The long-non-coding RNA NEAT1 is a novel target for Alzheimer's disease progression via miR-124/BACE1 axis.

OBJECTIVES: Long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been involved in central nervous system recently. A number of studies have reported that lncRNA NEAT1 exerts critical roles in neurodegenerative disorder. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been reported to exert function in the accumulation of amyloid-ß (Aß). Moreover, BACE1 acts as a target of miR-124 in the progression of AD. So far, the biological role and underlying mechanisms of NEAT1 and miR-124 in AD remains elusive. METHODS: The relative NEAT1 and miR-124 expression was examined by qRT-PCR in the tissues and cells line of AD. Cell apoptosis was examined by FACS. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify that miR-124 is a direct target of NEAT1, and BACE1 is a downstream target of miR-124. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis were also performed to determinate the BACE1 and the phosphorylation of tau protein. RESULTS: NEAT1 was notably up-regulated and miR-124 was remarkably down-regulated in AD mouse model. Knockdown of NEAT1 or overexpression of miR-124 showed the protective effects on cellular AD model induced by Aß. Moreover, miR-124 expression could be up- and down-regulated by suppression or overexpression of NEAT1, respectively. In addition, the expression of BACE1 was the potential functional target of miR-124. These findings suggested that NEAT1 might play a vital role in the development of AD by regulating miR-124/BACE1 axis. DISCUSSION: The present study showed that NEAT1 worked as a regulating factor to promote the development of AD via modulating miR-124/BACE1 axis, which might be considered as a novel target in AD treatment.

[Differences in maxillary growth vector of skeletal class I with various vertical growth types before and after growth spurts].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the differences in maxillary growth vector with different vertical skeletal patterns of skeletal class I before and after growth spurts. METHODS: One hundred and ninety four cases with different vertical skeletal patterns of skeletal class I were selected and categorized into six groups according to their vertical skeletal patterns and cervical vertebral stages: cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS)1,2-horizontal pattern (n=30); CVMS1,2-average pattern (n=32); CVMS1, 2-vertical pattern (n=33); CVMS5, 6-horizontal pattern (n=34); CVMS5, 6-average pattern (n=29); and CVMS5, 6-vertical pattern (n=36). Lateral cephalograms were taken on all of the cases. The angle SN-C axis (theta) and angel PP-C axis (alpha) were measured. RESULTS: (1) The skeletal class I with a vertical growth pattern had larger angle SN-C axis than those with a horizontal or average growth pattern before growth spurts (P(average-vertical) < 0.05, P(horizontal-vertical) < 0.001). (2) The skeletal class I with a vertical growth pattern had the largest angle SN-C axis after growth spurts, followed by those with an average growth pattern. Those with a horizontal growth pattern had the smallest angle SN-C axis. The differences were statistically significant (P(horizontal-average) < 0.05, P(horizontal-vertical) < 0.001, P(average-vertical) < 0.001). (3) The skeletal class I with the same vertical growth pattern had slightly larger angle SN-C axis after growth spurts than before growth spurts, but without statistical significance. (4) The skeletal class I had relatively stable angle PP-C axis and no significant differences were found before and after growth spurts or among those with various vertical skeletal facial types. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of angle SN-C axis is closely associated with vertical growth patterns and is weakly influenced by maxillofacial growth and development.

[Study on the posterior teeth mesiodistal tipping degree of normal occlusion subjects among different facial growth patterns].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the mesiodistal tipping degree of maxillary and mandible posterior teeth and different vertical facial skeletal types of subjects with normal occlusion. METHODS: 163 subjects with normal occlusion were selected, lateral cephalograms were taken and divided into three different facial skeletal types. The difference of the mesiodistal tipping degrees and intersection angles of upper and lower posterior teeth between the three different facial skeletal types were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 163 subjects, vertical growth pattern, average growth pattern and horizontal growth pattern were 24, 96 and 43 respectively. There were statistic differences of mesiodistal tipping degrees of the first and second maxillary and mandible premolar and the first permanent molar between vertical growth and horizontal growth pattern, horizontal growth and average growth pattern (P < 0.05). But there were no statistically significant differences between vertical growth and average growth pattern (P > 0.05). The differences of the maxillary and mandible posterior teeth's intersection angle among three vertical facial skeletal types had no statistic significance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Different vertical facial skeletal type has its own normal and coordinated posterior teeth mesiodistal tipping degrees.

[Morphological characteristics of mandibular symphysis in adult skeletal class II and class III malocclusions with abnormal vertical skeletal patterns].

OBJECTIVE: To figure out the differences of the morphological characteristics of mandibular symphysis between Class II and Class III adult skeletal malocclusions with different abnormal vertical skeletal patterns. METHODS: 109 Chinese female adults of skeletal Class II and Class III were chosen and divided into four groups according to vertical and sagittal skeletal pattern: Class II--vertical-growth-pattern group (n=30), Class III--vertical-growth-pattern group (n=25), Class II--horizontal-growth-pattern group (n=29), Class III--horizontal-growth-pattern (n=25). Lateral cephalograms were taken. The symphyseal widths and heights, along with lower incisor positions were evaluated. Observation and statistics analysis were done to clarify the morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region of different skeletal patterns. RESULTS: There were morphological differences of symphyseal region between Class II and Class III skeletal malocclusions, but not significant in width and total height. With a vertical-growth-pattern, Class II malocclusions had higher alveolus than Class III, but smaller chin prominence and lower basal bone (P < 0.01). With a horizontal-growth-pattern, Class II malocclusions had higher alveolus (P < 0.05) and larger alveolar top width (P < 0.001). With a same sagittal skeletal pattern, vertical-growth-pattern group had thinner but higher symphyseal region and bigger chin prominence (P < 0.001 in Class II while P < 0.05 in Class III). Besides, a vertical-growth-pattern malocclusion was prone to have a cucurbit-morph chin, of which Id width was larger than basal width (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There are morphological differences in symphyseal region between Class II and Class III skeletal malocclusions with different abnormal vertical skeletal patterns. The influence of abnormal vertical skeletal pattern to symphyseal morphological characteristics is greater than that of abnormal sagittal skeletal pattern. There is a risk of orthodontic movement of low incisors in vertical-growth-pattern skeletal malocclusion.

[Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors, pathogenesis, cause of death, and outcome of different stroke subtypes. METHODS: The relevant data, including demographics, baseline risk factors, cause of death, and 1-year case fatality, were analyzed among 1913 consecutive hospitalized patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, 599 (31.3%) with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and 1314 with ischemic stroke (68.7%), including 209 cases (15.9%) of total anterior circulation infarction (TACI), 417 cases (31.7%) of partial anterior circulation infarction (PACI), and 186 cases (14.2%) of posterior circulation infarctions (POCI), and 502 cases (38.2%) of lacunar infarctions (LACI), 1098 males and 815 females, aged 64 +/- 13 (14-98). RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that when age and sex were adjusted, atrial fibrillation was the independent predictive factor of TACI [odds ratio (OR) = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.25-2.31), hypertension and alcohol intake were the independent predictive factor LACI (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02-2.18; 0R = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03-3.04) and ICH (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.31-3.02; OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-4.13). A negative association was observed between hypertension and TACI (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.34-0.72), atrial fibrillation and LACI (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.26-0.82), and ICH and diabetes (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.42-0.76). As compared to LACI, TACI and ICH significantly increased the risk of 1-year mortality (OR = 6.21, 95% CI = 2.86-8.42; OR = 5.86; 95% CI = 2.46-8.52). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke subtypes have different risk factor profile, causes and outcome. Information on determinants of the clinical syndromes may impact on the prevention and acute phase interventions.

[Cephalometric comparisons of the craniofacial characteristics of Class II 1 malocclusions with different vertical types in adolescences].

PURPOSE: To compare the craniofacial characteristics in Class II(1) malocclusions with different vertical types in adolescence. METHODS: The sample, including 60 males and 60 females, was divided into three groups equally based on their FMA degrees (high-angle group, average-angle group, low-angle group and normal occlusion group). Cephalograms were traced for all the subjects. Data were obtained to perform analysis of variance and LSD multiple range test. RESULTS: 1. The vertical growth of the anterior part of maxilla was greater than the posterior part in the three groups with Class II(1) malocclusion. The vertical dimension of the composite ramus-cranial floor was deficient relative to that of anterior maxilla in the high-angle and average-angle groups, the mandible rotated backward, especially in the high-angle group. In the low-angle group, the vertical dimension of the composite ramus-cranial floor grew excessively relative to that of posterior maxilla. The palatal plane and mandible plane rotated forward and upward. 2. The dentoalveolar characteristics of Class II(1) malocclusion group showed that: U6 tipped distally, the dentoalveolar height of L6 decreased, the functional occlusal plane (FOP) of average-angle group deviated away from the neutral occlusal axis (NOA), and rotated downward. In the high- angle group, the FOP deviated away from the NOA severely. The vertical dentoalveolar heights of U6 were normal. In the low-angle group, the vertical dentoalveolar heights of U6, the dentoalveolar height of L6 decreased, the angle of FOP between NOA showed no significantly difference from normal-occlusion group. CONCLUSION: There were different craniofacial vertical characteristics of Class II(1) malocclusion with different vertical types in adolescences. Different methods should be used to control the vertical dimensions in different types.

[K-mean cluster analysis for incisal jaw morphology of normal occlusion subjects among different vertical facial skeletal types].

OBJECTIVE: To study the incisal jaw morphology of subjects with normal occlusion and to discuss the relationship between different vertical facial skeletal types and different incisal jaw cluster types. METHODS: After studied by radiographic cephalometry, the incisal jaw morphology of 169 subjects with normal occlusion in early permanent dentition were analyzed by K-mean cluster analysis. RESULTS: Morphology of maxillary or mandibular incisal jaws could be divided into four types separately, including division I, division II, division III and division N. In maxilla or in mandible, the incisal jaw morphology of division I was characterized by wideness and shortness. In contrast, division II was characterized by thinness and length. As for division III and division IV, both of two were intermediate types between division I and division II . In maxilla, it was found that division II was the majority (86.49%) in the high-angle subjects, division III was the majority (47.67%) in the average-angle subjects, and division I and III were the majority (82.61%) in the low-angle subjects. In mandible, it was found that division II was the majority (51.35%) in the high-angle subjects, division IV was the majority (48.84%) in the average-angle subjects, and division III and IV were the majority (69.57%) in the low-angle subjects. CONCLUSION: Owing to the obvious characteristics of morphology in each cluster types and in each vertical facial skeletal types, different clinic considerations must be put forward when we want to move the incisor.

[Cephlometric analysis of the cranial base in class II(1) malocclusions with different vertical types in adolescences].

PURPOSE: To explore the morphology of the cranial base in Class II(1) malocclusions with different vertical types in adolescence. METHODS: The sample of 60 males and 60 females were divided into Class II(1) high-angle group, average-angle group, and low-angle group and normal occlusion group. Each group had 30 cases. Cephalograms were analyzed for all subjects. Data were obtained to have analysis of variance and LSD multiple range test. RESULTS: The cranial floor base angle (Ba-SE-FMS) of three groups with class II(1) malocclusion was increased. The anterior cranial floor angle was more open in the high angle group, and the flexure of the middle cranial floor was increased in the low angle and average angle groups. The 'effective vertical growth' of cranial floor was decreased while the mandibular plane angle was increased. CONCLUSION: The cranial floor base angle(Ba-SE-FMS) was suitable to describe the flexure of the cranial base, and indicated the mechanism of the Class II(1) malocclusion with different vertical types in adolescence.

[Effects of the directions of an extraoral retractive force on the displacement of and stress distribution in palate].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of varying retractive force directions on the displacement of and stress distributions in palate. METHODS: A three-dimensional finite element model of the nasomaxillary complex was created, consisting of 1638 isoparametric elements and 1827 nodes. An extraoral retractive force of 9.8N was applied to the upper canines in 3 different directions, i.e. parallel, 30 degrees upwards and downwards to the functional occlusal plane. Then we investigated the nature of stress distributions, the directions and amounts of displacement in palate by finite element analysis. RESULTS: In the midpalatal suture and transpalatal suture, all displacement directed to bone suture and increased gradually when the retractive force direction ranged from +30 degrees to -30 degrees. In the midmost part of palate, correlation between stress distributions and retractive force directions was not significant. Relatively compressive stresses were induced in the front and middle of the midpalatal suture, whereas nearly no stress was induced in the back. In the lateral part of palate, compressive stresses were nearly equal to tensile stresses in the front, while tensile stresses were induced in the middle and back. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between stress distributions and force directions. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the directions of retractive force had obvious effects on displacement but but little effect on stress distributions.

[Study of esthetic characteristic changes of soft tissue profile of patients with Angle Class division 1 malocclusion treated by functional regulator].

OBJECTIVE: Five esthetic indexes were used to evaluate the soft tissue profile changes of patients with Angle Class division 1 malocclusion treated by Functional Regulator. METHODS: 21 patients with Angle Class division 1 malocclusion were treated by functional regulator. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms of every patient were traced to analyze the esthetic characteristic of soft tissue profile. RESULTS: Most of the indexes tended to normal after treatment. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue profile of most patients with Angle Class division 1 malocclusion was improved after functional orthopedics while changes were different individually. Second stage treatment was still required for some patients.