Eggshell membrane powder reinforces adhesive polysaccharide hydrogels for wound repair.

Multifunctional polysaccharide hydrogels with strong tissue adhesion, and antimicrobial and hemostatic properties are attractive wound healing materials. In this study, a chitosan-based hydrogel (HCS) was designed, and its properties were enhanced by incorporating oxidized eggshell membrane (OEM). Hydrogel characterization and testing results showed that the hydrogel had excellent antimicrobial properties, cytocompatibility, satisfactory adhesion properties on common substrates, and wet-state adhesion capacity. A rat liver injury model confirmed the significant hemostatic effect of the hydrogel. Finally, the ability of the hydrogel to promote wound healing was verified using rat skin wound repair experiments. Our findings indicate that HCS/OEM hydrogels with added eggshell membrane fibers have better self-healing properties, mechanical strength, adhesion, hemostatic properties, and biocompatibility than HCS hydrogels, in addition to having superior repair performance in wound repair experiments. Overall, the multifunctional polysaccharide hydrogels fabricated in this study are ideal for wound repair.

Topological Engineering Electrodes with Ultrafast Oxygen Transport for Super-Power Sodium-Oxygen Batteries.

Sodium-oxygen battery has attracted tremendous interest due to its extraordinary theoretical specific energy (1605 Wh kg-1 NaO2) and appealing element abundance. However, definite mechanistic factors governing efficient oxygen diffusion and consumption inside electrolyte-flooded air cathodes remain elusive thus precluding a true gas diffusion electrode capable of high discharge current (i.e., several mA cm-2) and superior output power. Herein, 3D-printing technology is adopted to create gas channels with tailored channel size and structure to demystify the diffusion-limited oxygen delivery process. It is revealed that as the clogging discharging products increase, large channel size, and interconnected channel structure are essential to guaranteeing fast O2 diffusion. Moreover, to further encourage O2 diffusion, a bio-inspired breathable cathode with progressively branching channels that balances between O2 passage and reaction is 3D printed. This elaborated 3D electrode allows a sodium-oxygen cell to deliver an impressive discharging current density of up to 4 mA cm-2 and an output power of 8.4 mW cm-2, giving rise to an outstanding capacity of 18.4 mAh cm-2. The unraveled mystery of oxygen delivery enabled by 3D printing points to a valuable roadmap for the rational design of metal-air batteries toward practical applications.

Analysis of Protein Degradation in Ferroptosis.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved cellular mechanism that degrades and recycles proteins in eukaryotic cells. It involves the tagging of specific target proteins with ubiquitin, a small regulatory protein, which marks them for degradation by the proteasome, a large protein complex that acts as a molecular shredder. Dysfunction of the UPS has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections. Therefore, targeting the UPS has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for many diseases. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death process that is regulated by multiple levels, including protein degradation. In this chapter, we introduce the detection of UPS-mediated protein degradation in ferroptosis using several techniques such as western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro ubiquitination assay, and proteasome assay.

Pattern Investigation and Quantitative Analysis of Lithium Plating under Subzero Operation of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Safety hazards arising from lithium (Li) plating during the operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a constant concern. Herein, this work explores the coaction of low temperatures and current rates (C rates) on Li plating in LIBs by electrochemical tests, material characterization, and numerical analysis. With a decrease in temperature and an increase in C rate, the battery charging process shifts from normal intercalation to Li plating and even ultimately fails at -20 °C and 0.5C. The morphology observations reveal the detailed growth process of individual plated Li through sand-like Li, whisker Li, dendritic Li, mossy Li, and finally bulk Li, as well as aggregated Li from sparse to dense. Through quantitative analysis, the dynamic pattern under long-term cycles is revealed. The low temperature and high C rate will lead to an increase in Li plating capacity and irreversibility, which are further deteriorated with the cycles. In addition, a critical condition of high Li plating and high reversibility at -10 °C and 0.2C is found, and further studies are needed to reveal the competition between kinetics and thermodynamics in the Li plating process. This work provides detailed information on the range and growth process of Li plating and quantifies Li plating, which can be used for practical Li plating prediction and regulation.

Peptidase inhibitor (PI16) impairs bladder cancer metastasis by inhibiting NF-κB activation via disrupting multiple-site ubiquitination of NEMO.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a malignancy that frequently metastasizes and leads to poor patient prognosis. It is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression and metastasis of BLCA and identify potential biomarkers. METHODS: The expression of peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16) was analysed using quantitative PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry assays. The functional roles of PI16 were evaluated using wound healing, transwell, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assays, as well as in vivo tumour models. The effects of PI16 on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling activation were examined using luciferase reporter gene systems, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to investigate the interaction of PI16 with annexin-A1 (ANXA1) and NEMO. RESULTS: PI16 expression was downregulated in bladder cancer tissues, and lower PI16 levels correlated with disease progression and poor survival in patients with BLCA. Overexpressing PI16 inhibited BLCA cell growth, motility, invasion and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, while silencing PI16 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, PI16 inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway by interacting with ANXA1, which inhibited K63 and M1 ubiquitination of NEMO. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PI16 functions as a tumour suppressor in BLCA by inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis. Additionally, PI16 may serve as a potential biomarker for metastatic BLCA.

Dual-bioactive molecules loaded aligned core-shell microfibers for tendon tissue engineering.

Development of a controlled delivery ultrafine fibrous system with two bioactive molecules is required to stimulate tendon healing in different phase. In this study, we used emulsion stable jet electrospinning to fabricate aligned poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) based ultrafine fibers with two small bioactive molecules of L-Arginine (Arg) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA). The results demonstrated that the aligned Arg/HA/PLLA microfibrous scaffold showed core-shell structure and allowed sequential release of Arg and HA due to their different electric charge. The scaffold also showed enhanced hydrophilicity, cell migration, spread and proliferation. Using an Achilles tendon repair model in rats, we demonstrated that this novel fibrous scaffold can prevent adhesion and promote tendon regeneration. Additionally, two p53 and ER-α-mediated signalling pathways were described as the probable main path of synergistic effects of the novel scaffold on tendon generation. Thus, this study may provide an important strategy for developing biofunctional and biomimetic tendon scaffolds.

Unveiling the mysteries of operating voltages of lithium-carbon dioxide batteries.

Lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO2) batteries are regarded as a promising electrochemical system owing to their energy storage capability and CO2 utilization. However, the reported operating voltage of ~2.6 V is increasingly questioned as seemingly beyond the capability of the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction to carbon. Herein, the real operating voltage of a Li-CO2 battery is reacquainted, and the operating voltage and the equilibrium potential are clarified to be ~1.1 V and ~2.82 V, respectively. The products formed at low voltage are identified to be crystalline Li2CO3, amorphous C, and explicitly amorphous Li2CO3. Moreover, by decoupling small currents, 1% O2, and 500 ppm H2O, the operating voltage plateaus are stimulated to ~2.0 V. An ever-increasing plateau can be achieved up to the reported level of ~2.6 V activated by a minor air leak or residue in test environments. Conclusively, the operating voltages of Li-CO2 batteries are proposed to be deceptive and extremely sensitive to the surrounding environments. This work unveils the real operating voltage and provides the voltage regulation rules to advance next-generation Li-CO2 batteries.

Dynamic Double Cross-Linked Self-Healing Polysaccharide Hydrogel Wound Dressing Based on Schiff Base and Thiol-Alkynone Reactions.

In this study, a hydrogel composite wound dressing with antibacterial and self-healing ability was prepared using cysteine-modified carboxymethyl chitosan, sodium oxidized alginate, and but-3-yn-2-one base on Schiff base and thiol-alkynone double cross-links. The structure and properties of the hydrogel were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared, and rheological test, followed by antibacterial and in vivo biocompatibility tests. The results showed that the hydrogel exhibited good self-healing, mechanical properties, good antibacterial effect, and in vivo biocompatibility, and can inhibit inflammation and promote skin tissue regeneration in mice. This novel self-healing hydrogel dressing has a broad application prospect in skin tissue engineering.

Extracellular vesicles-transferred SBSN drives glioma aggressiveness by activating NF-κB via ANXA1-dependent ubiquitination of NEMO.

Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Although extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-to-cell communication mediates glioma progression, the key molecular mediators of this process are still not fully understood. Herein, we elucidated an EVs-mediated transfer of suprabasin (SBSN), leading to the aggressiveness and progression of glioma. High levels of SBSN were positively correlated with clinical grade, predicting poor clinical prognosis of patients. Upregulation of SBSN promoted, while silencing of SBSN suppressed tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of glioma cells in vivo. EVs-mediated transfer of SBSN resulted in an increase in SBSN levels, which promoted the aggressiveness of glioma cells by enhancing migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of recipient glioma cells. Mechanistically, SBSN activated NF-κB signaling by interacting with annexin A1, which further induced Lys63-linked and Met1-linear polyubiquitination of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). In conclusion, the communication of SBSN-containing EVs within glioma cells drives the formation and development of tumors by activating NF-κB pathway, which may provide potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in glioma.

Reacquainting the Sudden-Death and Reaction Routes of Li-O2 Batteries by Ex Situ Observation of Li2O2 Distribution Inside a Highly Ordered Air Electrode.

The unclear Li2O2 distribution inside an air electrode stems from the difficulty of conducting observation techniques inside a porous electrode. In this work, an integrated air electrode is prepared with highly ordered channels. The morphological composition and distribution of Li2O2 inside the real air electrode are clearly observed for the first time. The results show that the toroidal Li2O2 is constrained by the channel size and exhibits a larger diameter on the separator side at high currents. In contrast to the reported single-factor experiments, the coupling effects of charge transfer impedance and concentration polarization on sudden death are analyzed in-depth at low and high currents. The growth model suggests that toroidal Li2O2 exhibits a high dependence on the electrode surface structure. A new route is proposed in which the Li2O2/electrode interface of a toroid is controlled partially by the second single-electron reduction.

SBSN drives bladder cancer metastasis via EGFR/SRC/STAT3 signalling.

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic bladder cancer have very poor prognosis and predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for early clinical detection and intervention. In this study, we evaluate the effect and mechanism of Suprabasin (SBSN) on bladder cancer metastasis. METHODS: A tissue array was used to detect SBSN expression by immunohistochemistry. A tumour-bearing mouse model was used for metastasis evaluation in vivo. Transwell and wound-healing assays were used for in vitro evaluation of migration and invasion. Comprehensive molecular screening was achieved by western blotting, immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter assay, and ELISA. RESULTS: SBSN was found markedly overexpressed in bladder cancer, and indicated poor prognosis of patients. SBSN promoted invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. The secreted SBSN exhibited identical biological function and regulation in bladder cancer metastasis, and the interaction of secreted SBSN and EGFR could play an essential role in activating the signalling in which SBSN enhanced the phosphorylation of EGFR and SRC kinase, followed with phosphorylation and nuclear location of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that SBSN, and secreted SBSN, promote bladder cancer metastasis through activation of EGFR/SRC/STAT3 pathway and identify SBSN as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.

Effectiveness of benzbromarone versus febuxostat in gouty patients: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Benzbromarone and febuxostat use different mechanisms to reduce serum urate. However, the effectiveness of benzbromarone versus febuxostat in reducing serum urate in gouty patients classified with different types of hyperuricaemia remains unclear. METHOD: In this retrospective study from January 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, subjects were identified if they were newly treated with benzbromarone 25 mg daily or febuxostat 20 mg daily. The subjects were classified into four types according to their 24-h urinary uric acid and fractional excretion of uric acid. The baseline data and follow-up information after 28 ± 3 days of treatment were collected. RESULTS: Seventy-three subjects with gout were finally enrolled. Among them, 50 were treated with benzbromarone. The percent changes in serum urate from the baseline were - 33.71 ± 13.59% and - 29.45 ± 10.62% in the benzbromarone and febuxostat group, respectively, without a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.188). No differences were found between the groups in subjects classified as the renal underexcretion type, combined type, or "normal" type. In patients with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2, the rate of serum urate lowering was higher in those treated with benzbromarone than in those treated with febuxostat. Febuxostat treatment significantly lowered serum creatinine from the baseline (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Benzbromarone 25 mg daily and febuxostat 20 mg daily may have comparable effectiveness in lowering the serum urate among different types of hyperuricaemia. Benzbromarone was more effective than febuxostat in lowering serum urate in subjects with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2, while febuxostat had a renal protective effect. Key Points • Benzbromarone 25 mg daily and febuxostat 20 mg daily may have comparable effectiveness in lowering the serum urate in patients with different types of hyperuricaemia. • Benzbromarone 25 mg daily was more effective than febuxostat 20 mg daily in lowering serum urate in subjects with eGFR ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2. • Febuxostat had a renal protective effect after about 1 month treatment.

In situ polydopamine functionalized poly-L-lactic acid nanofibers with near-infrared-triggered antibacterial and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability.

The development of a new multi-functional poly(L)-lactide (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffold with excellent antibacterial and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability is quite important in tissue engineering. In this study, polydopamine (PDA)/PLLA nanofibers were prepared by combining electrospinning and post in-situ polymerization. The post in-situ polymerization of PDA on the PLLA nanofiber enable PDA uniformly distribute on PLLA nanofiber surface. PDA/PLLA nanofibrous composites also achieved stronger mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, good oxidation resistance and enhanced near-infrared photothermal effect. The near-infrared photothermal effect from PDA made the PDA/PLLA a good antibacterial material. The in vitro ROS scavenging ability of the PDA made PDA/PLLA be beneficial to damaged tissue repair. These results indicate that PDA/PLLA nanofibrous scaffold can be used as a tissue engineering scaffold material with versatile biomedical applications.

Sulfur dynamics in forest soil profiles developed on granite under contrasting climate conditions.

Sulfur (S) dynamics in soils formed from granite remain poorly understood despite its importance as an essential plant macronutrient and component of soil organic matter. We used stable S isotope ratios to trace the sources and biogeochemical processes of S in four forest soil profiles developed on granite under contrasting climate conditions. The soil S is derived mainly from decomposing litter; no significant geogenic contribution to its content is noted as a result of the low S concentration of the granite (~ 5 µg/g). Colder/drier climate results in high organic S retention at the surface due to weak mineralization of organic S. Although warmer/wetter climate increases the S mineralization and leaching loss, SO42- adsorption is an important S retention process in the subsurface. The vertical distribution of S isotope compositions in the soil profiles across the four sites indicates (i) a downward increase in δ34S values in the upper profiles due to continuous mineralization of organic S with an occasional decrease in δ34S values in the subsurface due to dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR), (ii) constantly high δ34S values in the middle profiles due to the low water permeability, and (iii) a downward decrease in δ34S values in the low profiles due to increased contribution of bedrock with depth. Regardless of the variation in soil depth and climate, the total S concentration is proportional to the pedogenic Fe/Al minerals, suggesting the important role of secondary Fe/Al minerals in retaining S in soils. This study provides an integration and synthesis of controls of climatic and edaphic variables on S dynamics in forest soil profiles developed on granite.

Tailoring Nano-Porous Surface of Aligned Electrospun Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Fibers for Nerve Tissue Engineering.

Despite the existence of many attempts at nerve tissue engineering, there is no ideal strategy to date for effectively treating defective peripheral nerve tissue. In the present study, well-aligned poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers with varied nano-porous surface structures were designed within different ambient humidity levels using the stable jet electrospinning (SJES) technique. Nanofibers have the capacity to inhibit bacterial adhesion, especially with respect to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). It was noteworthy to find that the large nano-porous fibers were less detrimentally affected by S. aureus than smaller fibers. Large nano-pores furthermore proved more conducive to the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), while small nano-pores were more beneficial to NSC migration. Thus, this study concluded that well-aligned fibers with varied nano-porous surface structures could reduce bacterial colonization and enhance cellular responses, which could be used as promising material in tissue engineering, especially for neuro-regeneration.

Collagen and chondroitin sulfate functionalized bioinspired fibers for tendon tissue engineering application.

Functional tendon tissue engineering depends on harnessing the biochemical and biophysical cues of the native tendon extracellular matrix. In this study, we fabricated highly-aligned poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) fibers with surfaces decorated by two of the crucial tendon ECM components, type 1 collagen (COL1) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), through a coaxial stable jet electrospinning approach. Effects of the biomimetic COL1-CS (shell)/PLLA (core) fibers on the tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro were investigated. Higher rates of cell spreading and proliferation are observed on the aligned COL1-CS/PLLA fibers compared to that on the plain PLLA fibers. Expression of the tendon-associated genes scleraxis (SCX) and COL1 as well as protein tenomodulin (TNMD) are significantly increased. Introduction of mechanical stimulation gives rise to synergistic effect on tenogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Higher expression of TGF-ß2, TGFßR-II, and Smad3 by the cells on the COL1-CS/PLLA fiber substrates are observed, which indicates that COL1-CS/PLLA ultrafine fibers dictate the hMSC tenogenic differentiation through activating the TGF-ß signaling pathway. Animal study in rat Achilles tendon repair model corroborated the promoting role of COL1-CS/PLLA in regenerating a tendon-like tissue. Thus, our highly aligned biomimicking fibers may serve as an efficient scaffolding system for functional tendon regeneration.

Efficacy of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Psychotherapy in Patients With Anxiety Disorders: A Prospective, National Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders have the highest prevalence of all psychiatric disorders in China. Medication and psychotherapy are two main treatment approaches for this group of disorders, and when used in combinations are significantly more beneficial than medication alone. The resources are insufficient. The availability of psychotherapy is low due to the limited resources. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted psychotherapy offers an opportunity to develop an efficient and standardized psychotherapy model and improve the availability of psychotherapy, which is key to improve the clinical efficacy of anxiety disorder treatments. OBJECTIVES: The present protocol aims to determine whether medication plus AI-assisted psychotherapy has greater efficacy than medication alone in the treatment of anxiety disorders. METHODS: We will recruit patients in eight hospitals in China. Seven hundred and eight patients with anxiety disorders will be randomly allocated on a 1:1 basis to either medication plus AI-assisted psychotherapy group, or medication alone group. We have built an AI psychotherapy robot named XIAO AN. In this study we will deliver psychotherapy to patients in the medication plus AI-assisted psychotherapy group. Patients will be assessed at baseline and at the end of week 2, 4, 8, and 12. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at 3 and 6 months posttreatment. The primary outcome is change of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) score from baseline the end of 12-week treatment. A secondary efficacy outcome will be improvement in treatment at an early stage (score reduction in HAMA ≥25% after 2 weeks of treatment). Other measurements include Hamilton Depression Scale, Clinical Global Impression, Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale, Social Disability Screening Schedule, Insomnia Severity Index and so on. Scales will be assessed by independent raters who are blind to treatment allocation and analyses will be conducted by a statistician who is also blind to treatment allocation. DISCUSSION: This will be the first multicentered randomized controlled single-blind trial in China to assess the efficacy of medication plus AI-assisted psychotherapy compared with medication alone for anxiety disorders. The study has the potential to address the limitations of the limited availability of psychotherapy, and to augment the efficacy of the treatment of anxiety disorders in China.

N-Acetyl-Cysteine-Loaded Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffold for Osteogenesis of Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bone Regeneration.

To regenerate bone tissues, we investigated the osteogenic differentiation of induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MSCs) and bone regeneration capacities using N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-loaded biomimetic nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin (HAp/SF). The addition of HAp and NAC decreased the diameters of the electrospun fibers and enhanced the mechanical properties of the silk scaffold. The release kinetic curve indicated that NAC was released from NAC/HAp/SF nanofibers in a biphasic pattern, with an initial burst release stage and a later sustained release stage. This pattern of release of NAC encapsulated on the NAC/HAp/SF scaffolds prolonged the release of high concentrations of NAC, thereby largely affecting the osteogenic differentiation of iPSC-MSCs and bone regeneration. Thus, a new silk electrospun scaffold was developed. HAp was used as a separate nanocarrier for recharging the NAC concentration, which demonstrated the promising potential for the use of NAC/HAp/SF for bone tissue engineering.

NCAPG confers trastuzumab resistance via activating SRC/STAT3 signaling pathway in HER2-positive breast cancer.

HER2+ breast cancer (BC) is characterized by rapid growth, early recurrence, early metastasis, and chemoresistance. Trastuzumab is the most effective treatment for HER2+ BC and effectively reduces the risk of recurrence and death of patients. Resistance to trastuzumab results in cancer recurrence and metastasis, leading to poor prognosis of HER2+ BC. In the present study, we found that non-structural maintenance of chromosome condensin 1 complex subunit G (NCAPG) expression was highly upregulated in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ BC. Ectopic NCAPG was positively correlated with tumor relapse and shorter survival in HER2+ BC patients. Moreover, overexpression of NCAPG promoted, while silencing of NCAPG reduced, the proliferative and anti-apoptotic capacity of HER2+ BC cells both in vitro and in vivo, indicating NCAPG reduces the sensitivity of HER2+ BC cells to trastuzumab and may confer trastuzumab resistance. Furthermore, our results suggest that NCAPG triggers a series of biological cascades by phosphorylating SRC and enhancing nuclear localization and activation of STAT3. To summarize, our study explores a crucial role for NCAPG in trastuzumab resistance and its underlying mechanisms in HER2+ BC, and suggests that NCAPG could be both a potential prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target to effectively overcome trastuzumab resistance.

Potential risk of hyperuricemia: leading cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inducing autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have shown that hyperuricemia is associated with many cardiovascular diseases; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of uric acid on cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS: H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with various concentrations of uric acid. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or Compound C was added before treatment with uric acid. The expression of myocardial hypertrophy-related genes was measured using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cell surface area was calculated using ImageJ Software. Western blotting was used to measure the protein levels. Uric acid increased the gene expression of Nppa, Nppb, and Myh5, which are involved in myocardial hypertrophy, and the relative cell surface area of cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, the ratio of LC3II/I, which is a biomarker of autophagy, increased dose-dependently, whereas the protein level of p62, a protein that is degraded by autophagy, decreased. 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, rescued uric acid-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Treatment with uric acid increased the level of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), as well as its downstream effector unc-51-like kinase (ULK1). Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK by Compound C attenuated the uric acid-induced activation of autophagy and myocardial hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Uric acid induces myocardial hypertrophy by activating autophagy via the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway. Decreasing the serum uric acid level may therefore be clinically beneficial in alleviating cardiac hypertrophy.