaired TCR signaling. High-throughput RNA sequencing analysis revealed that CD30 deficiency led to a decrease of FOXO-autophagy axis in T cells upon TCR stimulation. Thus, CD30 positively regulates T-cell-dependent immune response and T cell proliferation.

Cu and Ni Co-Doped Porous Si Nanowire Networks as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Due to its extremely high theoretical mass specific capacity, silicon is considered to be the most promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, serious volume expansion and poor conductivity limit its commercial application. Herein, dealloying treatments of spray dryed Al-Si-Cu-Ni particles are performed to obtain a Cu/Ni co-doped Si-based anode material with a porous nanowire network structure. The porous structure enables the material to adapt to the volume changes in the cycle process. Moreover, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the co-doping of Cu and Ni can improve the capture ability towards Li, which can accelerate the electron migration rate of the material. Based on the above advantages, the as-prepared material presents excellent electrochemical performance, delivering a reversible capacity of 1092.4 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1. Even after 500 cycles, it still retains 818.7 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1. This study is expected to provide ideas for the preparation and optimization of Si-based anodes with good electrochemical performance.

Repurposing Drugs for Inhibition against ALDH2 via a 2D/3D Ligand-Based Similarity Search and Molecular Simulation.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) is a crucial enzyme participating in intracellular aldehyde metabolism and is acknowledged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of alcohol use disorder and other addictive behaviors. Using previously reported ALDH2 inhibitors of Daidzin, CVT-10216, and CHEMBL114083 as reference molecules, here we perform a ligand-based virtual screening of world-approved drugs via 2D/3D similarity search methods, followed by the assessments of molecular docking, toxicity prediction, molecular simulation, and the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) analysis. The 2D molecular fingerprinting of ECFP4 and FCFP4 and 3D molecule-shape-based USRCAT methods show good performances in selecting compounds with a strong binding behavior with ALDH2. Three compounds of Zeaxanthin (q = 0), Troglitazone (q = 0), and Sequinavir (q = +1 e) are singled out as potential inhibitors; Zeaxanthin can only be hit via USRCAT. These drugs displayed a stronger binding strength compared to the reported potent inhibitor CVT-10216. Sarizotan (q = +1 e) and Netarsudil (q = 0/+1 e) displayed a strong binding strength with ALDH2 as well, whereas they displayed a shallow penetration into the substrate-binding tunnel of ALDH2 and could not fully occupy it. This likely left a space for substrate binding, and thus they were not ideal inhibitors. The MM-PBSA results indicate that the selected negatively charged compounds from the similarity search and Vina scoring are thermodynamically unfavorable, mainly due to electrostatic repulsion with the receptor (q = -6 e for ALDH2). The electrostatic attraction with positively charged compounds, however, yielded very strong binding results with ALDH2. These findings reveal a deficiency in the modeling of electrostatic interactions (in particular, between charged moieties) in the virtual screening via the 2D/3D similarity search and molecular docking with the Vina scoring system.

MiR-9-1 controls osteoblastic regulation of lymphopoiesis.

The highly conserved MicroRNA-9 (miR-9) family consists of three members. We discovered that miR-9-1 deletion reduced mature miR-9 expression, causing 43% of the mice to display smaller size and postweaning lethality. MiR-9-1-deficient mice with growth defects experienced severe lymphopenia, but other blood cells were unaffected. The lymphopenia wasn't due to defects in hematopoietic progenitors, as mutant bone marrow (BM) cells underwent normal lymphopoiesis after transplantation into wild-type recipients. Additionally, miR-9-1-deficient mice exhibited impaired osteoblastic bone formation, as mutant mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) failed to differentiate into osteoblastic cells (OBs). RNA sequencing revealed reduced expression of master transcription factors for osteoblastic differentiation, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix (Osx), and genes related to collagen formation, extracellular matrix organization, and cell adhesion, in miR-9-1-deficient MSCs. Follistatin (Fst), an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), was found to be a direct target of miR-9-1. Its deficiency led to the up-regulation of Fst, inhibiting BMP signaling in MSCs, and reducing IL-7 and IGF-1. Thus, miR-9-1 controls osteoblastic regulation of lymphopoiesis by targeting the Fst/BMP/Smad signaling axis.

Accuracy analysis of traditional acupoint location and the coincidence of cutaneous arterial perforators and acupoints.

Several reports have shown a coincidence relationship between perforators and acupoints. However, there have been few previous reports of objective experimental methods to verify the reliability of the accuracy of acupoint location (APL) with nearby perforators. This research aimed to determine the internal agreement of the APL of five acupuncturists and to analyze the coincidence rate of acupoints with nearby perforators. Three two healthy volunteers were recruited with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three TCM clinical physicians determined acupoints in areas of the lower limb of participants. Two microsurgeons sketched corresponding regions based on the most common skin flap operation sites, located bone markers, and drew the skin flap axis. Doppler ultrasound was used to mark the perforator point and the distances measured for both points. There is no significant difference in the distance between the acupoints and perforators localization in different groups, and there are significant differences between the angle formed by acupoints and penetrators in all groups. All the points located by the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapists are distributed around the dot. The distance between the coordinate point (A-B) of Wenliu (LI7) localization is the largest, reaching 16.6 mm. The accuracy of the acupoint location of each physician is limited by the clinical experience of physicians, and the difference among them is significant. There is a certain correspondence between the location of acupoints and perforators, which needs further studies to confirm.

Accelerated Multi-step Sulfur Redox Reactions in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled by Dual Defects in Metal-Organic Framework-based Catalysts.

The sluggish sulfur redox kinetics and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) are recognized as the main obstacles to the practical applications of the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Accelerated conversion by catalysis can mitigate these issues, leading to enhanced Li-S performance. However, a catalyst with single active site cannot simultaneously accelerate multiple LiPSs conversion. Herein, we developed a novel dual-defect (missing linker and missing cluster defects) metal-organic framework (MOF) as a new type of catalyst to achieve synergistic catalysis for the multi-step conversion reaction of LiPSs. Electrochemical tests and first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that different defects can realize targeted acceleration of stepwise reaction kinetics for LiPSs. Specifically, the missing linker defects can selectively accelerate the conversion of S8 →Li2 S4 , while the missing cluster defects can catalyze the reaction of Li2 S4 →Li2 S, so as to effectively inhibit the shuttle effect. Hence, the Li-S battery with an electrolyte to sulfur (E/S) ratio of 8.9 mL g-1 delivers a capacity of 1087 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C after 100 cycles. Even at high sulfur loading of 12.9 mg cm-2 and E/S=3.9 mL g-1 , an areal capacity of 10.4 mAh cm-2 for 45 cycles can still be obtained.

Large diurnal compensatory effects mitigate the response of Amazonian forests to atmospheric warming and drying.

Photosynthesis and evapotranspiration in Amazonian forests are major contributors to the global carbon and water cycles. However, their diurnal patterns and responses to atmospheric warming and drying at regional scale remain unclear, hindering the understanding of global carbon and water cycles. Here, we used proxies of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration from the International Space Station to reveal a strong depression of dry season afternoon photosynthesis (by 6.7 ± 2.4%) and evapotranspiration (by 6.1 ± 3.1%). Photosynthesis positively responds to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the morning, but negatively in the afternoon. Furthermore, we projected that the regionally depressed afternoon photosynthesis will be compensated by their increases in the morning in future dry seasons. These results shed new light on the complex interplay of climate with carbon and water fluxes in Amazonian forests and provide evidence on the emerging environmental constraints of primary productivity that may improve the robustness of future projections.

A Mechanistic Model for Estimating Rice Photosynthetic Capacity and Stomatal Conductance from Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence.

Enhancing the photosynthetic rate is one of the effective ways to increase rice yield, given that photosynthesis is the basis of crop productivity. At the leaf level, crops' photosynthetic rate is mainly determined by photosynthetic functional traits including the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and stomatal conductance (gs). Accurate quantification of these functional traits is important to simulate and predict the growth status of rice. In recent studies, the emerging sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides us an unprecedented opportunity to estimate crops' photosynthetic traits, owing to its direct and mechanistic links to photosynthesis. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a practical semimechanistic model to estimate the seasonal Vcmax and gs time-series based on SIF. We firstly generated the coupling relationship between the open ratio of photosystem II (qL) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), then estimate the electron transport rate (ETR) based on the proposed mechanistic relationship between SIF and ETR. Finally, Vcmax and gs were estimated by linking to ETR based on the principle of evolutionary optimality and the photosynthetic pathway. Validation with field observations showed that our proposed model can estimate Vcmax and gs with high accuracy (R2 > 0.8). Compared to simple linear regression model, the proposed model could increase the accuracy of Vcmax estimates by >40%. Therefore, the proposed method effectively enhanced the estimation accuracy of crops' functional traits, which sheds new light on developing high-throughput monitoring techniques to estimate plant functional traits, and also can improve our understating of crops' physiological response to climate change.