IL-23/IL-17 immune axis mediates the imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation by activating ACT1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB pathway in macrophages and keratinocytes.

The interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 immune axis has been linked to the pathology of psoriasis, but how this axis contributes to skin inflammation in this disease remains unclear. We measured inflammatory cytokines associated with the IL-23/IL-17 immune axis in the serum of patients with psoriasis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Psoriasis was induced in male C57BL/6J mice using imiquimod (IMQ) cream, and animals received intraperitoneal injections of recombinant mouse anti-IL-23A or anti-IL-17A antibodies for 7 days. The potential effects of the IL-23/IL-17 immune axis on skin inflammation were assessed based on pathology scoring, hematoxylin-eosin staining of skin samples, and quantitation of inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting was used to evaluate levels of the following factors in skin: ACT1, TRAF6, TAK1, NF-κB, and pNF-κB. The serum of psoriasis patients showed elevated levels of several cytokines involved in the IL-23/IL-17 immune axis: IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, and interferon-γ. Levels of IL-23p19 and IL-17 were increased in serum and skin of IMQ-treated mice, while ACT1, TRAF6, TAK1, NF-κB, and pNF-κB were upregulated in the skin. A large proportion of NF-κB p65 localized in nucleus of involucrin+ cells in the epidermis and in F4/80+ cells of the dermis of psoriatic lesional skin. Treating these animals with anti-IL-23 or anti-IL-17 antibodies improved pathological score and immune imbalance, mitigated skin inflammation and downregulated ACT1, TRAF6, TAK1, NF-κB, and pNF-κB in skin. Our results suggest that skin inflammation mediated by the IL-23/IL-17 immune axis in psoriasis involves activation of the ACT1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB pathway in keratinocytes and macrophage.

Alkannin exerts antitumor properties in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inducing apoptosis and shifting the M1/M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages by upregulating PTEN.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a common cancer in humans and is the second major type of skin cancer that causes death in humans. In this article, we investigated the effects of alkannin on CSCC progression. We revealed that alkannin curbed CSCC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and accelerated CSCC cell apoptosis. In addition, alkannin expedited macrophage M1 polarization while curbing M2 polarization. Moreover, alkannin elevated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) abundance in CSCC cells. The results of bioinformatics analysis revealed that alkannin might modulate CSCC via PTEN. Downregulation of PTEN reversed the effects of alkannin on apoptosis of CSCC cells and M1/M2 polarization of macrophages. Alkannin reduced CSCC tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. In conclusion, alkannin curbed the advancement of CSCC by expediting apoptosis and facilitating M1 polarization of macrophages by upregulating PTEN. These data may offer a therapeutic approach against CSCC.