In situ tuning of platinum 5d valence states for four-electron oxygen reduction.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by efficient and economical catalysts is critical for sustainable energy devices. Although the newly-emerging atomically dispersed platinum catalysts are highly attractive for maximizing atomic utilization, their catalytic selectivity and durability are severely limited by the inflexible valence transformation between Pt and supports. Here, we present a structure by anchoring Pt atoms onto valence-adjustable CuOx/Cu hybrid nanoparticle supports (Pt1-CuOx/Cu), in which the high-valence Cu (+2) in CuOx combined with zero-valent Cu (0) serves as a wide-range valence electron reservoir (0‒2e) to dynamically adjust the Pt 5d valence states during the ORR. In situ spectroscopic characterizations demonstrate that the dynamic evolution of the Pt 5d valence electron configurations could optimize the adsorption strength of *OOH intermediate and further accelerate the dissociation of O = O bonds for the four-electron ORR. As a result, the Pt1-CuOx/Cu catalysts deliver superior ORR performance with a significantly enhanced four-electron selectivity of over 97% and long-term durability.

Identification of Highly Repetitive Enhancers with Long-range Regulation Potential in Barley via STARR-seq.

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can strengthen transcription initiation. However, the global identification of plant enhancers is complicated due to uncertainty in the distance and orientation of enhancers, especially in species with large genomes. In this study, we performed self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) for the first time to identify enhancers across the barley genome. A total of 7323 enhancers were successfully identified, and among 45 randomly selected enhancers, over 75% were effective as validated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay system in the lower epidermis of tobacco leaves. Interestingly, up to 53.5% of the barley enhancers were repetitive sequences, especially transposable elements (TEs), thus reinforcing the vital role of repetitive enhancers in gene expression. Both the common active mark H3K4me3 and repressive mark H3K27me3 were abundant among the barley STARR-seq enhancers. In addition, the functional range of barley STARR-seq enhancers seemed much broader than that of rice or maize and extended to ±100 kb of the gene body, and this finding was consistent with the high expression levels of genes in the genome. This study specifically depicts the unique features of barley enhancers and provides available barley enhancers for further utilization.

In situ Activation of Molecular Oxygen at Intermetallic Spacing-Optimized Iron Network-Like Sites for Boosting Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by transition-metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) is promising for practical applications in energy-conversion devices, but great challenges still remain due to the sluggish kinetics of O═O cleavage. Herein, a kind of high-density iron network-like sites catalysts are constructed with optimized intermetallic distances on an amino-functionalized carbon matrix (Fe-HDNSs). Quasi-in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in situ synchrotron infrared characterizations demonstrate that the optimized intermetallic distances in Fe-HDNSs can in situ activate the molecular oxygen by fast electron compensation through the hybridized Fe 3d‒O 2p, which efficiently facilitates the cleavage of the O═O bond to *O species and highly suppresses the side reactions for an accelerated kinetics of the 4e- ORR. As a result, the well-designed Fe-HDNSs catalysts exhibit superior performances with a half-wave potential of 0.89 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a kinetic current density of 72 mA cm-2@0.80 V versus RHE, exceeding most of the noble-metal-free ORR catalysts. This work offers some new insights into the understanding of 4e- ORR kinetics and reaction pathways to boost electrochemical performances of SACs.

In situ modulating coordination fields of single-atom cobalt catalyst for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction.

Single-atom catalysts, especially those with metal-N4 moieties, hold great promise for facilitating the oxygen reduction reaction. However, the symmetrical distribution of electrons within the metal-N4 moiety results in unsatisfactory adsorption strength of intermediates, thereby limiting their performance improvements. Herein, we present atomically coordination-regulated Co single-atom catalysts that comprise a symmetry-broken Cl-Co-N4 moiety, which serves to break the symmetrical electron distribution. In situ characterizations reveal the dynamic evolution of the symmetry-broken Cl-Co-N4 moiety into a coordination-reduced Cl-Co-N2 structure, effectively optimizing the 3d electron filling of Co sites toward a reduced d-band electron occupancy (d5.8 → d5.28) under reaction conditions for a fast four-electron oxygen reduction reaction process. As a result, the coordination-regulated Co single-atom catalysts deliver a large half-potential of 0.93 V and a mass activity of 5480 A gmetal-1. Importantly, a Zn-air battery using the coordination-regulated Co single-atom catalysts as the cathode also exhibits a large power density and excellent stability.

Tensile straining of iridium sites in manganese oxides for proton-exchange membrane water electrolysers.

Although the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) devices, challenges remain owing to the lack of efficient and acid-stable electrocatalysts. Herein, we present a low-iridium electrocatalyst in which tensile-strained iridium atoms are localized at manganese-oxide surface cation sites (TS-Ir/MnO2) for high and sustainable OER activity. In situ synchrotron characterizations reveal that the TS-Ir/MnO2 can trigger a continuous localized lattice oxygen-mediated (L-LOM) mechanism. In particular, the L-LOM process could substantially boost the adsorption and transformation of H2O molecules over the oxygen vacancies around the tensile-strained Ir sites and prevent further loss of lattice oxygen atoms in the inner MnO2 bulk to optimize the structural integrity of the catalyst. Importantly, the resultant PEMWE device fabricated using TS-Ir/MnO2 delivers a current density of 500 mA cm-2 and operates stably for 200 h.

Engineering Unsymmetrically Coordinated Fe Sites via Heteroatom Pairs Synergetic Contribution for Efficient Oxygen Reduction.

Single-atom Fe catalysts are considered as the promising catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the high electronegativity of the symmetrical coordination N atoms around Fe site generally results in too strong adsorption of *OOH intermediates on the active site, severely limiting the catalytic performance. Herein, a "heteroatom pair synergetic modulation" strategy is proposed to tailor the coordination environment and spin state of Fe sites, enabling breaking the shackles of unsuitable adsorption of intermediate products on the active centers toward a more efficient ORR pathway. The unsymmetrically Co and B heteroatomic coordinated Fe single sites supported on an N-doped carbon (Fe─B─Co/NC) catalyst perform excellent ORR activity with high half-wave potential (E1/2 ) of 0.891 V and a large kinetic current density (Jk ) of 60.6 mA cm-2 , which is several times better than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts. By virtue of in situ electrochemical impedance and synchrotron infrared spectroscopy, it is observed that the optimized Fe sites can effectively accelerate the evolution of O2 into the *O intermediate, overcoming the sluggish O─O bond cleavage of the *OOH intermediate, which is responsible for fast four-electron reaction kinetics.

Fast Modulation of d-Band Holes Quantity in the Early Reaction Stages for Boosting Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Synthesis of highly active and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts applied in acidic water electrolysis remains a grand challenge. Here, we construct a type of high-loading iridium single atom catalysts with tunable d-band holes character (h-HL-Ir SACs, ∼17.2 wt % Ir) realized in the early OER operation stages. The in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the quantity of the d-band holes of Ir active sites can be fast increased by 0.56 unit from the open circuit to a low working potential of 1.35 V. More remarkably, in situ synchrotron infrared and Raman spectroscopies demonstrate the quick accumulation of *OOH and *OH intermediates over holes-modulated Ir sites in the early reaction voltages, achieving a rapid OER kinetics. As a result, this well-designed h-HL-Ir SACs exhibits superior performance for acidic OER with overpotentials of 216 mV @10 mA cm-2 and 259 mV @100 mA cm-2 , corresponding to a small Tafel slope of 43 mV dec-1 . The activity of catalyst shows no evident attenuation after 60 h operation in acidic environment. This work provides some useful hints for the design of superior acidic OER catalysts.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of circRNAs in wheat tiller.

KEY MESSAGE: This study found that the intergenic circRNAs of wheat were more abundant than those of other plants. More importantly, a circRNA-mediated network associated with tillering was constructed for the first time. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs with covalently closed circular structures, which play an important role in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Tiller is an important agronomic trait that determines plant morphological architecture and affects spike number in wheat. However, no studies on the characteristics and functions of circRNAs involved in the regulation of wheat tiller. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification of circRNAs using ribosomal-depleted RNA-seq from wheat tiller of two pairs near-isogenic lines. A total of 686 circRNAs were identified and distributed on 21 chromosomes of wheat, of which 537 were novel circRNAs. Unlike other plants, the majority of these circRNAs (61.8%) were derived from intergenic regions. One circRNA-mediated network associated with tillering was constructed through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, including 323 circRNAs, 117 miRNAs, and 968 mRNAs. GO and pathway enrichment analysis of mRNAs suggested that these circRNAs are involved in cell cycle, ncRNA export from nucleus, developmental process, plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, RNA degradation. Of these circRNAs, ten circRNAs are associated with known tillering/branching genes in rice or Arabidopsis thaliana, including OsCesA7, EBR1, DTE1, CRD1, LPA1, PAY1, LRK1, OsNR2, OsCCA1, OsBZR1. In summary, we present the first study of the identification and characterization of circRNAs in wheat tiller, and the results suggest these circRNAs associated with tillering could play an important role in wheat tiller formation and development.

2DHeadPose: A simple and effective annotation method for the head pose in RGB images and its dataset.

Head pose estimation is one of the essential tasks in computer vision, which predicts the Euler angles of the head in an image. In recent years, CNN-based methods for head pose estimation have achieved excellent performance. Their training relies on RGB images providing facial landmarks or depth images from RGBD cameras. However, labeling facial landmarks is complex for large angular head poses in RGB images, and RGBD cameras are unsuitable for outdoor scenes. We propose a simple and effective annotation method for the head pose in RGB images. The novelty method uses a 3D virtual human head to simulate the head pose in the RGB image. The Euler angle can be calculated from the change in coordinates of the 3D virtual head. We then create a dataset using our annotation method: 2DHeadPose dataset, which contains a rich set of attributes, dimensions, and angles. Finally, we propose Gaussian label smoothing to suppress annotation noises and reflect inter-class relationships. A baseline approach is established using Gaussian label smoothing. Experiments demonstrate that our annotation method, datasets, and Gaussian label smoothing are very effective. Our baseline approach surpasses most current state-of-the-art methods. The annotation tool, dataset, and source code are publicly available at https://github.com/youngnuaa/2DHeadPose.

Regulating the scaling relationship for high catalytic kinetics and selectivity of the oxygen reduction reaction.

The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is at the heart of modern sustainable energy technologies. However, the linear scaling relationship of this multistep reaction now becomes the bottleneck for accelerating kinetics. Herein, we propose a strategy of using intermetallic-distance-regulated atomic-scale bimetal assembly (ABA) that can catalyse direct O‒O radical breakage without the formation of redundant *OOH intermediates, which could regulate the inherent linear scaling relationship and cause the ORR on ABA to follow a fast-kinetic dual-sites mechanism. Using in situ synchrotron spectroscopy, we directly observe that a self-adjustable N-bridged Pt = N2 = Fe assembly promotes the generation of a key intermediate state (Pt‒O‒O‒Fe) during the ORR process, resulting in high reaction kinetics and selectivity. The well-designed Pt = N2 = Fe ABA catalyst achieves a nearly two orders of magnitude enhanced kinetic current density at the half-wave potential of 0.95 V relative to commercial Pt/C and an almost 99% efficiency of 4-electron pathway selectivity, making it one of the potential ORR catalysts for application to the energy device of zinc‒air cells. This study provides a helpful design principle for developing and optimizing other efficient ORR electrocatalysts.

Synergetic Dual-Ion Centers Boosting Metal Organic Framework Alloy Catalysts toward Efficient Two Electron Oxygen Reduction.

Herein, a strategy of synergetic dual-metal-ion centers to boost transition-metal-based metal organic framework (MOF) alloy nanomaterials as active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) generation is proposed. Through a facile one-pot wet chemical method, a series of MOF alloys with unique Ni-M (M-Co, Cu, Zn) synergetic centers are synthesized, where the strong metallic ions 3d-3d synergy can effectively inhibit O2 cleavage on Ni sites toward a favorable two-electron ORR pathway. Impressively, the well-designed NiZn MOF alloy catalysts show an excellent H2 O2 selectivity up to 90% during ORR, evidently outperforming that of NiCo MOF (45%), and NiCu MOF (55%). Moreover, it sustains efficient activity and robust stability under a continuous longterm ORR operation. The correlative in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray adsorption fine structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses reveal at the atomic level that, the higher Ni oxidation states species, regulated via adjacent Zn2+ ions, are favorable for optimizing the adsorption energetics of key *OOH intermediates toward fast two electron ORR kinetics.

Identification and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Spike-Layer Uniformity in Wheat.

Spike-layer uniformity (SLU), the consistency of the spike distribution in the vertical space, is an important trait. It directly affects the yield potential and appearance. Revealing the genetic basis of SLU will provide new insights into wheat improvement. To map the SLU-related quantitative trait loci (QTL), 300 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that were derived from a cross between H461 and Chinese Spring were used in this study. The RILs and parents were tested in fields from two continuous years from two different pilots. Phenotypic analysis showed that H461 was more consistent in the vertical spatial distribution of the spike layer than in Chinese Spring. Based on inclusive composite interval mapping, four QTL were identified for SLU. There were two major QTL on chromosomes 2BL and 2DL and two minor QTL on chromosomes 1BS and 2BL that were identified. The additive effects of QSlu.sicau-1B, Qslu.sicau-2B-2, and QSlu.sicau-2D were all from the parent, H461. The major QTL, QSlu.sicau-2B-2 and QSlu.sicau-2D, were detected in each of the conducted trials. Based on the best linear unbiased prediction values, the two loci explained 23.97% and 15.98% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Compared with previous studies, the two major loci were potentially novel and the two minor loci were overlapped. Based on the kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker, the genetic effects for QSlu.sicau-2B-2 were validated in an additional RIL population. The genetic effects ranged from 26.65% to 32.56%, with an average value of 30.40%. In addition, QSlu.sicau-2B-2 showed a significant (p < 0.01) and positive influence on the spike length, spikelet number, and thousand kernel weight. The identified QTL and the developed KASP marker will be helpful for fine-mapping these loci, finally contributing to wheat breeding programs in a marker-assisted selection way.

Fine mapping of the tiller inhibition gene TIN4 contributing to ideal plant architecture in common wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: A tiller inhibition gene, TIN4, was mapped to an approximately 311 kb genomic interval on chromosome arm 2DL of wheat. The tiller is one of the key components of plant morphological architecture and a central agronomic trait affecting spike number in wheat. Low tiller number has been proposed as a major component of crop ideotypes for high yield potential. In this study, we characterized the development of tillering in near-isogenic lines (NIL7A and NIL7B), indicating that the TIN4 gene inhibited the growth of tillering buds and negatively regulated tiller number. Low-tillering was controlled by a single gene (TIN4) located on chromosome 2DL by genetic analysis and bulked segregant RNA-seq analysis. A total of 17 new polymorphic markers were developed in this study, and 61 recombinants were identified in the secondary F2 population containing 4,266 individuals. TIN4 was finally mapped on a 0.35 cM interval, co-segregated with molecular marker M380, within a 311 kb genomic interval of the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring reference genome sequence that contained twelve predicted genes. Yield experiments showed that the yield of low-tillering lines was higher than that of high-tillering lines at a higher density. Overall, this study provides a foundation for the construction of a low-tillering ideotype for improving wheat yield and further cloning TIN4 by map-based cloning approach.

In Situ Construction of Flexible VNi Redox Centers over Ni-Based MOF Nanosheet Arrays for Electrochemical Water Oxidation.

Atomic-level design and construction of synergistic active centers are central to develop advanced oxygen electrocatalysts toward efficient energy conversion. Herein, an in situ construction strategy to introduce flexible redox sites of VNi centers onto Ni-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheet arrays (NiV-MOF NAs) as a promising oxygen electrocatalyst is developed. The abundant redox VNi centers with flexible metal valence states of V+3/+4/+5 and Ni+3/+2 enable NiV-MOF NAs excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and a long-term stability under high current densities, achieving current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2 at recorded overpotentials of 189 and 290 mV, respectively, and showing ignorable decay of initial activity at 100 mA cm-2 after 100 h OER operation. Operando synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared combined with quasi in situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies reveal at atomic level that the flexible V sites can continuously accept electrons from adjacent active Ni sites to accelerate OER kinetics for NiV-MOF NAs during the reaction process, accompanied by a self-optimized structural distortion of VO6 octahedron for promoting the electrochemical stability.

Dynamic CoRu Bond Shrinkage at Atomically Dispersed Ru Sites for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Accurately manipulating the electronic structure of metal active sites under working conditions is central to developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts in industrial water-alkali electrolyzers. However, the lack of an intuitive means to capture the evolution of metal sites during the reaction state inhibits the manipulation of its electronic structure. Here, atomically dispersed Ru single-sites on cobalt nanoparticles confined onto macro-microporous frameworks (M-Co NPs@Ru SAs/NC) with tunable electron coupling effect for efficient catalysis of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are constructed. Using operando X-ray absorption and infrared spectroscopies, a dynamic CoRu bond shrinkage with strong electron coupling effect under working conditions is identified, which significantly promotes the adsorption of water molecules and then accelerates its dissociation to form the key H* over Ru sites for high HER activity. The well-designed M-Co NPs@Ru SAs/NC delivers efficient HER performance with a small overpotential of 34 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a high turnover frequency of ≈4284 H2  h-1 at -0.05 V, 40 times higher than that of the benchmark Pt/C. This work provides a new point of view to manipulate the electronic structure of the metal active sites for highly effective electrocatalysis processes.

In-situ spectroscopic observation of dynamic-coupling oxygen on atomically dispersed iridium electrocatalyst for acidic water oxidation.

Uncovering the dynamics of active sites in the working conditions is crucial to realizing increased activity, enhanced stability and reduced cost of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane electrolytes. Herein, we identify at the atomic level potential-driven dynamic-coupling oxygen on atomically dispersed hetero-nitrogen-configured Ir sites (AD-HN-Ir) in the OER working conditions to successfully provide the atomically dispersed Ir electrocatalyst with ultrahigh electrochemical acidic OER activity. Using in-situ synchrotron radiation infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopies, we directly observe that one oxygen atom is formed at the Ir active site with an O-hetero-Ir-N4 structure as a more electrophilic active centre in the experiment, which effectively promotes the generation of key *OOH intermediates under working potentials; this process is favourable for the dissociation of H2O over Ir active sites and resistance to over-oxidation and dissolution of the active sites. The optimal AD-HN-Ir electrocatalyst delivers a large mass activity of 2860 A gmetal-1 and a large turnover frequency of 5110 h-1 at a low overpotential of 216 mV (10 mA cm-2), 480-510 times larger than those of the commercial IrO2. More importantly, the AD-HN-Ir electrocatalyst shows no evident deactivation after continuous 100 h OER operation in an acidic medium.

Self-Nanocavity-Confined Halogen Anions Boosting the High Selectivity of the Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Pathway over Ni-Based MOFs.

We present a strategy of self-nanocavity confinement for substantially boosting the superior electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) selectivity for conductive metal-organic framework (MOF) materials. By using operando synchrotron radiation X-ray adsorption fine structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, the dissociation of key *OOH intermediates during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is effectively suppressed over the self-nanocavity-confined X-Ni MOF (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) catalysts, contributing to a favorable two-electron ORR pathway for highly efficient H2O2 production. As a result, the as-prepared Br-confined Ni MOF catalyst significantly promotes H2O2 selectivity up to 90% in an alkaline solution, evidently outperforming the pristine Ni MOF catalyst (40%). Moreover, a maximal faradic efficiency of 86% with a high cumulative H2O2 yield rate of 596 mmol gcatalyst-1 h-1 for electrochemical H2O2 generation is achieved by the Br-confined Ni MOF catalyst.

Identification of lncRNAs involved in wheat tillering development in two pairs of near-isogenic lines.

Emerging evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs participate in various developmental processes in plants via post-transcription regulation. However, few lncRNAs have been identified as regulators of tiller development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, high-throughput ribosomal depleted RNA sequencing was performed on the tillering nodes of two pairs of near-isogenic lines that differed only in the tillering trait. We identified 5399 lncRNA transcripts using bioinformational analyses. KEGG pathway analysis revealed 74 common differentially expressed lncRNAs substantially enriched in photosynthesis-related, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phosphatidylinositol signaling, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, zeatin biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Detailed functional annotations of target genes were used to identify 27 tillering-associated lncRNAs. Among these, 10 were in photosynthesis-related pathways; 15 were in secondary metabolite pathways; and 8 were in plant hormone pathways, with 6 enriched in two kinds of pathways. These findings contribute to identifying tillering-associated lncRNAs in wheat and enable further investigation into the functions and roles of key candidate lncRNAs, and more experimental evidence was also needed if breeders wanted to utilize these candidate lncRNAs in wheat crop yield improvement in the future.

Dynamic Evolution of Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces over Single-Atom Active Sites.

The structural dynamics of the solid-liquid interfaces (SLEIs) determines the chemistry in all electrochemical processes. Here, by combining multiple operando synchrotron spectroscopies, we identify at the atomic level a general evolution of single-atom Ni at SLEIs into a near-free atom state in the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We uncover that the single-atom Ni at SLEIs tends to be dynamically released from the nitrogen-carbon substrate and then forms a near-free, isolated-zigzag active site (Ni1(2-δ)+N2) during the reaction. This isolated-zigzag Ni1(2-δ)+N2 active site facilitates the adsorption and dissociation of O2 into a crucial *O intermediate within the electrical double layers, realizing a highly efficient single-atom catalyst with the best ORR performance in alkaline solutions reported thus far. These findings may pave a general way for dissecting other important structural dynamic processes at SLEIs, such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and CO2 reduction reactions.

Crystallinity dependence for high-selectivity electrochemical oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide.

We report a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analog, Ni3(HITP)2, with an adjustable crystalline structure for mediating efficient selectivity toward hydrogen peroxide. The as-prepared 5-Ni3(HITP)2 catalyst with low crystallinity can electrocatalyze O2 to H2O2 with a high selectivity of 80% over a wide potential range of 0.2-0.6 V vs. RHE and with a large mass activity of 292 A gNi-1 at 0.25 V in 0.1 M KOH.