Interface Engineering Induced Multi-Scale Self-Assembly NiFe-LDH Heterostructures for High-Performance Water Electrolysis.

Confronted with the pressing issue of energy scarcity, the development of an economical and potent bifunctional catalyst is of paramount importance. We adopt an interface engineering strategy to modify the surface of NiFe-LDH nanoplates with O2 plasma treatment. This process enhances the local electric field of NiFe-LDH, resulting in the formation of a self-assembled polycrystalline nanowire array on the nanoplate surface. After O2 plasma treatment for 30 min, the NiFe-LDH-P30 not only formed a heterostructure with rough surface, but also regulated the exposure of crystal surfaces. Due to the strong interface coupling between the self-assembled 3D nanoflowers, 2D nanoplates and 1D nanowires, the NiFe-LDH-P30 exhibits an excellent structural stability. Moreover, it demonstrated exceptional HER and OER activities in alkaline condition, achieving a low overpotentials of 154 mV and 242 mV at 10 mA cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, NiFe-LDH-P30 as the dual-electrode material for the cathode and anode in the process of water splitting results in a low voltage of 1.63 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Through the strategic application of interface engineering, this work has pioneered a novel approach to the creation of transition metal-based electrocatalysts, which is benefit to a range of practical energy applications.

Two cerebral infarctions caused by thrombus and myxomatous embolus in a patient with cardiac myxoma: A case report.

An increasing number of cases of cerebral embolism caused by cardiac myxoma have been reported. However, cerebral infarction caused by different types of emboli obstructing different vascular regions within a short period of time has not been reported. This is the first report to histologically confirm cerebral infarctions independently caused by thrombus and myxomatous embolus in a patient with cardiac myxoma within a period of 23 days. The first cerebral infarction was due to embolization of thrombus to the right middle cerebral artery, whereas the second was due to embolization of tissue from a mucinous tumor to the left middle cerebral artery. Both cerebral infarctions underwent mechanical thrombectomy, but unfortunately, we ultimately failed to save the patient's life. Therefore, further attention should be paid to the surgical resection and treatment of cardiac myxoma.

The AAA-ATPase Ter94 regulates wing size in Drosophila by suppressing the Hippo pathway.

Insect wing development is a fascinating and intricate process that involves the regulation of wing size through cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we find that Ter94, an AAA-ATPase, is essential for proper wing size dependently on its ATPase activity. Loss of Ter94 enables the suppression of Hippo target genes. When Ter94 is depleted, it results in reduced wing size and increased apoptosis, which can be rescued by inhibiting the Hippo pathway. Biochemical experiments reveal that Ter94 reciprocally binds to Mer, a critical upstream component of the Hippo pathway, and disrupts its interaction with Ex and Kib. This disruption prevents the formation of the Ex-Mer-Kib complex, ultimately leading to the inactivation of the Hippo pathway and promoting proper wing development. Finally, we show that hVCP, the human homolog of Ter94, is able to substitute for Ter94 in modulating Drosophila wing size, underscoring their functional conservation. In conclusion, Ter94 plays a positive role in regulating wing size by interfering with the Ex-Mer-Kib complex, which results in the suppression of the Hippo pathway.

Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Water Immersion Promoting the Decocooning of Osmia excavata Alfken.

The timing of decocooning and nesting during the flowering period are crucial for the reproduction and pollination activities of Osmia excavata. In order to improve the pollination efficiency of O. excavata, it is crucial to find a way to break the cocoon quickly. Our results showed that the decocooning rates at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after 30 min of water immersion (WI) were 28.67%, 37.33%, 37.33%, 41.33%, 44.33%, and 53.00%, respectively. The decocooning rate fold of 6 h was 14.33 compared with the control group. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 273 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) being identified between the WI and control groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that muscle-related functions play important roles in O. excavata decocooning in response to WI. Cluster analysis also showed that DEGs in cardiac muscle contraction and adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes were up-regulated in response to WI-promoted decocooning. In conclusion, the rate of decocooning can be improved by WI in a short time. During WI-promoted decocooning, muscle-related pathways play an important role. Therefore, the application of this technology will improve the pollination effect of O. excavata.

HLA-class II restricted TCR targeting human papillomavirus type 18 E7 induces solid tumor remission in mice.

T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cell therapy is a promising potential treatment for solid tumors, with preliminary efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials. However, obtaining clinically effective TCR molecules remains a major challenge. We have developed a strategy for cloning tumor-specific TCRs from long-term surviving patients who have responded to immunotherapy. Here, we report the identification of a TCR (10F04), which is human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRA/DRB1*09:01 restricted and human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E784-98 specific, from a multiple antigens stimulating cellular therapy (MASCT) benefited metastatic cervical cancer patient. Upon transduction into human T cells, the 10F04 TCR demonstrated robust antitumor activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Notably, the TCR effectively redirected both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to specifically recognize tumor cells and induced multiple cytokine secretion along with durable antitumor activity and outstanding safety profiles. As a result, this TCR is currently being investigated in a phase I clinical trial for treating HPV18-positive cancers. This study provides an approach for developing safe and effective TCR-T therapies, while underscoring the potential of HLA class II-restricted TCR-T therapy as a cancer treatment.

Uprighting horizontally impacted third molars by super-elastic nickel-titanium wire in patients with an extracted first molar.

Protracting lower second molars and uprighting horizontally impacted third molars is a significant orthodontic challenge in patients who require the extraction of severely decayed first molars. Here, we describe the use of biomechanics to upright 90°-tilted lower third molars following second molar protraction. Herein, we introduce a technique for uprighting the lower third molars by (1) the placement of superelastic nickel titanium archwires, (2) bonding, and (3) repositioning of a buccal tube in a tilted position to compensate for the efficiency of Ni-Ti (nickel-titanium) wire. The treatment mechanics used for our two cases showed that even severely impacted third molars can be uprighted by routine continuous straight-wire techniques. This technique proved to be a simple, efficient and reliable treatment option for uprighting horizontally impacted third molars.

An Antennae-Enriched Odorant-Binding Protein EonuOBP43 Mediate the Behavioral Response of the Tea Green Leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda to the Host and Nonhost Volatiles.

Olfaction is crucial for Empoasca onukii Matsuda to recognize odors from the host and nonhost plants, and it has been proposed that odorant binding proteins are directly required for odorant discrimination and represent potential targets of interest for pest control. Here, we cloned EonuOBP43 and expressed the recombinant EonuOBP43 protein. Furthermore, competitive fluorescence binding assays with 19 ligands indicated that terpenoids and alkanes showed a relatively higher than for other classes of chemicals. Additionally, ligand docking and site-directed mutagenesis results revealed that seven hydrophobic residues, including Val-86, Met-89, Phe-90, Ile-104, Ile-105, Leu-130, and Val-134, played a key role in the binding of EonuOBP43 to plant volatiles. In olfactometer tests, E. onukii were significantly attracted to α-farnesene and repelled to ß-caryophyllene, and dsOBP43 treated adult lost response to α-farnesene and ß-caryophyllene. In summary, our results demonstrated that EonuOBP43 may function as a carrier in the process of sensing plant compounds of E. onukii.

Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment During the Late-Preterm Period and Neonatal Outcomes for Twin Pregnancies.

Importance: Antenatal corticosteroid treatment of individuals with singletons at risk for delivery during the late-preterm period has been academically recommended. However, the evidence on the use of antenatal corticosteroid treatment for twins at risk for delivery during the late-preterm period is still lacking. Objective: To evaluate whether antenatal corticosteroid treatment during the late-preterm period in twin pregnancies was associated with a lower risk of newborn morbidity. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study of twin pregnancies delivered from February 1, 2013, to September 30, 2020, in a university-affiliated hospital in China included 1974 individuals with twin pregnancies who were at risk for late preterm birth (34 weeks and 0 days to 36 weeks and 6 days of gestation). Data were analyzed from June 30 to July 13, 2023. Exposures: Antenatal corticosteroid treatment during the late-preterm period. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was composite neonatal respiratory morbidity, defined as at least 1 of the following postnatal occurrences in at least 1 neonate of the twins: respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, surfactant administration, transferred with respiratory complications, or neonatal death. Propensity score overlap weighting was used to analyze the association between antenatal corticosteroid treatment and the risk of neonatal outcomes. Results: The study population consisted of 1974 individuals with twin pregnancies, including 303 (15.3%; mean [SD] maternal age, 30.8 [4.2] years) who received antenatal corticosteroid treatment and 1671 (84.7%; mean [SD] maternal age, 31.2 [4.0] years) who did not receive antenatal corticosteroid treatment. The propensity score overlap weighting showed no significant differences between the antenatal corticosteroid treatment group and the no-antenatal corticosteroid treatment group in the risk of neonatal primary outcome (29 of 303 [9.6%] vs 41 of 1671 [2.5%]; weighted odds ratio, 1.27 [95% CI, 0.60-2.76]). None of the subgroup interaction tests were significant for the neonatal primary outcome in terms of gestational age at delivery, year of delivery, chorionicity, at least 1 infant small for gestational age, intertwin growth discordance, and infant sex, and neither was the sensitivity analysis of using propensity score matching and a different administration-to-birth interval and treating twin infants as individuals. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found insufficient evidence that antenatal corticosteroid treatment during the late-preterm period in twin pregnancies could be associated with a lower risk of newborn morbidity. This new finding can provide a reference for clinical practice.

Characterization of Ionotropic Receptor Gene EonuIR25a in the Tea Green Leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda.

Ionotropic receptors (IRs) play a central role in detecting chemosensory information from the environment and guiding insect behaviors and are potential target genes for pest control. Empoasca onukii Matsuda is a major pest of the tea plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze, and seriously influences tea yields and quality. In this study, the ionotropic receptor gene EonuIR25a in E. onukii was cloned, and the expression pattern of EonuIR25a was detected in various tissues. Behavioral responses of E. onukii to volatile compounds emitted by tea plants were determined using olfactometer bioassay and field trials. To further explore the function of EonuIR25a in olfactory recognition of compounds, RNA interference (RNAi) of EonuIR25a was carried out by ingestion of in vitro synthesized dsRNAs. The coding sequence (CDS) length of EonuIR25a was 1266 bp and it encoded a 48.87 kD protein. EonuIR25a was enriched in the antennae of E. onukii. E. onukii was more significantly attracted by 1-phenylethanol at a concentration of 100 µL/mL. Feeding with dsEonuIR25a significantly downregulated the expression level of EonuIR25a, after 3 h of treatment, which disturbed the behavioral responses of E. onukii to 1-phenylethanol at a concentration of 100 µL/mL. The response rate of E. onukii to 1-phenylethanol was significantly decreased after dsEonuIR25a treatment for 12 h. In summary, the ionotropic receptor gene EonuIR25a was highly expressed in the antennae of E. onukii and was involved in olfactory recognition of the tea plant volatile 1-phenylethanol. The present study may help us to use the ionotropic receptor gene as a target for the behavioral manipulation of E. onukii in the future.

Bempedoic Acid can Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Combination with Statins or As Monotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

AIM: Bempedoic acid has shown noteworthy progress in the prevention and management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in recent years. However, there has been a lack of high-quality evidence regarding the risk reduction of clinical events with bempedoic acid. Therefore, the aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of bempedoic acid on the incidence of cardiovascular events. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials pertaining to bempedoic acid was carried out. We conducted a systematic search across the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases to identify relevant studies published from inception to 23 April 2023. A total of four trials comparing the clinical benefit achieved with bempedoic acid versus placebo were included. RESULTS: Our analysis comprised four trials that encompassed a total of 17,323 patients. In comparison to the placebo, bempedoic acid showed a significant reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [relative risk (RR), 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87-0.94]. Additionally, bempedoic acid substantially lowered the occurrence of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.89), hospitalization for unstable angina (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55-0.89), and coronary revascularization (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73-0.92). There was also a similar reduction in MACE in patients on the maximally tolerated statin therapy. CONCLUSION: Bempedoic acid may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events regardless of whether the patient is taking stains or not. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42023422932.

Progestin plus metformin improves outcomes in patients with endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer more than progestin alone: a meta-analysis.

Objective: Progestin based therapy is the preferred option for fertility-sparing treatment of reproductive-age women with preserved fertility in endometrial hyperplasia (EH) or early endometrial cancer (EEC). Our objective was to investigate whether metformin could enhance the efficacy of progestin-based therapies by meta-analysis. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized or non-randomized controlled trials by searching of PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and Cochrane database from inception to November 8, 2022. The results of enrolled studies were pooled using meta-analysis to estimate the effect of progestin plus metformin on remission, recurrence, pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Results: In the analysis of progestin administered systemically or locally, complete response (CR) was significantly higher in progestin plus metformin versus progestin alone in the EH group (pooled OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.34, P=0.003), in the EEC group (pooled OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.05, P=0.01), but not in EEC and EH group (pooled OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.21, P=0.07). In the analysis of progestin administered systemically, complete response was improved in progestin plus metformin versus progestin alone, in the EH group (pooled OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.21, P=0.0009), in the EEC group (pooled OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.71, P=0.01), and in the EEC and EH group (pooled OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.54, P=0.01). The relapse rates of patients with EEC and EH were not different (pooled OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.20, P=0.13). For obstetric outcomes, the addition of metformin improved pregnancy rate (pooled OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.42, P=0.05), but not live birth rate (pooled OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.01, P=0.89). Conclusion: For fertility-sparing management, compared to progestin alone, the outcomes of patients with endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer were more improved with progestin plus metformin because progestin plus metformin increases the rate of remission and pregnancy.

Homogenizing Zn Deposition in Hierarchical Nanoporous Cu for a High-Current, High Areal-Capacity Zn Flow Battery.

A Zn anode can offset the low energy density of a flow battery for a balanced approach toward electricity storage. Yet, when targeting inexpensive, long-duration storage, the battery demands a thick Zn deposit in a porous framework, whose heterogeneity triggers frequent dendrite formation and jeopardizes the stability of the battery. Here, Cu foam is transferred into a hierarchical nanoporous electrode to homogenize the deposition. It begins with alloying the foam with Zn to form Cu5 Zn8 , whose depth is controlled to retain the large pores for a hydraulic permeability ≈10-11  m2 . Dealloying follows to create nanoscale pores and abundant fine pits below 10 nm, where Zn can nucleate preferentially due to the Gibbs-Thomson effect, as supported by a density functional theory simulation. Morphological evolution monitored by in situ microscopy confirms uniform Zn deposition. The electrode delivers 200 h of stable cycles in a Zn-I2 flow battery at 60 mAh cm-2 and 60 mA cm-2 , performance that meets practical demands.

MRAs may have lost their cornerstone position for heart failure treatment in the age of SGLT-2 inhibitors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are a cornerstone drug class for heart failure therapy. Several clinical studies have demonstrated its role in heart failure therapy. However, due to the recommendation of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure, there is a lack of sufficient evidence regarding whether MRAs can continue to play a cornerstone role in heart failure treatment. A meta-analysis was performed on subgroups of the DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced trials. Using trial-level data, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and MRAs on various clinical endpoints of heart failure. The incidence of cardiovascular-related death or heart failure hospitalization was the primary outcome. In addition, we assessed cardiovascular death, all-cause death, heart failure hospitalization, renal outcomes, and hyperkalemia. This study has already been registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022385023. Compared with SGLT-2 inhibitor monotherapy, combined treatment did not demonstrate more significant advantages in terms of heart failure or cardiovascular death (RR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.78-1.28), cardiovascular death (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.61-1.52), heart failure hospitalization (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.79-1.07), all-cause death (RR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.63-1.59) and composite kidney endpoint (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.49-1.46). Moreover, in comparison to SGLT-2 inhibitors, combined therapy increased the risk of moderate-severe hyperkalemia (blood potassium > 6.0 mmol/l) (RR = 4.13; 95% CI: 2.23-7.65). In patients with HFrEF who have started MRAs treatment, the addition of an SGLT-2 inhibitor provides significant clinical benefit. However, the addition of MRAs to SGLT-2 inhibitors to treat heart failure is not essential.

FSBP suppresses tumor cell migration by inhibiting the JNK pathway.

The main cause of high mortality in cancer patients is tumor metastasis. Exploring the underlying mechanism of tumor metastasis is of great significance for clinical treatments. Here, we identify the transcription factor Apt/FSBP is a suppressor for tumor metastasis. In Drosophila wing disc, knockdown of apt is able to trigger cell migration, whereas overexpression of apt hampers scrib-RNAi-induced tumor cell migration. Further studies show that loss of apt promotes cell migration through activating the JNK pathway. To investigate the role of FSBP, the homolog of Apt in mammals, we construct Fsbp liver-specific knockout mice. Knockout of Fsbp in liver does not cause any detectable physiological defects, but predisposes to tumorigenesis on DEN and CCl4 treatment. In addition, loss of Fsbp accelerates tumor metastasis from liver to diaphragm. Taken together, this study uncovers FSBP is a novel tumor suppressor, and provides it as a considerable drug target for tumor treatment.

Inhibition of the transcription factor ZNF281 by SUFU to suppress tumor cell migration.

Although the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an evolutionarily conserved role from Drosophila to mammals, some divergences also exist. Loss of Sufu, an important component of the Hh pathway, does not lead to an obvious developmental defect in Drosophila. However, in mammals, loss of SUFU results in serious disorder, even various cancers. This divergence suggests that SUFU plays additional roles in mammalian cells, besides regulating the Hh pathway. Here, we identify that the transcription factor ZNF281 is a novel binding partner of SUFU. Intriguingly, the Drosophila genome does not encode any homologs of ZNF281. SUFU is able to suppress ZNF281-induced tumor cell migration and DNA damage repair by inhibiting ZNF281 activity. Mechanistically, SUFU binds ZNF281 to mask the nuclear localization signal of ZNF281, culminating in ZNF281 cytoplasmic retention. In addition, SUFU also hampers the interactions between ZNF281 and promoters of target genes. Finally, we show that SUFU is able to inhibit ZNF281-induced tumor cell migration using an in vivo model. Taken together, these results uncover a Hh-independent mechanism of SUFU exerting the anti-tumor role, in which SUFU suppresses tumor cell migration through antagonizing ZNF281. Therefore, this study provides a possible explanation for the functional divergence of SUFU in mammals and Drosophila.

Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone disturbs fat body lipid metabolism and negatively regulates gluconeogenesis in Hyphantria cunea larvae.

The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects, but its accurate regulatory mechanism, especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we specially investigated the effect of 20E on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the fat body of Hyphantria cunea larvae, a notorious pest in forestry. Lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 1 907 lipid species were identified in the fat body of H. cunea larvae assigned to 6 groups and 48 lipid classes. The differentially abundant lipids analysis showed a significant difference between 20E-treated and control samples, indicating that 20E caused a remarkable alteration of lipidomics profiles in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. Further studies demonstrated that 20E accelerated fatty acid ß-oxidation, inhibited lipid synthesis, and promoted lipolysis. Meanwhile, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were dramatically suppressed by 20E in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. As well, the transcriptions of genes encoding these 4 rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly downregulated in the fat body of H. cunea larvae after treatment with 20E. Taken together, our results revealed that 20E disturbed fat body lipid homeostasis, accelerated fatty acid ß-oxidation and promoted lipolysis, but negatively regulated gluconeogenesis in H. cunea larvae. The findings might provide a new insight into hormonal regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insect fat body.

A Recognition Method of Truck Drivers' Braking Patterns Based on FCM-LDA2vec.

Taking truck drivers' braking patterns as the research objects, this study used a large amount of truck running data. A recognition method of truck drivers' braking patterns was proposed to determine the distribution of braking patterns during the operation of trucks. First, the segmented data of braking behaviors were collected in order to extract 25 characteristic parameters. Additionally, seven main correlation factors were obtained by dimensionality reduction. The FCM clustering algorithm and CH scores were used to identify nine categories of truck drivers' braking behaviors. Then the LDA2vec model was used to identify the distribution of different braking behavior words in braking patterns, and three categories of truck drivers' braking patterns were identified. The test results showed that the accuracy of the truck drivers' braking pattern recognition model based on LDA2vec was higher than 85%, and braking patterns of drivers in the daily operation process could be mined from vehicle operation data. Furthermore, through the monitoring and pre-warning of the braking patterns and targeted training of drivers, traffic accidents could be avoided. At the same time, this paper's results can be used to protect human life and health and reduce environmental pollution caused by traffic congestion or traffic accidents.

Hypoxic preconditioned aged BMSCs accelerates MI injury repair by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

The benefits of autologous cell therapy for cardiac repair are diminished in aged individuals due to the limited quality and poor tolerance of aged stem cells in the ischemic micro-environment. The safe and efficient methods to improve the therapeutic effect of aged stem cells are needed to treat the increasing number of aged patients with cardiac diseases. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether hypoxic preconditioning can improve the therapeutic effect of aged stem cells even if the responsiveness of aged MSCs is poor, and to seek the underlying mechanism. Using a murine model of MI, our results showed that hypoxic preconditioning promoted the therapeutic effect of aged BMSCs, which was expressed in improved cardiac function, decreased scar size and alleviated cardiac remodeling in vivo. This in vivo effect of hypoxic preconditioned aged BMSCs was associated with alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in infarcted heart. In vitro studies confirmed that hypoxic preconditioned aged BMSCs exert cytoprotective impacts on H9C2 cells against lethal hypoxia injury via attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our data support the promise of hypoxic preconditioning as a potential strategy to improve autologous stem cell therapy for ischemic heart injury in aged individuals.

Mitochondria targeting drugs for neurodegenerative diseases-Design, mechanism and application.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons. NDDs threaten the lives of millions of people worldwide and regretfully remain incurable. It is well accepted that dysfunction of mitochondria underlies the pathogenesis of NDDs. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in energy depletion, oxidative stress, calcium overloading, caspases activation, which dominates the neuronal death of NDDs. Therefore, mitochondria are the preferred target for intervention of NDDs. So far various mitochondria-targeting drugs have been developed and delightfully some of them demonstrate promising outcome, though there are still some obstacles such as targeting specificity, delivery capacity hindering the drugs development. In present review, we will elaborately address 1) the strategy to design mitochondria targeting drugs, 2) the rescue mechanism of respective mitochondria targeting drugs, 3) how to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Hopefully this review will provide comprehensive knowledge for understanding how to develop more effective drugs for the treatment of NDDs.