Pseudoamaolide P, a 1,2:3,4:9,10:9,19-tetraseco-cycloartane triterpene spiroketal lactone from seeds of Pseudolarix amabilis.

A 1,2:3,4:9,10:9,19-tetraseco-cycloartane triterpene spiroketal lactone, pseudoamaolide P (1), two new labdane-type diterpenoids, pseudoamains A and B (2-3), and four known cembrane-type diterpenoids (4-7) were isolated from the seeds of Pseudolarix amabilis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including HRESIMS, 1D-, and 2D-NMR. The anti-inflammatory activities of the compounds were evaluated by suppressing the transcription of the NF-κB-dependent reporter gene in LPS-induced 293 T/NF-κB-luc cells. All compounds do not show potent activity.

Pollutant accumulation and microbial community evolution in rain gardens with different drainage types at field scale.

Rain gardens play a key role in urban non-point source pollution control. The drainage type affects the infiltration processes of runoff pollutants. The soil properties and microbial community structures were studied to reveal the stability of the ecosystem in rain gardens with different drainage types under long-term operation. The results showed that the soil water content and total organic carbon in the drained rain gardens were always higher than that of the infiltrated ones. With the increase in running time, the contents of heavy metals in rain gardens showed significant accumulation phenomena, especially the contents of Zn and Pb in drained rain gardens were higher than that in infiltrated ones. The accumulation of pollutants resulted in lower microbial diversity in drained rain gardens than in infiltrated rain gardens, but the microbial community structures were the same in all rain gardens. The effects of drainage type on microbial community evolution were not significant, only the accumulation of heavy metals led to changes in the abundance of dominant microorganisms. There were differences in the soil environment of rain gardens with different drainage types. The long-term operation of rain gardens led to fluctuations in the soil ecosystem, while the internal micro-ecosystems of the drained rain gardens were in unstable states.

Connotation, status, and governance of land ecological security in China's new urbanization: recent advances and future prospects.

The rapid development of China's new urbanization has created favorable conditions for economic growth and social development. Urbanization includes population urbanization and land urbanization, among which land urbanization leads to land ecological security problems. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of land ecological security in China's new urbanization construction. This paper aims to fill the gap by systematically combing relevant literature on the connotation, status, and governance of land ecological security in China's new urbanization. Literature review shows that China's land ecological security is still at a low level, and the new urbanization construction has significant impacts on land ecological security. Land contamination is the most critical factor threatening land ecological security, and there are differences in the levels of land contamination and types of pollutants in different new urbanization construction forms. According to an example of land ecological security governance with enterprises as the main body and multiple subjects cooperating, the governance of land ecological security needs to integrate a variety of different subjects to coordinate governance. Future research directions should focus on the construction of land ecological security assessment index system, development of land contamination multi-level control technology, and construction of multi-subject collaborative governance model with "government-enterprise-social organization-residents."

Medication Adherence in People with Asthma: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Patient and Health Professional Perspectives.

Background: Increased medication adherence leads to better asthma control and health outcomes. However, many studies have found that patient adherence to maintenance medication is poor. Aim: We undertook a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies, to investigate asthma patient and healthcare professionals' perspectives of medication adherence. Methods: This systematic review was reported by following the PRISMA guidelines. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregative approach was used for the qualitative synthesis. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022346831). Results: In total, 12 articles were included in the review. These articles reported findings from 433 participants in total, which included 315 patients and 118 healthcare professionals. Four synthesised findings with sub-themes were identified from the reviewed studies. These synthesised findings were described as: 1) The role of relationship and communication with/between Healthcare Professionals in medication adherence; 2) Insufficient information from Healthcare Professionals acting as a barrier for adherence; 3) How patient's attitude/beliefs effect their adherence to medication; and 4) Patients' personal behaviour and other relevant barriers. Conclusion: The synthesized findings provide a strong evidence-base of patient and health professionals' perspectives and behaviours toward medication adherence, which helps to identify and address non-adherence. Healthcare providers can use these findings to support patients' adherence to asthma medications. The findings suggest that empowering people to make informed decisions around medication adherence rather than "adherence controlling" by health professionals is very important. Effective dialogue and appropriate education are critical approaches to increase medication adherence.

Effects of biochar-based materials on nickel adsorption and bioavailability in soil.

The potential for toxic elements to contaminate soil has been extensively studied. Therefore, the development of cost-effective methods and materials to prevent toxic element residues in the soil from entering the food chain is of great significance. Industrial and agricultural wastes such as wood vinegar (WV), sodium humate (NaHA) and biochar (BC) were used as raw materials in this study. HA was obtained by acidizing NaHA with WV and then loaded onto BC, which successfully prepared a highly efficient modification agent for nickel-contaminated soil, namely biochar-humic acid material (BC-HA). The characteristics and parameters of BC-HA were obtained by FTIR, SEM, EDS, BET and XPS. The chemisorption of Ni(II) ions by BC-HA conforms to the quasi-second-order kinetic model. Ni(II) ions are distributed on the heterogeneous surface of BC-HA by multimolecular layer adsorption, which accords with the Freundlich isotherm model. WV promotes better binding of HA and BC by introducing more active sites, thus increasing the adsorption capacity of Ni(II) ions on BC-HA. Ni(II) ions in soil are anchored to BC-HA by physical and chemical adsorption, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and synergy.

Study on machine learning of molar incisor hypomineralization in an endemic fluorosis region in central China.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to develop a machine learning model to predict the risk of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and to identify factors associated with MIH in an endemic fluorosis region in central China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,568 schoolchildren from selected regions. The clinical examination included an investigation of MIH based on the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. In this study, supervised machine learning (e.g., logistic regression) and correlation analysis (e.g., Spearman correlation analysis) were used for classification and prediction. Results: The overall prevalence of MIH was 13.7%. The nomograph showed that non-dental fluorosis (DF) had a considerable influence on the early occurrence of MIH and that this influence became weaker as DF severity increased. We examined the association between MIH and DF and found that DF had a protective correlation with MIH; the protective effect became stronger as DF severity increased. Furthermore, children with defective enamel were more likely to experience caries, and dental caries were positively correlated with MIH (OR = 1.843; 95% CI: 1.260-2.694). However, gender, oral hygiene, and exposure to poor-quality shallow underground water did not increase the likelihood of developing MIH. Conclusions: DF should be considered a protective factor within the multifactorial etiology of MIH.

Deep Encrypted Traffic Detection: An Anomaly Detection Framework for Encryption Traffic Based on Parallel Automatic Feature Extraction.

With an increasing number of network attacks using encrypted communication, the anomaly detection of encryption traffic is of great importance to ensure reliable network operation. However, the existing feature extraction methods for encrypted traffic anomaly detection have difficulties in extracting features, resulting in their low efficiency. In this paper, we propose a framework of encrypted traffic anomaly detection based on parallel automatic feature extraction, called deep encrypted traffic detection (DETD). The proposed DETD uses a parallel small-scale multilayer stack autoencoder to extract local traffic features from encrypted traffic and then adopts an L1 regularization-based feature selection algorithm to select the most representative feature set for the final encrypted traffic anomaly detection task. The experimental results show that DETD has promising robustness in feature extraction, i.e., the feature extraction efficiency of DETD is 66% higher than that of the conventional stacked autoencoder, and the anomaly detection performance is as high as 99.998%, and thus DETD outperforms the deep full-range framework and other neural network anomaly detection algorithms.

[Diterpenoid constituents in Pseudolarix amabilis and their antitumor activities in vitro].

By various chromatographic techniques and extensive spectroscopic methods, 17 abietane diterpenoids were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of the 95% ethanol cold-soak extracts of the seeds of Pseudolarix amabilis, namely pseudoamaol A(1), 12α-hydroxyabietic acid(2), 12-methoxy-7,13-abietadien-18-oic acid(3), 13-hydroxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-18-oic acid(4), 15-hydroxy-7,13-abietadien-12-on-18-oic acid(5), 8(14)-podocarpen-13-on-18-oic acid(6), holophyllin K(7), metaglyptin B(8), 7α-hydroxydehydroabietinsaure-methylester(9), 7-oxodehydroabietic acid(10), 15-hydroxy-7-oxodehydroabietinsaure-methy-lester(11), 15-methoxydidehydroabietic acid(12), 7-oxo-15-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid(13), 15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid(14), 8,11,13-abietatriene-15,18-diol(15), 8,11,13-abietatriene-15-hydroxy-18-succinic acid(16), and 7ß-hydroxydehydroabie-tic acid(17). Compound 1 was a new compound. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antitumor activities(HepG2, SH-SY5Y, K562), and compounds 8 and 17 showed potential cytotoxic activity against K562 cells, with IC_(50) values of 26.77 and 37.35 µmol·L~(-1), respectively.

Characteristics of nitrogen distribution and its response to microecosystem changes in green infrastructure with different woody plants.

With the acceleration of urbanization, N pollution in rainfall runoff has become the primary cause of eutrophication. In order to control N pollution in rainfall runoff, green infrastructure (GI) has been widely implemented. However, little is known about the process through which plants, especially woody plants, affect N distribution and the microecosystem in GI. Limited information suggests that woody plants mainly affect N distribution and alter the microecosystem through the influence of their roots. Therefore, laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the roles of the taproot plant Sophora japonica and the fibrous root plant Malus baccata and the resultant changes at the microecosystem level regarding N removal in a column-scale GI. After one year of growth, analysis of the morphological traits of the roots revealed that the average root length and diameter of S. japonica were approximately 2.3 and 1.8 times greater than those of M. baccata, respectively. An investigation of microbial diversity revealed that in comparison to the control GI system without plants, the GI systems with S. japonica and M. baccata hosted 45.68% and 59.88% more Actinobacteria, respectively. Further, the soil urease (S-UE) activities in the GI systems with S. japonica and M. baccata were 13.6% and 98.8% higher than that in the control, respectively, and the soil acid protease (S-ALPT) activities were 20.5% and 25.4% higher than that in the control, respectively. Compared to the control and the S. japonica GI system, the NH3-N content in the soil of the M. baccata GI was 94.4% and 15.2% lower, respectively, and the NO3-N content was 57.3% and 12.7% lower, respectively. The M. baccata GI system had the lowest NH3-N and NO3-N contents because it was most abundant in Actinobacteria and Arthrobacter and had the highest S-UE and S-ALPT activities. The results may be useful for improving N removal in GI containing different woody plants, and by extension for improving control of N pollution from rainfall runoff.

Pseudoamaolides A-O, anti-inflammatory triterpene spiroketal lactones from seeds of Pseudolarix amabilis.

Fifteen new triterpenoids (1-15), along with twenty known ones (16-35), were isolated from Pseudolarix amabilis. The triterpenoid structures include multiple skeleton types, such as 2,3-seco-cycloartane, 3,4-seco-cycloartane, 3,4:9,10-diseco-cycloartane, and 3,4:8,9:9,10-triseco-cycloartane, as elucidated by extensive spectroscopy (1D NMR, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and IR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-35 were evaluated. Compounds 3, 11, 16, 24, 25, and 26 suppressed the transcription of the NF-κB-dependent reporter gene in LPS-induced 293T/NF-κB-Luc cells with IC50 values of 0.12, 0.10, 0.30, 0.09, 0.49, and 0.35 µM, respectively. In addition, compound 16 showed anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear swelling in vivo with an inhibition rate of 44.7 % (30 mg/kg). Compound 16 significantly improved the disease activity index (DAI) of ulcerative colitis at a dose of 400 mg/kg in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model of experimental ulcerative colitis (P < 0.01).

Asperuloside Prevents Peri-Implantitis via Suppression of NF-κB and ERK1/2 on Rats.

Peri-implantitis is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperactivation of the osteoclasts surrounding dental implants which can result in bone resorption and ultimately implant failure. Therefore, coordinating the activity of inflammatory response and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial for the prevention of peri-implantitis. Asperuloside (ASP), an iridoid glycoside, has significant anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting the great potential in attenuating peri-implantitis bone resorption. A ligature-induced peri-implantitis model in the maxilla of rats was established, and the effects of ASP on preventing peri-implantitis were evaluated after four weeks of ligation using micro-CT and histological staining. RT-PCR, western blotting, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and immunofluorescent staining were conducted on osteoclasts to confirm the mechanisms of ASP on osteoclastogenesis. The results show that ASP could lead to attenuation of alveolar bone resorption in peri-implantitis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in vivo. Furthermore, ASP could inhibit osteoclastogenesis by downregulating expression levels of transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFATc1) via restraining the activations of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In conclusion, ASP could significantly attenuate bone resorption in peri-implantitis via inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways activations.

A qualitative study exploring nursing students' perspectives on and attitudes towards hospice care in China.

BACKGROUND: With the fast growth of the older population and the increasing rates of chronic illnesses, the demand for hospice care is increasing at a rapid pace. This is bringing great challenges to the healthcare system in China. Given that nursing students will be the main healthcare workforce in the future, and as such, have responsibilities to prepare for these challenges. Therefore, understanding nursing students' perspectives and attitudes towards hospice care in China is important to promote the development of hospice care services. OBJECTIVES: To explore the perspectives and attitudes of Chinese nursing students towards hospice care. METHOD: The descriptive phenomenology of a qualitative approach was used for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews from 11 nursing students in China between April and June 2021. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's seven-step approach. FINDINGS: Three main themes were identified: (1) Lack of knowledge and skills; (2) lack of clinical experience; and (3) needs for service improvement. These findings indicated the problems of hospice care education and hospice care services in China. CONCLUSION: The nursing students in this study lacked theoretical knowledge and the practical skills of hospice care. This suggests that medical educational institutions and the government should take action to increase hospice care training for nursing students, in order to increase the capacity and availability of hospice care services. It also informs policy-makers, health professionals, and health educators about the further need for the development of hospice care services in China.

Efficient decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate in aqueous solution: Efficacy, reaction mechanism, active sites, and application potential.

The electrochemical oxidation method is a promising technology for the degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). However, the elimination processes of PFOS are still unknown, including the electron transfer pathway, key reactive sites, and degradation mechanism. Here, we fabricated diatomite and cerium (Ce) co-modified Sb2O3 (D-Ce/Sb2O3) anode to realize efficient degradation of PFOS via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The transferred electron and the generated hydroxyl radical (•OH) can high-effectively decompose PFOS. The electron can be rapidly transferred from the highest occupied molecular orbital of the PFOS to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the PMS via the D-Ce/Sb2O3 driven by a potential energy difference under electrochemical process. The active site of Ce-O in the D-Ce/Sb2O3 can greatly reduce the migration distance of the electron and the •OH, and thus improving the catalytic activity for degrading various organic micropollutants with high stability. In addition, the electrochemical process shows strong resistance and tolerance to the changing pH, inorganic ions, and organic matter. This study offers insights into the electron transfer pathway and PMS activation mechanism in PFOS removal via electrochemical oxidation, paving the way for its potential application in water purification.

Two new diterpenoids from the stems of Rhododendron dauricum as GABAA receptor agonists.

Two new diterpenoids, dauricumins A (1) and B (2), together with two known aromatic meroterpenoids (3 and 4), were isolated from the petroleum ether soluble fraction of the stems from Rhododendron dauricum through an HPLC-MS-SPE-NMR combination strategy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were elucidated by ECD calculations and [Rh2 (OCOCF3)4]-induced CD spectrum analysis. In a membrane potential FLIPR assay, confluentin (4) showed an agonistic effect on GABAA receptor (EC50 = 20 µM).

Assessment on the cumulative effect of pollutants and the evolution of micro-ecosystems in bioretention systems with different media.

Bioretention system is one of the most used green stormwater infrastructures (GSI), and its media is a key factor in reducing runoff water volume and purifying water quality. Many studies have investigated media improvement to enhance the pollutant removal capacity. However, the long-term cumulative effect and microbial effect of pollutants in the modified-media bioretention system is less known. This study investigated the cumulative effect of pollutants and their influence on microbial characteristics in conventional and modified media bioretention system. The addition of modifiers increased the background content of pollutants in the media, and the accumulation of pollutants in planting soil (PS) and bioretention soil mixing + water treatment residuals (BSM+WTR) was relatively higher after the simulated rainfall experiment. The accumulation of pollutants led to a decrease in dehydrogenase activity, and an increase in urease and invertase activities. Ten dominant bacterial species at the phylum level were found in all bioretention systems. The relative abundances of the bacteria with good viability under low nutritional conditions decreased, while the species which could live in the pollutant-rich environment increased. The accumulation of pollutants in the bioretention system led to the extinction of some functional microorganisms. The better the effects of modified media on pollutant removal showed, the more obvious effect on the media micro-ecosystem was. To ensure the long-term efficient and stable operation of the modified-media bioretention system, we recommend balancing the pollutant removal efficiency and cumulative effect in modified-media bioretention systems.

Study of pollutant accumulation characteristics and microbial community impact at three bioretention facilities.

In this paper, three bioretention facilities (BT, RG1-A, and RG1-B) were selected for on-site testing and experimental analysis. Of which, BT is a roadside bioretention tank with layered filler, while RG1-A and RG1-B are rain gardens with conventional filler (Bioretention soil media, BSM) and modified filler (BSM+10% Water treatment residuals,WTR), respectively. The effect of pollutant accumulation on the soil microbial community structure in the facilities, and the risk of heavy metal contamination over several years of bioretention facility operation were studied. Results showed that the water quality pollutant load reduction in BT was fluctuating. This is related  to the poor water quality of road stormwater flowing into BT and the facility filler. Because RG1-B uses modified filler, RG1-B was more effective than RG1-A in regulating water quality and quantity; the changes in soil physical and chemical properties in BT, RG1-A, and RG1-B were influenced by external factors. Next, BT was at high risk of heavy metal contamination than other facilities. The microbial community structure of the facility had the following characteristics: at the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the bioretention facility, accounting for 29-45%; and at the genus level, Blastocatella was the dominant phylum, and the relative abundance in situ was higher than that in the bioretention facility. The results of the correlation analysis combining filler environmental factors and microbial community structure indicated that SMC was a highly influential factor among the three facilities.

Acetylharpagide Protects Mice from Staphylococcus Aureus-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious disease that has a high risk of death among infants and teenagers. Acetylharpagide, a natural compound of Ajuga decumbens Thunb. (family Labiatae), has been found to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. This study investigates the therapeutic effects of acetylharpagide on S. aureus-induced ALI in mice. Here, we found that acetylharpagide alleviated S. aureus-induced lung pathological morphology damage, protected the pulmonary blood-gas barrier and improved the survival of S. aureus-infected mice. Furthermore, S. aureus-induced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung homogenate and pro-inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were suppressed by acetylharpagide. Mechanically, acetylharpagide inhibited the interaction between polyubiquitinated receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), thereby suppressing NF-κB activity. In summary, these results show that acetylharpagide protects mice from S. aureus-induced ALI by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Acetylharpagide is expected to become a potential treatment for S. aureus-induced ALI.

Oroxylin A alleviates immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15.

Clinical reports have found that with the improvement of treatment, most septic patients are able to survive the severe systemic inflammatory response and to enter the immunoparalysis stage. Considering that immunoparalysis leads to numerous deaths of clinical sepsis patients, alleviation of the occurrence and development of immunoparalysis has become a top priority in the treatment of sepsis. In our study, we investigate the effects of oroxylin A on sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. We find that the 60 h + 84 h (30 mg/kg) injection scheme of oroxylin A induce the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and further significantly improves the survival of CLP mice during the middle or late stages of sepsis. Mechanistically, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) is upregulated and plays anti-inflammatory roles to facilitate the development of immunoparalysis in CLP mice. Oroxylin A induces the transcription of E3 ligase F-box only protein 15 gene (fbxo15), and activated FBXO15 protein binds to CHOP and further mediates the degradation of CHOP through the proteasome pathway, which eventually relieves the immunoparalysis of CLP mice. Taken together, these findings suggest oroxylin A relieves the immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15.

A bacterial F-box effector suppresses SAR immunity through mediating the proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2 in rice.

Plant bacterial pathogens usually cause diseases by secreting and translocating numerous virulence effectors into host cells and suppressing various host immunity pathways. It has been demonstrated that the extensive ubiquitin systems of host cells are frequently interfered with or hijacked by numerous pathogenic bacteria, through various strategies. Some type-III secretion system (T3SS) effectors of plant pathogens have been demonstrated to impersonate the F-box protein (FBP) component of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin system for their own benefit. Although numerous putative eukaryotic-like F-box effectors have been screened for different bacterial pathogens by bioinformatics analyses, the targets of most F-box effectors in host immune systems remain unknown. Here, we show that XopI, a putative F-box effector of African Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) strain BAI3, strongly inhibits the host's OsNPR1-dependent resistance to Xoo. The xopI knockout mutant displays lower virulence in Oryza sativa (rice) than BAI3. Mechanistically, we identify a thioredoxin protein, OsTrxh2, as an XopI-interacting protein in rice. Although OsTrxh2 positively regulates rice immunity by catalyzing the dissociation of OsNPR1 into monomers in rice, the XopI effector serves as an F-box adapter to form an OSK1-XopI-OsTrxh2 interaction complex, and further disrupts OsNPR1-mediated resistance through proteasomal degradation of OsTrxh2. Our results indicate that XopI targets OsTrxh2 and further represses OsNPR1-dependent signaling, thereby subverting systemic acquired resistance (SAR) immunity in rice.