Formation of Anisotropic Conducting Interlayer for High-Resolution Epidermal Electromyography Using Mixed-Conducting Particulate Composite.

Epidermal electrophysiology is a non-invasive method used in research and clinical practices to study the electrical activity of the brain, heart, nerves, and muscles. However, electrode/tissue interlayer materials such as ionically conducting pastes can negatively affect recordings by introducing lateral electrode-to-electrode ionic crosstalk and reducing spatial resolution. To overcome this issue, biocompatible, anisotropic-conducting interlayer composites (ACI) that establish an electrically anisotropic interface with the skin are developed, enabling the application of dense cutaneous sensor arrays. High-density, conformable electrodes are also microfabricated that adhere to the ACI and follow the curvilinear surface of the skin. The results show that ACI significantly enhances the spatial resolution of epidermal electromyography (EMG) recording compared to conductive paste, permitting the acquisition of single muscle action potentials with distinct spatial profiles. The high-density EMG in developing mice, non-human primates, and humans is validated. Overall, high spatial-resolution epidermal electrophysiology enabled by ACI has the potential to advance clinical diagnostics of motor system disorders and enhance data quality for human-computer interface applications.

Caseinophosphopeptides Overcome Calcium Phytate Inhibition on Zinc Bioavailability by Retaining Zinc from Coprecipitation as Zinc/Calcium Phytate Nanocomplexes.

Caseinophosphopeptides have shown great potential to increase zinc bioavailability from phytate-rich diets, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, caseinophosphopeptides from a sodium caseinate hydrolysate dose-dependently retained zinc in solution against calcium phytate coprecipitation under physiologically relevant conditions. The 3 kDa ultrafiltration separation unveiled no added low-molecular-weight chelates of zinc and calcium by caseinophosphopeptides. Tyndall effect, dynamic light scattering measurements, transmission electron microscopy observation, electron diffraction pattern, X-ray diffraction spectrum, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated the caseinophosphopeptides-mediated formation of single-crystal zinc/calcium phytate nanocomplexes (Zn/CaPA-NCs) with a size and ζ-potential of 10-30 nm and -25 mV, respectively. Caseinophosphopeptides-stabilized Zn/CaPA-NCs were found to deliver bioavailable nanoparticulate zinc in mouse jejunal loop ex vivo model and polarized Caco-2 cells, and the treatments with specific inhibitors revealed that intestinal zinc absorption from Zn/CaPA-NCs invoked macropinocytosis, lysosomal release into the cytosol, and transcytosis. Overall, our study proposes a new paradigm for the benefit of caseinophosphopeptides for zinc bioaccessibility and bioavailability in phytate-rich diets.

Closed-loop electrical stimulation to prevent focal epilepsy progression and long-term memory impairment.

Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are ubiquitously expressed in epileptic networks and disrupt cognitive functions. It is unclear whether addressing IED-induced dysfunction could improve epilepsy outcomes as most therapeutics target seizures. We show in a model of progressive hippocampal epilepsy that IEDs produce pathological oscillatory coupling which is associated with prolonged, hypersynchronous neural spiking in synaptically connected cortex and expands the brain territory capable of generating IEDs. A similar relationship between IED-mediated oscillatory coupling and temporal organization of IEDs across brain regions was identified in human subjects with refractory focal epilepsy. Spatiotemporally targeted closed-loop electrical stimulation triggered on hippocampal IED occurrence eliminated the abnormal cortical activity patterns, preventing spread of the epileptic network and ameliorating long-term spatial memory deficits in rodents. These findings suggest that stimulation-based network interventions that normalize interictal dynamics may be an effective treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities, with a low barrier to clinical translation. One-Sentence Summary: Targeted closed-loop electrical stimulation prevents spread of the epileptic network and ameliorates long-term spatial memory deficits.

Gum Arabic-Derived Hydroxyproline-Rich Peptides Stimulate Intestinal Nonheme Iron Absorption via HIF2α-Dependent Upregulation of Iron Transport Proteins.

The stimulation of host iron absorption is a promising antianemia strategy adjunctive/alternative to iron intervention. Here, gum arabic (GA) containing 3.14 ± 0.56% hydroxyproline-rich protein with repetitive X-(Pro/Hyp)n motifs was found to increase iron reduction, uptake, and transport to upregulate duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin, and hephaestin to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and to stabilize HIF2α in polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner, and this was dependent on its protein fraction, rather than the polysaccharide fraction. Three abundant GA-derived hydroxyproline-containing dipeptides of Hyp-Hyp, Pro-Hyp, and Ser-Hyp were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the lysates of polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers at the maximum levels of  0.167 ± 0.021, 0.134 ± 0.017, and 0.089 ± 0.015 µg/mg of protein, respectively, and showed desirable docking affinity energy values of -7.53, - 7.91, and -7.39 kcal/mol, respectively, against human PHD3. GA-derived peptides also acutely increased duodenal HIF2α stability and Dcytb, DMT1, ferroportin, and hephaestin transcription in rats (P < 0.05). Overall, GA-derived hydroxyproline-rich peptides stimulated intestinal iron absorption via PHD inhibition, HIF2α stabilization, and subsequent upregulation of iron transport proteins.

E-Suture: Mixed-Conducting Suture for Medical Devices.

Modern implantable bioelectronics demand soft, biocompatible components that make robust, low-impedance connections with the body and circuit elements. Concurrently, such technologies must demonstrate high efficiency, with the ability to interface between the body's ionic and external electronic charge carriers. Here, a mixed-conducting suture, the e-suture, is presented. Composed of silk, the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and insulating jacketing polymers,the resulting e-suture has mixed-conducting properties at the interface with biological tissue as well as effective insulation along its length. The e-suture can be mechanically integrated into electronics, enabling the acquisition of biopotentials such as electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and local field potentials (LFP). Chronic, in vivo acquisition of LFP with e-sutures remains stable for months with robust brain activity patterns. Furthermore, e-sutures can establish electrophoretic-based local drug delivery, potentially offering enhanced anatomical targeting and decreased side effects associated with systemic administration, while maintaining an electrically conducting interface for biopotential monitoring. E-sutures expand on the conventional role of sutures and wires by providing a soft, biocompatible, and mechanically sound structure that additionally has multifunctional capacity for sensing, stimulation, and drug delivery.

Plant electrophysiology with conformable organic electronics: Deciphering the propagation of Venus flytrap action potentials.

Electrical signals in plants are mediators of long-distance signaling and correlate with plant movements and responses to stress. These signals are studied with single surface electrodes that cannot resolve signal propagation and integration, thus impeding their decoding and link to function. Here, we developed a conformable multielectrode array based on organic electronics for large-scale and high-resolution plant electrophysiology. We performed precise spatiotemporal mapping of the action potential (AP) in Venus flytrap and found that the AP actively propagates through the tissue with constant speed and without strong directionality. We also found that spontaneously generated APs can originate from unstimulated hairs and that they correlate with trap movement. Last, we demonstrate that the Venus flytrap circuitry can be activated by cells other than the sensory hairs. Our work reveals key properties of the AP and establishes the capacity of organic bioelectronics for resolving electrical signaling in plants contributing to the mechanistic understanding of long-distance responses in plants.

Integrated internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistors for stand-alone conformable bioelectronics.

Organic electronics can be biocompatible and conformable, enhancing the ability to interface with tissue. However, the limitations of speed and integration have, thus far, necessitated reliance on silicon-based technologies for advanced processing, data transmission and device powering. Here we create a stand-alone, conformable, fully organic bioelectronic device capable of realizing these functions. This device, vertical internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistor (vIGT), is based on a transistor architecture that incorporates a vertical channel and a miniaturized hydration access conduit to enable megahertz-signal-range operation within densely packed integrated arrays in the absence of crosstalk. These transistors demonstrated long-term stability in physiologic media, and were used to generate high-performance integrated circuits. We leveraged the high-speed and low-voltage operation of vertical internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistors to develop alternating-current-powered conformable circuitry to acquire and wirelessly communicate signals. The resultant stand-alone device was implanted in freely moving rodents to acquire, process and transmit neurophysiologic brain signals. Such fully organic devices have the potential to expand the utility and accessibility of bioelectronics to a wide range of clinical and societal applications.

Cd(II)/Mn(II)/Co(II)/Ni(II)/Zn(II) Coordination Polymers Built from Dicarboxylic Acid/Tetracarboxylic Acid Ligands: Their Structural Diversity and Fluorescence Properties.

Six Cd(II)/Mn(II)/Co(II)/Ni(II)/Zn(II) coordination complexes are formulated as [Cd2(X2-)2(µ3-O)2/3]n (1), [Mn2(X2-)2(µ3-O)2/3]n (2), {[Co1.5(Y4-)0.5(4,4'-bpy)1.5(OH-)]·2H2O}n (3), {[Ni(X2-)(4,4'-bpy)(H2O)2]·4H2O}n (4), [Zn(m-bdc2-)(bebiyh)]n (5), and [Cd(5-tbia2-)(bebiyh)]n (6) (H2X = 3,3'-(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylene) dipropionic acid. H4Y = 2,2'-(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylene)bis(methylene) dimalonic acid, bebiyh = 1,6-bis(2-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)hexane, m-H2bdc = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and 5-H2tbia = 5-(tert-butyl)isophthalic acid) were obtained by hydrothermal reactions and structurally characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 have a 6-connected 3D architecture and with several point symbols of (36·46·53). Complex 3 features a 5-connected 3D net structure with a point symbol of (5·69). Complex 4 possesses a 4-connected 2D net with a vertex symbol of (44·62). Complex 5 is a 3-connected 2D network with a point symbol of (63). Complex 6 is a (3,3)-connected 2D network with a point symbol of (63)2. In addition, complexes 1 and 4 present good photoluminescence behaviors. The electronic structures of 1 and 4 were investigated with the density functional theory (DFT) method to understand the photoluminescence behaviors.

Study on Fluorescence Recognition of Fe3+, Cr2O72- and p-Nitrophenol by a Cadmium Complex and Related Mechanism.

The effective detection of environmental pollutants is very important to the sustainable development of human health and the environment. A luminescent Cd(II) coordination complex, {[Cd(dbtdb)(1,2,4-H3btc)]·0.5H2O}n (1) (dbtdb = 1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-((2-(thiazol-4-yl)-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-3(3aH)-yl)methyl)benzyl)-2,7a-dihydro-2-(thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 1,2,4-H3btc = 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid), was obtained by hydrothermal reactions. Complex 1 has a chain structure decorated with uncoordinated Lewis basic O and S donors and provides good sensing of Fe3+, Cr2O72-, and p-nitrophenol with fluorescence quenching through an energy transfer process. The calculated binding constants were 3.3 × 103 mol-1 for Fe3+, 2.36 × 104 mol-1 for Cr2O72-, and 9.3 × 103 mol-1 for p-nitrophenol, respectively. These results show that 1 is a rare multiresponsive sensory material for efficient detection of Fe3+, Cr2O72-, and p-nitrophenol.

Complete genome sequence of a novel fusarivirus from Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 PT strain 3P-2-2.

Here, we describe a novel mycovirus, tentatively designated as "Rhizoctonia solani fusarivirus 6" (RsFV6), which was discovered in Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 PT strain 3P-2-2. The virus has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) genome of 6141 nucleotides containing two open reading frames (ORFs) and a poly(A) tail. ORF1 encodes a large polypeptide of 1,862 amino acids (aa) with conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase (Hel) domains. ORF2 encodes a putative 167-aa protein of unknown function. BLASTp searches revealed that the ORF1-encoded polypeptide showed the highest sequence similarity (70.67% identity) to that of Rhizoctonia solani fusarivirus 3 (RsFV3), which was isolated from Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2LP. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp and Hel sequences indicated that RsFV6 could be a novel member of the genus Alphafusarivirus family Fusariviridae.

Collagen Peptides as a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α-Stabilizing Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor to Stimulate Intestinal Iron Absorption by Upregulating Iron Transport Proteins.

Iron intervention is not always safe and effective to correct iron deficiency. Host iron absorption stimulation is emerging as a promising adjunctive/alternative treatment. Here, porcine collagen hydrolysate (CH) and collagen-derived dipeptide prolyl-hydroxyproline, rather than collagen amino acids, namely, glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, were found to increase cellular iron reduction, absorption, and transportation, to upregulate duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin (FPN), and hephaestin, and to nongenomically activate hypoxia-inducible factor-2α signaling in polarized Caco-2 cells. Prolyl-hydroxyproline showed both competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of recombinant human prolyl hydroxylase-3 activity with EC50 and Ki values of 10.62 and 6.73 µM, respectively. Docking simulations revealed collagen peptides as iron chelators and/or steric hindrances for prolyl hydroxylase-3. CH and prolyl-hydroxyproline acutely increased duodenal hypoxia-inducible factor-2α stability and Dcytb, DMT1, FPN, and hephaestin transcription in rats. Overall, collagen peptides act as a hypoxia-inducible factor-2α-stabilizing prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor to stimulate intestinal iron absorption.

Dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency using bipolar technology in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain duration ≥ 2 years.

Background: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) or dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) are alternative treatments for lumbosacral radicular pain (LSRP). This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of TFESI combined with dorsal root ganglion PRF using bipolar technology to treat LSRP in patients with pain duration ≥ 2 years. Methods: This prospective single-armed cohort study included 20 patients with LSRP duration ≥ 2 years, who underwent treatment of TFESI combined with bipolar PRF. The primary outcomes included numerical rating scale (NRS) and successful treatment rate (pain relief ≥50%). The secondary outcomes included Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), patient satisfaction using the modified MacNab criteria, severe complications, hospital stay and total costs. The final follow-up was 6 months postoperatively. Results: The successful treatment rate and average pain relief at 6 months postoperatively were 80% and 73.0% ± 17.5%, respectively. The successful treatment rates in patients with and without prior intervention history at 6 months postoperatively were 77.8% and 81.8%, respectively. The mean NRS score significantly decreased from 6.5 ± 0.8 to 1.1 ± 0.7 at 2 weeks postoperatively, to 1.3 ± 0.7 at 3 months postoperatively, and to 1.7 ± 1.0 at 6 months postoperatively (all P < 0.001), while the mean ODI score significantly decreased from 43.5 ± 2.5 to 22.5 ± 4.3 at 2 weeks postoperatively, to 20.0 ± 3.5 at 3 months postoperatively, and to 19.5 ± 3.6 at 6 months postoperatively (all P < 0.001). The excellent and good patient satisfaction at 6 months postoperatively was 85%. No severe complications were observed in this cohort. The average hospital stay and total costs were 3.0 ± 0.5 days and 3.36 ± 0.77 thousand dollars, respectively. Conclusion: The treatment of TFESI combined with PRF using bipolar technology might be an alternative option to treat chronic LSRP in patients with pain duration ≥ 2 years after a failure of conservative treatments, with a favorable 6-month efficacy and inexpensive total costs. However, long-term outcomes and superiority of bipolar procedure over monopolar procedure in patients with longer pain duration should be further investigated in future studies.

Large-scale, closed-loop interrogation of neural circuits underlying cognition.

Cognitive functions are increasingly understood to involve coordinated activity patterns between multiple brain regions, and their disruption by neuropsychiatric disorders is similarly complex. Closed-loop neurostimulation can directly modulate neural signals with temporal and spatial precision. How to leverage such an approach to effectively identify and target distributed neural networks implicated in mediating cognition remains unclear. We review current conceptual and technical advances in this area, proposing that devices that enable large-scale acquisition, integrated processing, and multiregion, arbitrary waveform stimulation will be critical for mechanistically driven manipulation of cognitive processes in physiological and pathological brain networks.

DHA- and EPA-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine Suppress Human Lung Carcinoma 95D Cells Metastasis via Activating the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ.

The antineoplastic effects of docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) and eicosapentaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine (EPA-PC) were explored, and their underlying mechanisms in the human lung carcinoma 95D cells (95D cells) were investigated. After treatment of 95D cells with DHA-PC or EPA-PC, cell biological behaviors such as growth, adhesion, migration, and invasion were studied. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were carried out to assess underlying molecular mechanisms. Results showed that 95D cells proliferation and adherence in the DHA-PC or EPA-PC group were drastically inhibited than the control group. DHA-PC and EPA-PC suppressed the migration and invasion of 95D cells by disrupting intracellular F-actin, which drives cell movement. The protein expression of PPARγ was induced versus the control group. Furthermore, critical factors related to invasion, including matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), heparanase (Hpa), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were drastically downregulated through the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and cofilin were significantly suppressed via DHA-PC and EPA-PC through the PPARγ/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) signaling pathway. DHA-PC and EPA-PC reversed the PPARγ antagonist GW9662-induced reduction of 95D cells in migration and invasion capacity, suggesting that PPARγ was directly involved in the anti-metastasis efficacy of DHA-PC and EPA-PC. In conclusion, DHA-PC and EPA-PC have great potential for cancer therapy, and the antineoplastic effects involve the activation of PPARγ. EPA-PC showed more pronounced antineoplastic effects than DHA-PC, possibly due to the more robust activation of PPARγ by EPA-PC.

Comparative Study of Docosahexaenoic Acid with Different Molecular Forms for Promoting Apoptosis of the 95D Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells in a PPARγ-Dependent Manner.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in worldwide. Growing evidence has shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has ameliorative effects on cancer. However, the effects of DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) and efficacy differences between DHA-PC, DHA-triglyceride (DHA-TG), and DHA- ethyl esters (DHA-EE) on cancer cells had not been studied. In this study, 95D lung cancer cells in vitro were used to determine the effects and underlying mechanisms of DHA with different molecular forms. The results showed that DHA-PC and DHA-TG treatment significantly inhibited the growth of 95D cells by 53.7% and 33.8%, whereas DHA-EE had no significantly effect. Morphological analysis showed that DHA-PC and DHA-TG prompted promoted cell contraction, increased concentration of cell heterochromatin, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and edema of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. TUNEL and AO/EB staining indicated that both DHA-PC and DHA-TG promoted cell apoptosis, in which DHA-PC performed better than DHA-TG. Mechanistically, DHA-PC and DHA-TG treatment up-regulated the PPARγ and RXRα signal, inhibited the expression of NF-κB and Bcl-2, and enhanced the expression of Bax and caspase-3, thereby promoting cell apoptosis. In conclusion, DHA-PC exerted superior effects to DHA-TG and DHA-EE in promoting apoptosis in 95D non-small-cell lung cancer cells. These data provide new evidence for the application of DHA in treatment of cancer.

Translational Organic Neural Interface Devices at Single Neuron Resolution.

Recording from the human brain at the spatiotemporal resolution of action potentials provides critical insight into mechanisms of higher cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disease that is challenging to derive from animal models. Here, organic materials and conformable electronics are employed to create an integrated neural interface device compatible with minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures and geared toward chronic implantation on the surface of the human brain. Data generated with these devices enable identification and characterization of individual, spatially distribute human cortical neurons in the absence of any tissue penetration (n = 229 single units). Putative single-units are effectively clustered, and found to possess features characteristic of pyramidal cells and interneurons, as well as identifiable microcircuit interactions. Human neurons exhibit consistent phase modulation by oscillatory activity and a variety of population coupling responses. The parameters are furthermore established to optimize the yield and quality of single-unit activity from the cortical surface, enhancing the ability to investigate human neural network mechanisms without breaching the tissue interface and increasing the information that can be safely derived from neurophysiological monitoring.

Molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in ruminants in northwest China.

This study was conducted to examine the molecular characteristics and assess the zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in ruminants in northwest China. A total of 1581 fresh fecal samples were collected from eight categories of ruminants. The E. bieneusi was screened and genotyped via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the small subunit rRNA (ssu rRNA) gene. The result indicated that the average infection rate of E. bieneusi in ruminants was 16.0% (253/1581), with infection rates of E. bieneusi in Mongolian sheep, Mongolian goats, Chifeng cattle, red deer, alpine musk deer, and blue sheep at 21.8% (169/777), 8.2% (46/561), 25.9% (28/108), 13.2% (5/38), 20.0% (4/20), and 6.3% (1/16), respectively. The infections of E. bieneusi varied by different categories. For the different age groups, the infection rates in lambs (29.3%, 108/369) and calves (57.1%, 8/14) were significantly higher than that in ewes (21.1%, 215/1020) and cows (21.3%, 20/94). For the molecular characterization, diverse E. bieneusi ITS genotypes were identified, with a total of 13 genotypes were observed, including 10 known genotypes (BEB6, COS-I, J, CHC8, I, CHG1, BEB4, CHG3, CHS7, and NCF2) and 3 novel genotypes (CNR1 to CNR3). Genotype BEB6 was predominant (59.7%, 151/253). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most E. bieneusi ITS genotypes clustered into group 2 and only one (NCF2) genotype belonged to group 1. The zoonotic genotypes identified in ruminants in the present study indicated the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi. In addition, simultaneous identification of genotypes, such as BEB6, COS-I, and BEB4, in the same eco-geographical system indicated some host multiplicity transmission potential of E. bieneusi.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) with Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) as Target for Pediatric Patients with PKAN.

OBJECTIVE: Dystonia in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is progressive despite medication. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was reported to effectively provide symptom relief. No consensus exists in candidate and target selection for DBS. We aimed to demonstrate effectiveness of subthalamic DBS (STN-DBS) placement in pediatric patients with PKAN. METHODS: We reviewed consecutive series of pediatric patients diagnosed with PKAN and treated with STN-DBS from 2016 to 2019 in our institution. Each case was described in detail. Preoperative and postoperative Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) were assessed to evaluate functional improvement at follow-up. RESULTS: Seven pediatric patients were included. Mean age of initial onset was 0.6 ± 0.5 years and presentation to clinics was 6.6 ± 1.3 years. Mean preoperative BFMDRS was 73.3 ± 3.5. Following STN-DBS, for mean follow-up duration of 13.0 ± 10.7 months, mean BFMDRS was 37.3 ± 12.6, translating to score improvement of 36.0 ± 12.9 (P < 0.001), and percentage improvement of 49.0 ± 18.0%. CONCLUSIONS: This case series demonstrated that STN-DBS is an effective symptom-based treatment for pediatric patients with PKAN.

Ionic communication for implantable bioelectronics.

Implanted bioelectronic devices require data transmission through tissue, but ionic conductivity and inhomogeneity of this medium complicate conventional communication approaches. Here, we introduce ionic communication (IC) that uses ions to effectively propagate megahertz-range signals. We demonstrate that IC operates by generating and sensing electrical potential energy within polarizable media. IC was tuned to transmit across a range of biologically relevant tissue depths. The radius of propagation was controlled to enable multiline parallel communication, and it did not interfere with concurrent use of other bioelectronics. We created a fully implantable IC-based neural interface device that acquired and noninvasively transmitted neurophysiologic data from freely moving rodents over a period of weeks with stability sufficient for isolation of action potentials from individual neurons. IC is a biologically based data communication that establishes long-term, high-fidelity interactions across intact tissue.

Anisotropic Ion Conducting Particulate Composites for Bioelectronics.

Acquisition, processing, and manipulation of biological signals require transistor circuits capable of ion to electron conversion. However, use of this class of transistors in integrated sensors or circuits is limited due to difficulty in patterning biocompatible electrolytes for independent operation of transistors. It is hypothesized that it would be possible to eliminate the need for electrolyte patterning by enabling directional ion conduction as a property of the material serving as electrolyte. Here, the anisotropic ion conductor (AIC) is developed as a soft, biocompatible composite material comprised of ion-conducting particles and an insulating polymer. AIC displays strongly anisotropic ion conduction with vertical conduction comparable to isotropic electrolytes over extended time periods. AIC allows effective hydration of conducting polymers to establish volumetric capacitance, which is critical for the operation of electrochemical transistors. AIC enables dense patterning of transistors with minimal leakage using simple solution-based deposition techniques. Lastly, AIC can be utilized as a dry, anisotropic interface with human skin that is capable of non-invasive acquisition of individual motor action potentials. The properties of AIC position it to enable implementation of a wide range of large-scale organic bioelectronics and enhance their translation to human health applications.