Dynamic regulation of phosphorylation of NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit tyrosine residues mediates ketamine rapid antidepressant effects.

The rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine depend on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor containing 2B subunit (NR2B), whose function is influenced by its phosphorylated regulation and distribution within and outside synapses. It remains unclear if ketamine's rapid onset of antidepressant effects relies on the dynamic phosphorylated regulation of NR2B within and outside synapses. Here, we show that ketamine rapidlyalleviated depression-like behaviors and normalized abnormal expression of pTyr1472NR2B and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) 61 within and outside synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and conditional knockdown of STEP 61, a key phosphatase of NR2B, within 1 hour after administration Together, our results delineate the rapid initiation of ketamine's antidepressant effects results from the restoration of NR2B phosphorylation homeostasis within and outside synapses. The dynamic regulation of phosphorylation of NR2B provides a new perspective for developing new antidepressant strategies.

Effectiveness and safety of second-generation antipsychotics for psychiatric disorders apart from schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are widely used in treating schizophrenia and related disorders, also other mental disorders. However, the efficacy and safety of SGAs for treating other mental disorders is unclear. A systematic literature search for randomized, placebo-controlled trials of 11 SGAs for treating 18 mental disorders apart from schizophrenia were carried out from database inception to April 3, 2022. The primary outcome was the mean change in the total score for different mental disorders. The secondary outcome was the odds ratio (OR) of response, remission rates and risk ratio (RR) of adverse events (AEs). A total of 181 studies (N = 65,480) were included. All SGAs showed significant effects in treating other mental disorders compared with placebo, except autistic disorder and dementia. Aripiprazole is the most effective treatment for bipolar mania [effect size = -0.90, 95% CI: -1.59, -0.21] and Tourette's disorder [effect size = -0.80, 95% CI: -1.14, -0.45], olanzapine for bipolar depression [effect size = -0.86, 95% CI: -1.32, -0.39] and post-traumatic stress disorder [effect size = -0.98, 95% CI: -1.55, -0.41], lurasidone for depression [effect size = -0.66, 95% CI: -0.82, -0.50], quetiapine for anxiety [effect size = -1.20, 95% CI: -1.96, -0.43], sleep disorders [effect size = -1.2, 95% CI: -1.97, -0.58], and delirium [effect size = -0.36, 95% CI: -0.70, -0.03], and risperidone for obsessive-compulsive disorder [effect size = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.25, -1.49], respectively. For safety, AE items for each SGAs was different. Interestingly, we found that some AEs of OLZ, QTP, RIS and PALI have significant palliative effects on some symptoms. Significant differences in the efficacy and safety of different SGAs for treatment of other mental disorders should be considered for choosing the drug and for the balance between efficacy and tolerability for the specific patient.