Selective catalytic oxidation of DMF over Cu-Ce/H-MOR by modulating the surface active sites.

Selective catalytic oxidation of the hazardous DMF exhaust gas presents a significant challenge in balancing oxidation activity and products selectivity (CO, NOx, N2, etc.). It is found that Cu/H-MOR demonstrates superior performance for DMF oxidation compared to CuO on other supports (γ-Al2O3, HY, ZSM-5) in terms of product selectivity and stability. The geometric and electronic structures of CuO active sites in Cu/H-MOR have been regulated by CeO2 promoter, leading to an increase in the ratio of active CuO (highly dispersed CuO and Cu+ specie). As a result, the oxidation activity and stability of the Cu/H-MOR catalyst were enhanced for DMF selective catalytic oxidation. However, excessive CuO or CeO2 content led to decreased N2 selectivity due to over-high oxidation activity. It is also revealed that Ce3+ species, active CuO species, and surface acid sites play a critical role in internal selective catalytic reduction reaction during DMF oxidation. The 10Cu-Ce/H-MOR (1/4) catalyst exhibited both high oxidation activity and internal selective catalytic reduction activity due to its abundance of active CuO specie as well as Ce3+ species and surface acid sites. Consequently, the 10Cu-Ce/H-MOR (1/4) catalyst demonstrated the widest temperature window for DMF oxidation with high N2 selectivity. These findings emphasize the importance of surface active sites modification for DMF selective catalytic oxidation.

Molecular mechanism for the influence of yam starch multiscale structure on the sensory texture of cooked yam.

Yam is a dual-purpose crop as both medicine and food. However, the mechanism controlling the eating quality of yam remains to be elucidated. This study explored the influence of starch multiscale structure on the texture of yam. The results indicated that FS and RC yam have higher hardness and chewiness, while BZ, XM, and PL yam possess waxiness, Fineness, and Stickiness. Statistically, high amylose (AM) can increase hardness, chewiness, and compactness; and average molecular size (Rh) is positively correlated with stickiness, fineness, and waxiness. Specifically, medium- and long-chain amylose (1000 < X ≤ 10,000) and amylopectin (24 < X ≤ 100), particularly medium-chain amylose (1000 < X ≤ 5000) and long-chain amylopectin (24 < X ≤ 36), primarily affect sensory and rheological stickiness. The long chains of amylose form a straight chain interspersed in the crystalline and amorphous regions to support the entire lamellar structure. Higher proportion of amylose long chains, promoting the starch's structural rigidity, which in turn enhanced its hardness-related attributes. Moreover, a higher ratio of long chains within amylopectin results in tightly intertwined adjacent outer chains, forming double helix crystalline zones. This consequently augmenting the texture quality linked to stickiness-related attributes.

Immune Rejection Mediated by prf1 and gzmb Affects the Colonization of Fat Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) Spermatogonia in Heterotransplantation.

Fish germ cell transplantation holds great potential for conserving endangered species, improving cultured fish breeds, and exploring reproductive techniques. However, low transplantation efficiency is a common issue in heterotransplantation. This study transplanted fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) spermatogonia into the testes of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) to investigate factors that might affect the colonization and fixation of heterologous transplanted germ cells. Results indicated that transplanted fat greenling spermatogonia cells were successfully detected in the early transplantation phase in spotted sea bass. Their numbers gradually decreased over time, and after 10 days post-transplantation, more than 90% of the transplanted cells underwent apoptosis. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the testes of spotted sea bass and fat greenling spermatogonia on days 1 and 10 post-transplantation revealed that this apoptosis process involved many immune-related genes and their associated signaling pathways. Acute immune rejection marker genes prf1 and gzmb were detected in the spotted sea bass testes, while immune tolerance genes lck and zap-70 were expressed in the fat greenling spermatogonia. Additionally, differential expression of prf1 and gzmb genes was screened from spotted sea bass, with experimental evidence indicating that PRF1 and GZMB protein from spotted sea bass primarily induce apoptosis in transplanted fat greenling spermatogonia via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, at the protein level. This suggests that the difficulties in heterotransplantation are primarily related to acute immune rejection, with PRF1 and GZMB playing significant roles.

Ferroptosis in renal fibrosis: a mini-review.

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent and distinct from autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis. It is primarily characterised by a decrease in glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, or by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Renal fibrosis is a common pathological change in the progression of various primary and secondary renal diseases to end-stage renal disease and poses a serious threat to human health with high morbidity and mortality. Multiple pathways contribute to the development of renal fibrosis, with ferroptosis playing a crucial role in renal fibrosis pathogenesis due to its involvement in the production of ROS. Ferroptosis is related to several signalling pathways, including System Xc-/GPX4, abnormal iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation. A number of studies have indicated that ferroptosis is closely involved in the process of renal fibrosis caused by various kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy and renal calculus. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms that determine cell death would open up new insights to address a therapeutic strategy to renal fibrosis. The review aimed to browse and summarise the known mechanisms of ferroptosis that may be associated with biological reactions of renal fibrosis.

Study on the correlation of supplementation with L-citrulline on the gastrointestinal flora and semen antifreeze performance of ram.

Introduction: Cryopreservation of semen can give full play to the reproductive advantages of male animals. However, in actual production, due to the poor frost resistance of sheep semen and the low conception rate, the promotion of sheep frozen semen is greatly hindered. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the frost resistance of semen to improve the quality of frozen semen. At present, most studies on improving the quality of frozen semen are based on the improvement of semen dilutions, and few studies on improving the freezing resistance of ram semen by feeding functional amino acids. Methods: Therefore, 24 Turpan black rams were divided into high antifreeze group (HF) and a low antifreeze group (LF) Each of these groups was further randomly divided into control and experimental subgroups. The control subgroup was fed a basal diet, while the experimental subgroup received an additional 12 g/d of L-Cit supplementation based on the control group for a duration of 90 days. Results: The results showed that Following L-Cit supplementation, the experimental group demonstrated significantly elevated sperm density and VSL (Velocity of straight line), T-AOC, GSH-Px, and NO levels in fresh semen compared to the control group (P < 0.01). After thawing, the experimental group exhibited significantly higher levels of T-AOC, GSH-Px, and NO compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Additionally, the HFT group, after thawing frozen semen, displayed significantly higher HK1 protein expression compared to the control group. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and sperm cells in the HFT group was significantly higher than that in the HFC group. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Staphylococcus, Weissella, succinivbrionaceae_UcG_002, and Quinella were significantly enriched in the rumen of the HFT group, while Ureaplasma was significantly enriched in the HFC group. In the duodenum, Clostridiales_bacterium_Firm_14, Butyrivibrio, and Prevotellaceae_NK3831_group were significantly enriched in the HFT group, whereas Desulfovibrio and Quinella were significantly enriched in the HFC group. Discussion: Under the conditions employed in this study, L-Cit supplementation was found to enhance the intestinal flora composition in rams, thereby improving semen quality, enhancing the antifreeze performance of semen, and promoting the development of testicular spermatogenic cells.

Riemannian Locality Preserving Method for Transfer Learning with Applications on Brain-computer Interface.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been widely focused and extensively studied in recent years for their huge prospect of medical rehabilitation and commercial applications. Transfer learning exploits the information in the source domain and applies in another different but related domain (target domain), and is therefore introduced into the BCIs to figure out the inter-subject variances of electroencephalography (EEG) signals. In this article, a novel transfer learning method is proposed to preserve the Riemannian locality of data structure in both the source and target domains and simultaneously realize the joint distribution adaptation of both domains to enhance the effectiveness of transfer learning. Specifically, a Riemannian graph is first defined and constructed based on the Riemannian distance to represent the Riemannian geometry information. To simultaneously align the marginal and conditional distribution of source and target domains and preserve the Riemannian locality of data structure in both domains, the Riemannian graph is embedded in the joint distribution adaptation (JDA) framework and forms the proposed Riemannian locality preserving-based transfer learning (RLPTL). To validate the effect of the proposed method, it is compared with several existing methods on two open motor imagery datasets, and both multi-source domains (MSD) and single-source domains (SSD) experiments are considered. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves the highest accuracies in MSD and SSD experiments on three datasets and outperforms eight baseline methods, which demonstrates that the proposed method creates a feasible and efficient way to realize transfer learning.

ABBV-319: A CD19-targeting glucocorticoid receptor modulator antibody-drug conjugate therapy for B-cell malignancies.

Glucocorticoids are key components of the current standard-of-care regimens (e.g., R-CHOP, EPOCH-R, Hyper-CVAD) for treatment of B-cell malignancy. However, systemic glucocorticoid treatment is associated with several adverse events. CD19 displays restricted expression in normal B-cells and is up-regulated in B-cell malignancies. ABBV-319 is a CD19-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) engineered to reduce glucocorticoid-associated toxicities while possessing three distinct mechanisms of action (MOA) to increase therapeutic efficacy: (1) antibody-mediated delivery of glucocorticoid receptor modulator (GRM) payload to activate apoptosis, (2) inhibition of CD19 signaling, and (3) enhanced Fc-mediated effector function via afucosylation of the antibody backbone. ABBV-319 elicited potent GRM-driven anti-tumor activity against multiple malignant B-cell lines in vitro as well as in cell line-derived xenografts (CDXs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in vivo. Remarkably, a single-dose of ABBV-319 induced sustained tumor regression and enhanced anti-tumor activity compared to repeat dosing of systemic prednisolone at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in mice. The unconjugated CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb) also displayed anti-proliferative activity on a subset of B-cell lymphoma cell lines through the inhibition of PI3K signaling. Moreover, afucosylation of the CD19 mAb enhanced Fc-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and this activity was maintained after conjugation with GRM payloads. Notably, ABBV-319 displayed superior efficacy compared to afucosylated CD19 mAb in human CD34+ PBMC-engrafted NSG-tg(Hu-IL15) transgenic mice, demonstrating enhanced anti-tumor activity when multiple MOAs are enabled. ABBV-319 also showed durable anti-tumor activity across multiple B-cell lymphoma PDX models, including non-germinal center B-cell (GCB) DLBCL and relapsed lymphoma post R-CHOP treatment. Collectively, these data support the ongoing evaluation of ABBV-319 in Phase I clinical trial (NCT05512390).

Genome-wide association studies reveal novel QTLs for agronomic traits in soybean.

Introduction: Soybean, as a globally significant crop, has garnered substantial attention due to its agricultural importance. The utilization of molecular approaches to enhance grain yield in soybean has gained popularity. Methods: In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 156 Chinese soybean accessions over a two-year period. We employed the general linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM) to analyze three agronomic traits: pod number, grain number, and grain weight. Results: Our findings revealed significant associations between qgPNpP-98, qgGNpP-89 and qgHGW-85 QTLs and pod number, grain number, and grain weight, respectively. These QTLs were identified on chromosome 16, a region spanning 413171bp exhibited associations with all three traits. Discussion: These QTL markers identified in this study hold potential for improving yield and agronomic traits through marker-assisted selection and genomic selection in breeding programs.

Modified Nishida muscle transposition procedure combined with superior rectus muscle tenotomy for inferior rectus muscle aplasia.

The modified Nishida muscle transposition procedure, in which one-third of each vertical rectus muscle belly is sutured onto the sclera in the infero- and superotemporal quadrants without either tenotomy of the vertical rectus muscles or splitting of the vertical rectus muscle is an effective treatment for abducens nerve palsy. We report a case of inferior rectus muscle aplasia treated using the modified Nishida procedure to transpose both horizontal rectus muscles inferiorly combined with superior rectus tenotomy.

Effect of Listening Channels for Sport-Event Theme Songs on Willingness to Share.

Purpose: The sport-event theme songs is a crucial means to evoke consumer enthusiasm and boost the influence of sport event. This research aims to examine the effects of direct and indirect listening channels for sport-event theme songs on consumers' willingness to share. Methods: In this research, three between-subjects experiments were conducted to measure the effect of listening channels for sport-event theme songs on the willingness to share, along with the moderating effects of fans' fanaticism and sport-event type. All participants in the experiments were social populations from China. Results: Study 1 reveals that direct listening is more likely to cause consumers to share cognitive information about sport-event theme songs; indirect listening, meanwhile, makes them more willing to share the emotional value of the songs. Study 2 indicates that fans' fanaticism moderates the relationship between listening type and shared content. In the case of low fanaticism, indirect listening can increase consumers' willingness to share sport-event theme songs compared with direct listening. Study 3 reveals that sport-event type moderates the relationship between listening type and shared content. For public welfare sport events, indirect listening is more likely than direct listening to cause consumers to share the emotional value of sport-event theme songs. For commercial events, compared with indirect listening, direct listening is more likely to cause consumers to share cognitive information about sport-event theme songs. Conclusion: The results of this research unveiled the effect of listening channels for sport-event theme songs on the willingness to share, as well as the theoretical mechanisms behind them. In addition, this research enriches the research on listening channels in the field of psychology and provides an important basis for improving the effectiveness of sport-event theme songs.

In-stent Restenosis After Stenting for Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection Is Associated With Stent Landing Zone: From Clinical Prediction to Hemodynamic Mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for in-stent restenosis (ISR) in patients undergoing stent placement for superior mesenteric artery dissection (SMAD) and to determine the hemodynamic mechanism underlying ISR. METHODS: For this retrospective study, patients with SMAD who had ISR after stent placement were included in the ISR group, and age- and sex-matched patients with SMAD who did not experience ISR after stent placement were included in the control group. Clinical, imaging, and hemodynamic data were assessed. Multivariable regression was used to identify independent ISR risk factors. Structural and fluid dynamics simulations were applied to determine the hemodynamic mechanism underlying the occurrence of ISR. RESULTS: The study population included 26 patients with ISR and 26 control patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that stent-to-vascular (S/V) ratio (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.29; p=0.045), stent proximal position >10 mm away from the SMA root (OR, 108.67; 95% CI: 3.09-3816.42; p=0.010), and high oscillatory shear index (OSI) area (OR, 1.25; 95% CI: 1.02-1.52; p=0.029) were predictors of ISR. In structural and fluid dynamics simulations, a stent proximal position near the abdominal aorta (AA) or entering into the AA reduced the contact area between the proximal struts of the stent and the vascular wall, and alleviated the distal lumen overdilation. CONCLUSION: The S/V ratio, stent proximal position away from the SMA root (>10 mm), and high OSI area are independent risk factors for ISR in patients with SMAD undergoing stent placement. Deploying the proximal end of the stent near the AA or entering into the AA appears to improve the hemodynamic environment in the SMA lumen and ultimately reduce the risk of ISR. CLINICAL IMPACT: In-stent restenosis is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic complication after stent placement for the management of superior mesenteric artery dissection. This study identified risk factors for in-stent restenosis and demonstrated that, as long as the stent can fully cover the dissection range, deploying the proximal end of the stent near the abdominal aorta or less entering into the abdominal aorta may reduce the risk of in-stent restenosis in this patient population.

Effects of high moisture ear corn on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, serum antioxidant status, and immunity in primiparous dairy cows.

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of high moisture ear corn (HMEC) on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, serum antioxidant status, and immunity in primiparous dairy cows. Methods: A total of 45 healthy primiparous Holstein cows (36.50±4.30 kg of milk/day, 201±9.00 lactating days in milk) were sorted into 3 groups: control group (CG, n = 15), 50% HMEC (replacing 50% steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15), and 100% HMEC (replacing steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15) on an equal dry matter (DM) basis. The study consisted of adaptation period of 14 days, followed by a formal period of 60 days. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk and blood samples were collected on 1, 30, and 60 d of the experimental period. Results: The 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) in dairy cows compared to the control group (CG). The 100% HMEC group showed an increase (p<0.05) in 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM). Both the 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group exhibited significant decreases (p<0.05) in the content of C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 fatty acids, along with a significant increase (p<0.05) in cis-9C18:1 content. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that of CG. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was higher (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that in CG. Notably, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content, while also decreasing the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p<0.05). Moreover, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Conclusion: High moisture ear corn could improve production performance and milk fatty acid levels and enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity in dairy cows. These results lay the foundation for the wider application of HMEC in ruminant animal diets.

Average Time Consumption Per Character - a Practical Performance Metric for Generic Synchronous BCI Spellers.

OBJECTIVE: The information transfer rate (ITR) is widely accepted as a performance metric for generic brain-computer interface (BCI) spellers, while it is noticeable that the communication speed given by ITR is actually an upper bound which however can never be reached in real systems. A new performance metric is therefore needed. METHODS: In this paper, a new metric named average time consumption per character (ATCPC) is proposed. It quantifies how long it takes on average to type one character using a typical synchronous BCI speller. To analytically derive ATCPC, the real typing process is modelled with a random walk on a graph. Misclassification and backspace are carefully characterized. A close-form formula of ATCPC is obtained through computing the hitting time of the random walk. The new metric is validated through simulated typing experiments and compared with ITR. RESULTS: Firstly, the formula and simulation show a good consistency. Secondly, ITR always tends to overestimate the communication speed, while ATCPC is more realistic. CONCLUSION: The proposed ATCPC metric is valid. SIGNIFICANCE: ATCPC is a qualified substitute for ITR. ATCPC also reveals the great potential of keyboard optimization to further enhance the performance of BCI spellers, which was hardly investigated before.

Deciphering dynamic interactions between spermatozoa and the ovarian microenvironment through integrated multi-omics approaches in viviparous Sebastes schlegelii.

The ovarian microenvironment plays a crucial role in ensuring the reproductive success of viviparous teleosts. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between spermatozoa and the ovarian microenvironment has remained elusive. This study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of this process in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) using integrated multi-omics approaches. The results demonstrated significant upregulation of ovarian complement-related proteins and pattern recognition receptors, along with remodeling of glycans on the surface of spermatozoa at the early spermatozoa-storage stage (1 month after mating). As spermatozoa were stored over time, ovarian complement proteins were progressively repressed by tryptophan and hippurate, indicating a remarkable adaptation of spermatozoa to the ovarian microenvironment. Before fertilization, a notable upregulation of cellular junction proteins was observed. The study revealed that spermatozoa bind to ZPB2a protein through GSTM3 and that ZPB2a promotes spermatozoa survival and movement in a GSTM3-dependent manner. These findings shed light on a key mechanism that influences the dynamics of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract, providing valuable insights into the molecular networks regulating spermatozoa adaptation and survival in species with internal fertilization.

piRNAs as emerging biomarkers and physiological regulatory molecules in cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent one of the most considerable global health threats, owing to their high incidence and mortality rates. Despite the ongoing advancements in detection, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of CVD, which have resulted in a decline in both incidence and mortality rates, CVD remains a major public health concern. Therefore, novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions are imperative to minimise the risk of CVD. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently gained increasing attention, with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) emerging as a class of small ncRNAs traditionally recognised for their role in silencing transposons within cells. Although the functional roles of PIWI proteins and piRNAs in human cells remain unclear, growing evidence suggests that these molecules are gradually becoming valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest studies on piRNAs in CVD. This review discusses the roles of piRNAs in various cardiovascular subtypes, including myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cardiac regeneration. The perceived insights may contribute novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD.

A comparative study of stereo-dependent SSVEP targets and their impact on VR-BCI performance.

Steady-state visual evoked potential brain-computer interfaces (SSVEP-BCI) have attracted significant attention due to their ease of deployment and high performance in terms of information transfer rate (ITR) and accuracy, making them a promising candidate for integration with consumer electronics devices. However, as SSVEP characteristics are directly associated with visual stimulus attributes, the influence of stereoscopic vision on SSVEP as a critical visual attribute has yet to be fully explored. Meanwhile, the promising combination of virtual reality (VR) devices and BCI applications is hampered by the significant disparity between VR environments and traditional 2D displays. This is not only due to the fact that screen-based SSVEP generally operates under static, stable conditions with simple and unvaried visual stimuli but also because conventional luminance-modulated stimuli can quickly induce visual fatigue. This study attempts to address these research gaps by designing SSVEP paradigms with stereo-related attributes and conducting a comparative analysis with the traditional 2D planar paradigm under the same VR environment. This study proposed two new paradigms: the 3D paradigm and the 3D-Blink paradigm. The 3D paradigm induces SSVEP by modulating the luminance of spherical targets, while the 3D-Blink paradigm employs modulation of the spheres' opacity instead. The results of offline 4-object selection experiments showed that the accuracy of 3D and 2D paradigm was 85.67 and 86.17% with canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and 86.17 and 91.73% with filter bank canonical correlation analysis (FBCCA), which is consistent with the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SSVEP harmonics for the 3D paradigm observed in the frequency-domain analysis. The 3D-Blink paradigm achieved 75.00% of detection accuracy and 27.02 bits/min of ITR with 0.8 seconds of stimulus time and task-related component analysis (TRCA) algorithm, demonstrating its effectiveness. These findings demonstrate that the 3D and 3D-Blink paradigms supported by VR can achieve improved user comfort and satisfactory performance, while further algorithmic optimization and feature analysis are required for the stereo-related paradigms. In conclusion, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of binocular stereoscopic vision mechanisms on SSVEP paradigms and promotes the application of SSVEP-BCI in diverse VR environments.

Dietary vitamin C and vitamin E with the risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection: A prospective population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The associations between dietary vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) intake and aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) remain unclear. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the associations between dietary VC and VE with the incident risk of AAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 139 477 participants of UK Biobank cohort were included in the analysis. Dietary VC and VE consumptions were acquired through a 24-h recall questionnaire. Cox proportional regression models were used to examine the associations between VC, VE intake and the risk of AAD. Incident AAD was ascertained through hospital inpatient records and death registers. During a median follow-up of 12.5 years, 962 incident AAD events were documented. Both dietary VC [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.77; 95 % confidence intervals (CI), 0.63-0.93; P-trend = 0.008] and VE (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95 % CI, 0.57-0.87; P-trend = 0.002) were inversely associated with incident AAD when comparing the participants in the highest quartile with those in the lowest. In subgroup analyses, the associations were more pronounced in participants who were over 60 years old, participants with smoking history, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, who were under the high risk of AAD. CONCLUSION: Higher dietary VC and VE intakes are associated with reduced risk of AAD. Our study emphasizes the importance of diet adjustment strategies targeted on VC and VE to lower the incidence rate of AAD especially in the high-risk population.

Machine Learning for Experimental Reactivity of a Set of Metal Clusters toward C-H Activation.

Understanding the mechanisms of C-H activation of alkanes is a very important research topic. The reactions of metal clusters with alkanes have been extensively studied to reveal the electronic features governing C-H activation, while the experimental cluster reactivity was qualitatively interpreted case by case in the literature. Herein, we prepared and mass-selected over 100 rhodium-based clusters (RhxVyOz- and RhxCoyOz-) to react with light alkanes, enabling the determination of reaction rate constants spanning six orders of magnitude. A satisfactory model being able to quantitatively describe the rate data in terms of multiple cluster electronic features (average electron occupancy of valence s orbitals, the minimum natural charge on the metal atom, cluster polarizability, and energy gap involved in the agostic interaction) has been constructed through a machine learning approach. This study demonstrates that the general mechanisms governing the very important process of C-H activation by diverse metal centers can be discovered by interpreting experimental data with artificial intelligence.

A Subject-Specific Attention Index Based on the Weighted Spectral Power.

As an essential cognitive function, attention has been widely studied and various indices based on EEG have been proposed for its convenience and easy availability for real-time attention monitoring. Although existing indices based on spectral power of empirical frequency bands are able to describe the attentional state in some way, the reliability still needs to be improved. This paper proposed a subject-specific attention index based on the weighted spectral power. Unlike traditional indices, the ranges of frequency bands are not empirical but obtained from subject-specific change patterns of spectral power of electroencephalograph (EEG) to overcome the great inter-subject variance. In addition, the contribution of each frequency component in the frequency band is considered different. Specifically, the ratio of power spectral density (PSD) function in attentional and inattentional state is utilized to calculate the weight to enhance the effectiveness of the proposed index. The proposed subject-specific attention index based on the weighted spectral power is evaluated on two open datasets including EEG data of a total of 44 subjects. The results of the proposed index are compared with 3 traditional attention indices using various statistical analysis methods including significance tests and distribution variance measurements. According to the experimental results, the proposed index can describe the attentional state more accurately. The proposed index respectively achieves accuracies of 86.21% and 70.00% at the 1% significance level in both the t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for two datasets, which obtains improvements of 41.38% and 20.00% compared to the best result of the traditional indices. These results indicate that the proposed index provides an efficient way to measure attentional state.

Photoreversible Aggregation of the Biliprotein Containing the First and Second GAF Domains of a Cyanobacteriochrome All2699 in Nostoc sp. PCC7120.

As plant photoreceptors, phytochromes are capable of detecting red light and far-red light, thereby governing plant growth. All2699 is a photoreceptor found in Nostoc sp. PCC7120 that specifically responds to red light and far-red light. All2699g1g2 is a truncated protein carrying the first and second GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA) domains of All2699. In this study, we found that, upon exposure to red light, the protein underwent aggregation, resulting in the formation of protein aggregates. Conversely, under far-red light irradiation, these protein aggregates dissociated. We delved into the factors that impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2, focusing on the protein structure. Our findings showed that the GAF2 domain contains a low-complexity (LC) loop region, which plays a crucial role in mediating protein aggregation. Specifically, phenylalanine at position 239 within the LC loop region was identified as a key site for the aggregation process. Furthermore, our research revealed that various factors, including irradiation time, temperature, concentration, NaCl concentration, and pH value, can impact the aggregation of All2699g1g2. The aggregation led to variations in Pfr concentration depending on temperature, NaCl concentration, and pH value. In contrast, ΔLC did not aggregate and therefore lacked responses to these factors. Consequently, the LC loop region of All2699g1g2 extended and enhanced sensory properties.