RESUMEN
Identifying neural biomarkers of pain has long been a central theme in pain neuroscience. Here, we review the state-of-the-art candidates for neural biomarkers of acute and chronic pain. We classify these potential neural biomarkers into five categories based on the nature of their target variables, including neural biomarkers of (1) within-individual perception, (2) between-individual sensitivity, and (3) discriminability for acute pain, as well as (4) assessment and (5) prospective neural biomarkers for chronic pain. For each category, we provide a synthesized review of candidate biomarkers developed using neuroimaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and electroencephalography (EEG). We also discuss the conceptual and practical challenges in developing neural biomarkers of pain. Addressing these challenges, optimal biomarkers of pain can be developed to deepen our understanding of how the brain represents pain and ultimately help alleviate patients' suffering and improve their well-being.
RESUMEN
The manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons plays a pivotal role in plasmonic science and technology, however, the modulation efficiency of the traditional method suffers from the weak light-matter interaction. Herein, we propose a new method to overcome this obstacle by directly controlling the couple of photon and electron. In this paper, a hybrid graphene-dielectric- interdigital electrode structure is numerically and experimentally investigated. The plasmon is excited due to the confined carrier which is regulated by the potential wells. The frequency of plasmon can be tuned over a range of ~ 33 cm-1, and the obtained maximum extinction ratio is 8% via changing the confined area and the density of carrier. These findings may open up a new path to design the high efficiency all-optical modulator because the electrons can also be driven optically.
