Reciprocal Relations between Cognitive Empathy and Post-Traumatic Growth in School Bullying Victims.

The association between post-traumatic growth (PTG) and cognitive empathy is well documented; however, few studies have tested the causal pathways explaining this association in school bullying victims' later recovery and growth in the long term. This study used a longitudinal design to examine the reciprocal relations between cognitive empathy and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in school bullying victims. We screened 725 adolescents who had experienced school bullying as our final subjects out of the 2173 adolescents we surveyed over three periods (November 2019, 2020, and 2021). Controlling for gender, cross-lagged analysis revealed that both cognitive empathy at T1 and T2 predicted adolescents' later PTG at T2 (γ = 0.096, p < 0.05) and T3 (γ = 0.085, p < 0.05), respectively, but the predictive effect across time points from PTG to cognitive empathy was not significant. The results delineated a specific directionality in the relation between cognitive empathy and PTG and suggested an important role of cognitive empathy in fostering school bullying victims' later recovery and growth. These findings contribute to ongoing research into ways researchers and educators may help and support school bullying victims.

Neutrophils impaired by anti-galectin-3 antibodies elicit inflammation of endothelial cells to aggregate the development of lupus cutaneous vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the interplay of anti-galectin-3 antibodies (anti-Gal3 Abs) with neutrophils contributes to the development of lupus cutaneous vasculitis. METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum level of anti-Gal3 Abs in lupus patients. Flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and western blot were performed to investigate the expression of cell surface receptors, proinflammatory cytokines and signalling molecules in neutrophils stimulated by serum from lupus patients or healthy controls (HCs) or anti-Gal3 Ab, respectively. Immunofluorescence was performed to visualise the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were co-cultured with the supernatants from neutrophils stimulated by anti-Gal3 Ab, and cytokine production was measured at mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemistry was adopted to reveal the distribution of Gal3, cytokines and myeloperoxidase within lupus skin lesions. RESULTS: Serum levels of anti-Gal3 Abs were negatively correlated with peripheral counts of neutrophils. Anti-Gal3 Abs positive sera from SLE patients accelerated neutrophil death, altered cell phenotype and promoted formation of NETs with the involvement of p38 MAPK pathway. Supernatants collected from neutrophils co-cultured with anti-Gal3 Ab provoked endothelial cells to produce cytokines such as IL-1, ICAM-1, SELE and particularly IL-6. Consistently, IL-6 was higher in SLE patients with anti-Gal3 Ab positive sera and enriched in the area of vascular inflammation together with enhanced expression of Gal3 protein and infiltration of neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggested that neutrophils were crucial mediators in anti-Gal3 Ab induced lupus cutaneous vasculitis.

Unraveling the Contribution of MulSOS2 in Conferring Salinity Tolerance in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb).

Salinity is one of the most serious threats to sustainable agriculture. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway plays an important role in salinity tolerance in plants, and the SOS2 gene plays a critical role in this pathway. Mulberry not only has important economic value but also is an important ecological tree species; however, the roles of the SOS2 gene associated with salt stress have not been reported in mulberry. To gain insight into the response of mulberry to salt stress, SOS2 (designated MulSOS2) was cloned from mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb), and sequence analysis of the amino acids of MulSOS2 showed that it shares some conserved domains with its homologs from other plant species. Our data showed that the MulSOS2 gene was expressed at different levels in different tissues of mulberry, and its expression was induced substantially not only by NaCl but also by ABA. In addition, MulSOS2 was exogenously expressed in Arabidopsis, and the results showed that under salt stress, transgenic MulSOS2 plants accumulated more proline and less malondialdehyde than the wild-type plants and exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, the MulSOS2 gene was transiently overexpressed in mulberry leaves and stably overexpressed in the hairy roots, and similar results were obtained for resistance to salt stress in transgenic mulberry plants. Taken together, the results of this study are helpful to further explore the function of the MulSOS2 gene, which provides a valuable gene for the genetic breeding of salt tolerance in mulberry.

Childhood maltreatment patterns and suicidal ideation: mediating roles of depression, hope, and expressive suppression.

Childhood maltreatment has long-term negative effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being, and may increase the risk for suicidal ideation. However, how different patterns of childhood maltreatment affect subsequent suicidal ideation and the underlying mediating mechanisms remain unclear, particularly among Chinese adolescents. This study used latent profile analysis to identify patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents and explored how these patterns predicted subsequent suicidal ideation via depression, hope, and expressive suppression. This study used a two-wave, 1-year longitudinal design and included 2156 adolescents (Mage = 13.97 years, SDage = 1.61 years; 49.6% females). We identified three patterns of childhood maltreatment: low maltreatment, high psychological neglect, and high maltreatment. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high maltreatment group indirectly predicted subsequent suicidal ideation 1 year later via depression through hope and expressive suppression, whereas the direct effect on suicidal ideation was not significant. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high psychological neglect group had a significant direct effect on subsequent suicidal ideation and indirectly predicted suicidal ideation through depression or hope. Identifying patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents will assist mental health workers in developing targeted interventions to effectively alleviate suicidal ideation.

A three-phase process model of posttraumatic stress disorder and growth: Understanding the mechanisms underlying posttraumatic reactions.

OBJECTIVE: This theoretical review proposes a three-phase process model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). METHOD: By combining trauma-related theories, emotional regulation theories, social support theories, and empirical study findings to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PTSD and PTG, we then propose our model. RESULTS: The proposed model highlights the dynamic characteristics of the PTSD and PTG developmental processes as well as their coexistence and places equal emphasis on the roles of cognitive and emotional activities and social support in three distinct dynamic phases of PTSD and PTG. It emphasizes that PTSD and PTG share similar prerequisites but that these two outcomes later diverge and ultimately manifest via three distinct phases. The specific roles of cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, and social support, and the potential theoretical and practical implications of this model, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This integrative and dynamic process model has the potential to advance scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying PTSD and PTG. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S Double Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Highly Selective CO2 Reduction to Methane.

Solar-energy-driven CO2 hydrogenation is a promising strategy to alleviate the climate crisis. Methane is a desirable derivative of CO2 reduction. However, developing a photocatalyst for highly active and selective CH4 generation remains challenging. Herein, we report a double Z-scheme Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalyst for efficient reduction of CO2 to CH4. In situ characterization techniques confirmed that the charge migration mechanism in Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S promotes charge separation through double internal electric fields. As a result, the optimized C0.01B0.02C catalyst displayed a formation rate high up to 25.34 µmol g-1 h-1 and a selectivity of 96.52% of CH4. Moreover, the AQY of CO2 conversion on C0.01B0.02C (1.84%) was almost 41 times higher than that of the bare CN. This study provides a novel perspective to develop heterojunction photocatalysts for selective CO2 conversion to CH4.

Association between bullying victimization and post-traumatic stress disorders among Chinese adolescents: a multiple mediation model.

BACKGROUND: Research that focused on the mechanisms underlying the relation between school bullying victimization and PTSD ignored the simultaneous effect of emotional and cognitive factors, which may limit our comprehensive understanding of their roles. Besides, most researchers included non-bullying victims in data analysis, and this may mask the true effect among bullying victims. The present study aimed to explore the relation between bullying victimization and PTSD, and the mediating roles of social anxiety, loneliness, and rumination, after filtering out non-bullying victims. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In April 2019, we used convenience sampling to recruit 5013 students from Grade 10 and 11 in two high schools in Anhui Province, China. The mean age of these students was 16.77 (SD = 0.92) years. They completed five self-report questionnaires including the Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale-Student Chinese Revision (DBVS-S), the modified PTSD Checklist, the Social Anxiety Scale, the Adolescent Loneliness Scale, and the Rumination Scale. Further, a total of 443 bullying victims were screened out for this study according to the critical score of the DBVS-S. RESULTS: The results showed that bullying victimization had a direct and positive association with PTSD among adolescents (ß = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.046-0.252). Bullying victimization was positively associated with PTSD through increasing adolescents' social anxiety (ß = 0.06, 95%CI: 0.017-0.105), as well as through increasing their loneliness (ß = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.109-0.215). In addition, bullying victimization was positively associated with PTSD through social anxiety via loneliness (ß = 0.04, 95%CI: 0.013-0.067), as well as through loneliness via rumination (ß = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.003-0.033). Bullying victimization was also positively associated with PTSD through a three-step path from social anxiety to rumination via loneliness (ß = 0.004, 95%CI: 0.001-0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Social anxiety, loneliness, and rumination have important mediating effects in the relation between bullying victimization and adolescents' PTSD, in which emotional factors (e.g., social anxiety, loneliness) are more crucial than cognitive factors (e.g., rumination). Intervention should pay more attention to timely alleviate victims' emotional problems to reduce the risk of developing PTSD.

A dual Z-scheme heterojunction Cu-CuTCPP/Cu2O/CoAl-LDH for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to C1 and C2 products.

In this research, a ternary Cu-CuTCPP/Cu2O/CoAl-LDH composite with a dual Z-scheme heterostructure was fabricated based on a Cu2O photocatalyst and applied in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts and the possible reaction mechanism in CO2 reduction were analyzed and studied by various characterization methods. The activity of CO2 reduction significantly increased, especially forming C2 products. The optimal yield of C2H4 and C2H6 reached 1.56 and 1.92 µmol g-1 h-1 respectively, which was 14.45 and 17.45 times that from using the Cu2O monomer. In addition, the selectivity of C2 products reached 37.4%. The satisfactory C2 yield was mainly due to the fact that Cu1+δ2(COO)3 nodes in Cu-CuTCPP contained adjacent Cu sites, which effectively promoted the C-C coupling reaction. Moreover, the dual Z-scheme heterojunction stimulated the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and diminished the recombination rate. This work contributes to the development of novel photocatalysts with a dual Z-scheme heterojunction and facilitates the generation of valuable C2 products.

Recent Progress of Covalent Organic Frameworks-Based Materials in Photocatalytic Applications: A Review.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are one type of porous organic materials linked by covalent bonds. COFs materials exhibit many outstanding characteristics such as high porosity, high chemical and thermal stability, large specific surface area, efficient electron transfer efficiency, and the ability for predesigned structures. These exceptional advantages enable COFs materials to exhibit remarkable performance in photocatalysis. Additionally, the activity of COFs materials as photocatalysts can be significantly upgraded by ion doping and the formation of heterojunctions. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on COF-based materials applied in photocatalytic systems. Initially, typical structures and preparation methods of COFs are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the essential principles of photocatalytic reactions over COFs-based materials and the latest research developments in photocatalytic hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, pollutants elimination, organic transformation, and overall water splitting are indicated. At last, the outlook and challenges of COF-based materials in photocatalysis are discussed. This review is intended to permit instructive guidance for the efficient use of photocatalysis based on COFs in the future.

Exploring the Rules of Related Parameters in Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Cancer Pain Based on Data Mining.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the regularity of related parameters in the treatment of cancer pain using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, OVID, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WANNGFANG from inception up to December 2022. A database was established, and data mining techniques were applied to analyze the relevant TENS parameters. RESULTS: A total of 27 articles were included, encompassing nine current frequencies, four retention times, four treatment frequencies, and two wave types. On the basis of the analysis of parameter association rules, the most closely related parameter combination for clinical TENS in the treatment of cancer pain was a current frequency of 2/100 Hz, a treatment frequency of once a day, a retention time of 30 min, and the dilatational wave. Moreover, the study involved 22 acupuncture points distributed along 13 meridians. According to the analysis of acupuncture point association rules, Hegu (LI04), Zusanli (ST36), and Sanyinjiao (SP06) were the most closely related acupuncture points and could be used in combination for clinical TENS in cancer pain treatment. Furthermore, cluster analysis was conducted on acupuncture points with a frequency ≥ 5, resulting in three categories: the first category included Sanyinjiao (SP06), Zusanli (ST36), Hegu (LI04), Jiaji point, and Neiguan (PC06); the second category included Ashi point; and the third category included Back shu point. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of cancer pain using TENS, it is recommended to use a current frequency of 2/100 Hz, a treatment frequency of once a day, a retention time of 30 min, and the dilatational wave. The electrode positions were primarily selected from Ashi point, Back shu point, Sanyinjiao (SP06), Zusanli (ST36), Hegu (LI04), Jiaji point, and Neiguan (PC06) to achieve the best analgesic effect.

HSP110 aggravates ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation by promoting NF-κB pathway.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) poses a significant challenge to liver transplantation (LT). The underlying mechanism primarily involves overactivation of the immune system. Heat shock protein 110 (HSP110) functions as a molecular chaperone that helps stabilize protein structures. METHODS: An IRI model was established by performing LT on Sprague-Dawley rats, and HSP110 was silenced using siRNA. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, TUNEL, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and liver enzyme analysis were performed to assess IRI following LT. Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to investigate the pertinent molecular changes. RESULTS: Our findings revealed a significant increase in the expression of HSP110 at both the mRNA and protein levels in the rat liver following LT (P < 0.05). However, when rats were injected with siRNA-HSP110, IRI subsequent to LT was notably reduced (P < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of liver enzymes and inflammatory chemokines in rat serum were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Silencing HSP110 with siRNA resulted in a marked decrease in M1-type polarization of Kupffer cells in the liver and downregulated the NF-κB pathway in the liver (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HSP110 in the liver promotes IRI after LT in rats by activating the NF-κB pathway and inducing M1-type polarization of Kupffer cells. Targeting HSP110 to prevent IRI after LT may represent a promising new approach for the treatment of LT-associated IRI.

Constructing CoAl-LDO/MoO3-x S-scheme heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Converting CO2 into chemicals and fuels by solar energy can alleviate global warming and solve the energy crisis. In this work, CoAl-LDO/MoO3-x (LDO/MO) composites were successfully prepared and achieved efficient CO2 reduction under visible light. The CoAl-layered double oxides (CoAl-LDO) evolved from CoAl-layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) exhibited a more robust structure, broader light absorption, and improved CO2 adsorption ability. The local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect excited by nonstoichiometric MoO3-x broadened the photo-response range of CoAl-LDO/MoO3-x. In addition, constructing step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunctions could simultaneously optimize the migration mechanism of photogenerated electrons and holes, and retain carriers with strong redox ability. Therefore, the production rates of CO and CH4 on the optimal LDO/MO composite were 7 and 9 times higher than the pristine CoAl-LDH, respectively. This work hybridizes oxidation photocatalysts and LDO-based materials to optimize the charge separation and migration mechanisms, which guides the modification of LDO-based materials.

Bullying Victimization and Comorbid Patterns of PTSD and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: Random Intercept Latent Transition Analysis.

Many studies have examined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depressive symptoms in adolescents under the background of school bullying, but not their comorbidities and changes over time. This study used random intercept latent transition analysis (RI-LTA) to examine the transitions in comorbid patterns of PTSD and depressive symptoms among 815 adolescents (45.0% boys; Mage-baseline = 13.69, SD = 1.60), who reported their symptoms in a 3-year longitudinal study. Three comorbid patterns were found: low symptoms, predominantly PTSD symptoms, and symptoms of comorbidity. Among these patterns, five trends were found through 3 years: stable low symptoms, stable PTSD symptoms, improving symptoms, worsening symptoms, and an inverted-U pattern. Age, time that parents spend with their child, being an only child, family income and experiencing relational bullying were predictors of these transitions. These suggest that patterns of PTSD and depressive symptoms are heterogeneous and may change over time since trauma events. Developing targeted interventions based on underlying factors through distinct patterns and transitions may help us better optimize and utilize intervention resources to alleviate symptoms from bullying victims.

TNF-α promotes CXCL-1/8 production in keratinocytes by downregulating galectin-3 through NF-κB and hsa-miR-27a-3p pathway to contribute psoriasis development.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment with TNF-α inhibitors improve psoriasis with minimize/minor neutrophils infiltration and CXCL-1/8 expression in psoriatic lesions. However, the fine mechanism of TNF-α initiating psoriatic inflammation by tuning keratinocytes is unclear. Our previous research identified the deficiency of intracellular galectin-3 was sufficient to promote psoriasis inflammation characterized by neutrophil accumulation. This study aims to investigate whether TNF-α participated in psoriasis development through dysregulating galectin-3 expression. METHODS: mRNA levels were assessed through quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle/apoptosis. Western blot was used to evaluate the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. HE staining and immunochemistry were used to detect epidermal thickness and MPO expression, respectively. Specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down hsa-miR-27a-3p while plasmids transfection was used to overexpress galectin-3. Further, the multiMiR R package was utilized to predict microRNA-target interaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We found that TNF-α stimulation altered cell proliferation and differentiation and promoted the production of psoriasis-related inflammatory mediators along with the inhibition of galectin-3 expression in keratinocytes. Supplement of galectin-3 could counteract the rise of CXCL-1/8 but not the other phenotypes of keratinocytes induced by TNF-α. Mechanistically, inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway could counteract the decrease of galectin-3 and the increase of hsa-miR-27a-3p expression whereas silence of hsa-miR-27a-3p could counteract the decrease of galectin-3 expression induced by TNF-α treatment in keratinocytes. Intradermal injection of murine anti-CXCL-2 antibody greatly alleviated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. CONCLUSION: TNF-α initiates psoriatic inflammation by increasing CXCL-1/8 in keratinocytes mediated by the axis of NF-κB-hsa-miR-27a-3p-galectin-3 pathway.

[Corrigendum] Hsp90 inhibitor 17­AAG inhibits stem cell­like properties and chemoresistance in osteosarcoma cells via the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Following the publication of the article, a concerned reader drew to the authors' attention that, in Fig. 1B and C on p. 316, two pairs of the data panels showing the results from invasion and migration assay experiments appeared to be overlapping, such that they would have been derived from the same original sources where they were intended to show the results from different experiments; moreover, on p. 1698, the '17­AAG / MG­63' data panels in Fig. 3B and C were also overlapping, albeit the images were presented at a different scale and in a slightly different orientation. After having examined their original data, the authors have realized that these figures were inadvertently assembled incorrectly. The corrected versions of Figs. 1 and 3, now showing the correct data in Fig. 1C (where the errors made in compiling the figure had occurred) and the correct data for the '17­AAG / MG­63' data panel in Fig. 3C, are shown on the next two pages. These corrections do not grossly affect either the results or the conclusions reported in this work. The authors all agree to the publication of this Corrigendum, and are grateful to the Editor of Oncology Reports for granting them the opportunity to correct the errors that were made during the assembly of these figures. Lastly, the authors apologize to the readership for any inconvenience these errors may have caused. [Oncology Reports 44: 313­324, 2020; DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7597].

Research Progress on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Based on Perovskite Oxides.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to valuable fuels is a promising way to alleviate anthropogenic CO2 emissions and energy crises. Perovskite oxides have attracted widespread attention as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction by virtue of their high catalytic activity, compositional flexibility, bandgap adjustability, and good stability. In this review, the basic theory of photocatalysis and the mechanism of CO2 reduction over perovskite oxide are first introduced. Then, perovskite oxides' structures, properties, and preparations are presented. In detail, the research progress on perovskite oxides for photocatalytic CO2 reduction is discussed from five aspects: as a photocatalyst in its own right, metal cation doping at A and B sites of perovskite oxides, anion doping at O sites of perovskite oxides and oxygen vacancies, loading cocatalyst on perovskite oxides, and constructing heterojunction with other semiconductors. Finally, the development prospects of perovskite oxides for photocatalytic CO2 reduction are put forward. This article should serve as a useful guide for creating perovskite oxide-based photocatalysts that are more effective and reasonable.

Recent progress of cocatalysts loaded on carbon nitride for selective photoreduction of CO2 to CH4.

A photocatalytic system driven by solar light is one of the promising strategies for converting CO2 into valuable energy. The reduction of CO2 to CH4 is widely studied since CH4 has a high energy density as the main component of nonrenewable natural gas. Therefore, it is necessary to develop semiconductor materials with high photocatalytic activity and CH4 selectivity. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4/CN) has attracted widespread attention for photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to its excellent redox ability and visible light response. A hybrid system constructed by loading cocatalysts on g-C3N4 can significantly improve the yield of target products, and serve as a general platform to explore the mechanism of the CO2 reduction reaction. Herein, we briefly introduce the theory of selective CO2 photoreduction and the basic properties of cocatalysts. Then, several typical configurations and modification strategies of cocatalyst/CN systems for promoting CH4 selective production are presented in detail. In particular, we systematically summarize the application of cocatalyst/CN composite photocatalysts in the selective reduction of CO2 to methane, according to the classification of cocatalysts (monometal, bimetal, metal-based compound, and nanocarbon materials). Finally, the challenges and perspectives for developing cocatalyst/g-C3N4 systems with high CH4 selectivity are presented to guide the rational design of catalysts with high performance in the future.

Post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety, and depression in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in psychiatric disorders in college students, particularly posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. While existing studies assess the prevalence of these disorders and their predictors, they overlook potential complications caused by comorbidity between these disorders. To fill this gap, this study examined the prevalence of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and their comorbidity to inform targeted intervention for college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Self-report questionnaires were used to assess 6,898 college students about six months after the COVID-19 outbreak. RESULTS: The results found that the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and anxiety were 15.5%, 32.2%, and 32.1% respectively, and the prevalence of comorbid PTSD and depression, comorbid PTSD and anxiety, comorbid depression and anxiety, and comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms were 11.5%, 11.6%, 20.4%, and 9.4% respectively. Moreover, left-behind status, lower economic status, previous trauma experiences, exposure to the pandemic, and rumination were risk factors of psychological distress, but self-disclosure was a protective factor for these disorders. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that distinct psychiatric disorders may be comorbid in individuals, and are further influenced by pre-, within-, and post-disaster factors. Furthermore, psychological service targeted at college students should pay attention to comorbid symptoms rather than only symptoms of single disorders.

Fabrication and characterization of Z-scheme BiOCl/C/Cu2O heterojunction nanocomposites as efficient catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2.

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons is expected to simultaneously alleviate the energy crisis and greenhouse effect. Herein, the ternary BiOCl/C/Cu2O catalysts with different mass ratios were compounded using a simple hydrothermal method, revealing better photocatalytic activity than the monomer. In the absence of sacrificial agents and photosensitizers, 25% BiOCl/C/Cu2O showed optimal photocatalytic performance. The CO and CH4 yields over 25% BiOCl/C/Cu2O reached 26.77 and 9.86 µmol g-1 h-1, which is 2.9 and 8.7 times higher than that of the pristine Cu2O, respectively. The ameliorative activity can be attributed to the construction of the Z-scheme heterostructure and carbon layer, which are conducive to the transfer and separation of photogenerated carriers. This study offers valuable references for the design and investigation of a Z-scheme heterojunction using a carbon layer as an electron transfer medium.

Recent Progress of Single-Atom Photocatalysts Applied in Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection.

Photocatalysis driven by solar energy is a feasible strategy to alleviate energy crises and environmental problems. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing advanced photocatalysts for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Single-atom catalysts have the advantages of highly dispersed active sites, maximum atomic utilization, unique coordination environment, and electronic structure, which have become a research hotspot in heterogeneous photocatalysis. This paper introduces the potential supports, preparation, and characterization methods of single-atom photocatalysts in detail. Subsequently, the fascinating effects of single-atom photocatalysts on three critical steps of photocatalysis (the absorption of incident light to produce electron-hole pairs, carrier separation and migration, and interface reactions) are analyzed. At the same time, the applications of single-atom photocatalysts in energy conversion and environmental protection (CO2 reduction, water splitting, N2 fixation, organic macromolecule reforming, air pollutant removal, and water pollutant degradation) are systematically summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of single-atom catalysts in heterogeneous photocatalysis are discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide insights into the design, synthesis, and application of single-atom photocatalysts and promote the development of high-performance photocatalytic systems.