Physiological mechanism of strigolactone enhancing tolerance to low light stress in cucumber seedlings.

Strigolactone is a newly discovered type of plant hormone that has multiple roles in modulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous GR24 (a synthetic analogue of strigolactone) on plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, carbohydrate levels, endogenous strigolactone content and antioxidant metabolism in cucumber seedlings under low light stress. The results showed that the application of 10 µM GR24 can increase the photosynthetic efficiency and plant biomass of low light-stressed cucumber seedlings. GR24 increased the accumulation of carbohydrates and the synthesis of sucrose-related enzyme activities, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant substance contents, and reduced the levels of H2O2 and MDA in cucumber seedlings under low light stress. These results indicate that exogenous GR24 might alleviate low light stress-induced growth inhibition by regulating the assimilation of carbon and antioxidants and endogenous strigolactone contents, thereby enhancing the tolerance of cucumber seedlings to low light stress.

Safety and efficacy of vaginal laser therapy for stress urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Laser therapy has recently been proposed as a novel treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to offering several advantages. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laser treatment of SUI by a meta-analysis. METHODS: The systematic review registration number is INPLASY202080001. A comprehensive search to identify relevant studies was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang databases with a cutoff date of 1 November, 2020. Outcome measures were extracted based on subjective and objective indexes, including International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12), and objective measurements "1-hour pad test" (1-hour test under standardized conditions). Score changes before and after treatment were evaluated through meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed according to geographic region, type of urinary incontinence (UI), severity of UI, age, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Sixteen published clinical research studies, involving 899 patients with SUI, were included in this study. After laser treatment, the change in the ICIQ-SF score at 1, 2, and 6 months was -5.49 (95% CI: -6.74--4.24; I2=91%, P<0.01), -4.97 (95% CI: -6.24--3.71), and -5.48 (95% CI: -6.15--4.81), respectively. The improvement in 1-hour pad weight test results at 1, 3, and 12 months post treatment was -5.59 (95% CI: -6.93--4.25), -4.96 (95% CI: -6.73--3.20), and -5.82 (95% CI: -6.77--4.87), respectively. The PISQ-12 score increased by 5.39 (95% CI: 1.20-9.58) following treatment. Subgroup analysis identified the type and severity of UI as the potential source of heterogeneity. Adverse effects were reported in 6 of the 16 trials and affected only a small number of patients. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and required no medical intervention or resolved in a few days. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal laser therapy appears to be a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment option for SUI that can be well tolerated by patients.

Expression, purification, and characterization of phospholipase B1 from Candida albicans in Escherichia coli.

Candida albicans is an important fungal pathogen that causes a wide variety of human infections, ranging from mucocutaneous infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Phospholipase B1 (PLB1) has been reported to be directly responsible for C. albicans pathogenicity and is likely to be involved in the early steps of host invasion. Therefore, PLB1 could be a potential marker for diagnosis of C. albicans infection. In this study, PLB1 was expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system. Recombinant PLB1 is found in inclusion bodies and constitutes up to 38.4% of total insoluble protein. After refolding in a GSH/GSSG redox system, GST-tagged PLB1 was purified by GST-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and then cleaved with thrombin to remove the GST-tag. The recombinant PLB1 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. The final yield of purified PLB1 was approximately 15.6 mg from 100 mL of bacterial cell culture, and its concentration was 784 µg/µL. The recombinant PLB1 could form a white precipitation zone on egg yolk agar plate, suggesting its phospholipase activity. Moreover, the maximum activity of PLB1 was 68 IU/mg at pH 6.0, 37 °C. Therefore, recombinant PLB1 has potential application in structural analytical studies, or diagnosis of C. albicans infection.

Effectiveness and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia.

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) represents the most frequent clinical complaint encountered by dermatologists and is characterized by a progressive miniaturization of the hair follicle. However, the efficacy and safety of current medical treatment remain limited, and more personalized therapeutic approaches for AGA are needed. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in patients with AGA. METHODS: 63 patients with AGA meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this study and treated with BTA injection or BTA injection combined with oral finasteride (FNS). In the scalp, 30 sites were injected with 100 U of BTA in each site and patients received BTA after every 3 months for a total of 4 times. Hair counts, head photographs, evaluation scores, and self-assessment were assessed in patients with AGA. RESULTS: Hair counts in both groups at all time points were significantly higher as compared with those before treatment. After 4 times of treatment, hair counts in the BTA+FNS group were higher than those in the BTA group. Hair growth and density were significantly augmented, and the area of hair loss was attenuated after each treatment as revealed by head photographs. The effective rates of BTA and BTA+FNS groups were 73.3% and 84.8%, respectively, following 4 times treatment. CONCLUSION: BTA is a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AGA without adverse effects, and BTA combined with FNS exhibited a superior therapeutic effect than BTA alone.

Predictive habitat suitability modeling of deep-sea framework-forming scleractinian corals in the Gulf of Mexico.

Framework-forming scleractinian (FFS) corals provide structurally complex habitats to support abundant and diverse benthic communities but are vulnerable to environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances. Scientific modeling of suitable habitat provides important insights into the impact of the environmental conditions and fills the gap in the knowledge on habitat suitability. This study presents predictive habitat suitability modeling for deep-sea (depth > 50 m) FFS corals in the GoM. We first conducted a nonparametric estimate of the observed coral point process intensity as a function of each numeric environmental variable. Next, we performed species distribution modeling (SDM) using an assemble of four machine learning models - maximum entropy (ME), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and deep neural network (DNN). We found that most important variables controlling the coral distribution are super-dominant gravel and rock substrata, SW and SE aspects, slope steepness, salinity, depth, temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a. Highly suitable habitats are predicted to be on the continental slope off Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi and the shelf and slope of the West Florida Escarpment. All the four models have outstanding prediction performances with AUC values over 0.95. DNN model performs best (AUC = 0.987). The study contributes to coral habitat modeling research by presenting unique methods including nonparametric function of coral point process intensity, DNN and SVM models that have not been used in coral SDM, post-classification model assembling, and percentile approach to determine a threshold value for classifying a suitability score map into a binary map. Our findings would help support conservation prioritization, management and planning, and guide new field exploration.

Heterotypic cell-in-cell structures in colon cancer can be regulated by IL-6 and lead to tumor immune escape.

Heterotypic CICs (cell-in-cell structures) have been found between tumor cells and various immune cells in a variety of cancer tissues. The frequency of CICs has been found to correlate with tumor malignancy in some studies but not in others. Herein, we examined in depth the CICs observed in colon cancer to determine their potential significance in disease progression. Heterotypic CICs were observed by histochemistry between epithelial cells and lymphocytes in an expanded spectrum of colon tissue from colitis to cancer and in vitro studies were performed using the colonic tumor cell line HCT8 and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our data revealed that the CICs formed by colonic epithelial cells and infiltrated lymphocytes not only positively correlated with tumor malignancy but also were upregulated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. In addition, we observed that colon cancer cells could initiate autophagy for survival after cytotoxic lymphocyte internalization and that IL-6 could also be involved in this process to promote the death of lymphocytes in CIC structures. Furthermore, certain changes were observed in tumor cells after experiencing CICs. Our findings suggest that CICs formed by colon cancer cells and lymphocytes contribute to tumor escape from immune surveillance, which could be facilitated by IL-6, and might represent a previously undescribed pathway for tumor cells to adapt and evade host immune defense.

Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway ameliorates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via HIF-1α-dependent functional TRPC channels.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) can be modulated by Rho/Rho kinase signaling, which can alter HPV vascular function via regulating myosin light chain phosphorylation, in a manner generally believed to be Ca2+-independent. We hypothesized that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway also can regulate HPV vascular function via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, signaling through the functional transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. In this study, male BALB/c mice were exposed to normoxic or 10% oxygen (hypoxic) conditions for six weeks, after which systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy were assessed. Transient intracellular calcium was monitored using a fluorescence imaging system. Muscle tension was measured with a contractile force recording system, and protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting. We found that the expressions of RhoA and ROCK were increased in mouse pulmonary arteries (PAs) under conditions of chronic hypoxia. Inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway prevented the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), as evidenced by significantly reduced PA remodeling and pulmonary vasoconstriction. Immunoblotting results revealed that inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway significantly decreased the expression of HIF-1α. Knockdown of HIF-1α down-regulated the expression and function of the TRPC1 and TRPC6 channels in PASMCs under conditions of hypoxia. Contraction of the PAs and a Ca2+ influx into PASMCs through either receptor- or store-operated Ca2+ channels were also increased after hypoxia. However, RhoA/ROCK inhibitors markedly attenuated these changes. These results indicate that inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway ameliorates HPH via HIF-1α-dependent functional TRPCs.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis Are Attenuated on κ-Opioid Receptor Activation Through AMPK/GSK-3ß Pathway After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion.

Previous studies have shown that κ-opioid receptor activation possesses cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether mitochondrial dysfunction after MI/R is regulated by the κ-opioid receptor and to further explore the underlying mechanisms involved. MI/R rat model was established in vivo, and a hypoxia and reoxygenation cardiomyocytes model was used in vitro. Mitochondrial morphology and function as well as myocardial apoptosis were determined. Our data indicated that treatment with U50,488H (a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist) not only reduced apoptosis but also significantly improved mitochondrial morphology and function. These effects were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI, a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist), Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), and AR-A014418 (a GSK3ß inhibitor). Moreover, in cardiomyocytes, treatment with U50,488H significantly increased the expression in phosphorylation of AMPK and the phosphorylation of GSK3ß. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with AMPKα siRNA decreased the phosphorylation of AMPK and GSK3ß. Moreover, AMPK activation resulted in the phosphorylation of GSK3ß. Our findings suggested that U50,488H exerted cardioprotective effects by improving mitochondrial morphology and function against MI/R injury through activation of the κ-opioid receptor-mediated AMPK/GSK3ß pathway.

[Association between serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism and clinicopathological factors and effect of the polymorphism on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the genotype (LL, LS and SS) of serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism(5-HTTLPR) and clinicopathological factors, and to investigate the effect of 5-HTTLPR on the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Data of peripheral blood samples of 161 colorectal cancer patients at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from October 2009 to January 2014 were collected retrospectively. The genotyping of 5-HTTLPR was determined by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. Coincidence Chi-square test was used to examine the 5-HTTLPR genotype with Hardy-Weinberg law. Chi-square test and Cox multifactor model were used to analyze the association of 5-HTTLPR genotype with clinicopathology and prognosis. All the patients were informed and agreed to participate in the study. This study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee (2015056). RESULTS: Of 161 colorectal cancer patients, 89 were male and 72 were female; the median age was 64 (25-85) years; 86 (53.5%) cases were colon cancer and 75 (46.5%) were rectal cancer. Genotype was LL in 12 cases, LS in 59 cases and SS in 90 cases, which complied with the law of Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance (χ²=0.288, P=0.592). Univariate analysis showed that 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism was only associated with lymph node metastasis [lymph node metastasis rate: LL and LS genotype 21.1% (15/71);SS genotype 40.0% (36/90), χ²= 6.532, P=0.011]. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates of whole patients were 71% and 63% respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the SS genotype was an independent risk factor affecting the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients(HR=1.933, 95%CI:1.090-3.428, P=0.024). CONCLUSION: Among genotypes of 5-HTTLPR gene, colorectal cancer patients with SS genotype have higher risk of lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis.

κ-opioid receptor activation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via AMPK/Akt/eNOS signaling activation.

This study aims to investigate the effect of κ-opioid receptor activation on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion(I/R) injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Myocardial I/R rat model and simulated I/R cardiomyocytes model were established. In vivo study showed that U50,488 H improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial infarct size and serum cTnT significantly. The effect of U50,488 H was abolished by nor-BNI(a κ-opioid receptor antagonist), Compound C(an AMPK inhibitor), Akt inhibitor and L-NAME(an eNOS inhibitor). AICAR, an AMPK activator, mimicked the effect of U50,488 H. U50,488 H up-regulated p-AMPK, p-Akt, and p-eNOS, which were abolished by nor-BNI. AICAR increased p-Akt and p-eNOS, which was abolished by Compound C. In vitro study showed that U50,488 H increased p-AMPK, p-Akt, and p-eNOS via κ-OR activation. The effect of U50,488 H on p-AMPK was abolished by compound C, but not Akt inhibitor and L-NAME. The effect of U50,488 H on p-Akt was abolished by compound C and Akt inhibitor, but not L-NAME. AICAR increased p-Akt and p-eNOS, which was abolished by Akt inhibitor, but not L-NAME. U50,488 H and AICAR also increased the viability of cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated I/R, the effects of U50,488 H and AICAR were blocked by nor-BNI, Compound C, Akt inhibitor, and L-NAME, respectively. In conclusion, κ-OR activation confers cardioprotection via AMPK/Akt/eNOS signaling.

Quaternary ammonium salt of U50,488H elicits protective effects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of quaternary ammonium salt of U50,488H (Q-U50,488H) in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and underlying mechanisms involved. A HPH animal model was established in rats under hypoxia and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and right ventricular pressure (RVP) were measured. Relaxation of the pulmonary artery in response to Q-U50,488H was determined. In addition, expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) with NO content, Akt expression, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and gp91phox were evaluated. Cell viability was determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. We demonstrated that both the molecular weight and solubility of Q-U50,488H were higher than that of U50,488H. Q-U50,488H reduced mPAP and RVP and prevented the development of HPH. Moreover, Q-U50,488H relaxed the pulmonary arteries from both normal and HPH rats in a time-dependent manner. Under hypoxic conditions, Q-U50,488H significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, eNOS phosphorylation, NO content in serum, and T-AOC in pulmonary arteries of HPH rats. In addition, the activity of eNOS was elevated, but the activity of iNOS was reduced when Q-U50,488H was given under hypoxia. Q-U50,488H significantly counteracted the increase of gp91phox expression in pulmonary arteries under hypoxia. In addition, in vitro studies suggested that Q-U50,488H inhibited pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation under hypoxic conditions and that the effects of Q-U50,488H were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI). Thus, our results provided evidence that Q-U50,488H plays a protective role against HPH via κ-opioid receptor stimulation.

Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation protects against myocardial reperfusion injury through modulation of autophagy.

Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) activation alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in α7nAChR-mediated cardioprotection and the molecular mechanisms involved. Activating α7nAChR with PNU-282987 at the initiation of reperfusion reduced myocardial infarct size in MI/R rats. PNU-282987 treatment also significantly inhibited MI/R-induced myocardial autophagy dysfunction as evidenced by the reduction of LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1 and p62 abundance. In addition, PNU-282987 treatment reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro, accompanied with the inhibition of Beclin-1-associated autophagy and the restoration of autophagic flux. Interestingly, inhibiting autophagic flux attenuated α7nAChR-afforded improvement of mitochondrial function as well as inhibition of apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistically, co-administration of PNU-282987 with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), AG490 (a JAK2 inhibitor) or Bcl-2 siRNA, but not compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), reduced Bcl-2 level and prevented the modulation of autophagy afforded by PNU-282987 in H/R cardiomyocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that α7nAChR activation inhibits Beclin-1-associated autophagy dysfunction via the JAK2/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Bcl-2 cascades, leading to cardioprotection against MI/R injury.

The impacts of pretreatment circulating eosinophils and basophils on prognosis of stage â -â ¢ colorectal cancer.

AIM: The effects of circulating eosinophils and basophils on cancer survival are unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the impacts of eosinophils and basophils on prognosis of stage I-III colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. METHODS: From February 2003 to March 2013, 569 stage I-III CRC patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The associations between pretreatment circulating eosinophils, basophils and CRC overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) were investigated. Moreover, the prognostic value of combined eosinophils/basophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR)/platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was investigated. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier methods showed the associations of eosinophils < 0.095 × 109 /L and shorter OS (P < 0.0001), eosinophils < 0.055 × 109 /L and shorter DFS (P < 0.0001), basophils < 0.015 × 109 /L and shorter OS (P = 0.001), basophils < 0.015 × 109 /L and shorter DFS (P = 0.005). Cox regression model showed that eosinophils < 0.095 × 109 /L (hazard ratio [HR], 1.723; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.177-2.523) and basophils < 0.015 × 109 /L (HR, 1.714; 95% CI = 1.152-2.548) were independent prognostic factors for OS, and eosinophils < 0.055 × 109 /L (HR, 2.309; 95% CI = 1.587-3.361) and basophils < 0.015 × 109 /L (HR, 1.397; 95% CI = 1.003-1.945) were independent prognostic factors for DFS, respectively. The combined eosinophil-PLR (HR, 2.611; 95% CI = 1.328-5.130) and basophil-PLR (HR, 2.520; 95% CI = 1.240-5.123) were the independent prognostic factors for OS. The combined eosinophil-NLR (HR, 2.770; 95% CI = 1.528-5.019) and eosinophil-PLR (HR, 4.788; 95% CI = 2.458-9.329) were the independent prognostic factors for DFS. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment circulating eosinophils < 0.095 × 109 /L/0.055 × 109 /L and circulating basophils < 0.015 × 109 /L have significant impacts on prognosis of stage I-III CRC patients.

The Protective Effects of Κ-Opioid Receptor Stimulation in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension Involve Inhibition of Autophagy Through the AMPK-MTOR Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In a previous study, we showed that κ-opioid receptor stimulation with the selective agonist U50,488H ameliorated hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). However, the roles that pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy play in κ-opioid receptor-mediated protection against HPH are still unknown. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of autophagy in U50,488H-induced HPH protection and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Rats were exposed to 10% oxygen for three weeks to induce HPH. After hypoxia, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the right ventricular pressure (RVP) were measured. Cell viability was monitored using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Western blot. Autophagy was assessed by means of the mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus transfection assay and by Western blot. RESULTS: Inhibition of autophagy by the administration of chloroquine prevented the development of HPH in the rat model, as evidenced by significantly reduced mPAP and RVP, as well as decreased autophagy. U50,488H mimicked the effects of chloroquine, and the effects of U50,488H were blocked by nor-BNI, a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist. In vitro experiments showed that the inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of PASMCs. Under hypoxia, U50,488H also significantly inhibited autophagy, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of PASMCs. These effects of U50,488H were blocked by nor-BNI. Moreover, exposure to hypoxic conditions significantly increased AMPK phosphorylation and reduced mTOR phosphorylation, and these effects were abrogated by U50,488H. The effects of U50,488H on PASMC autophagy were inhibited by AICAR, a selective AMPK agonist, or by rapamycin, a selective mTOR inhibitor. CONCLUSION: Our data provide evidence for the first time that κ-opioid receptor stimulation protects against HPH by inhibiting PASMCs autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 Converts Plant-Derived Choline to Glycine Betaine for Osmoprotection during Pre- and Post-harvest Colonization of Injured Lettuce Leaves.

Plant injury is inherent to the production and processing of fruit and vegetables. The opportunistic colonization of damaged plant tissue by human enteric pathogens may contribute to the occurrence of outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to produce. Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) responds to physicochemical stresses in cut lettuce and lettuce lysates by upregulation of several stress response pathways. We investigated the tolerance of EcO157 to osmotic stress imposed by the leakage of osmolytes from injured lettuce leaf tissue. LC-MS analysis of bacterial osmoprotectants in lettuce leaf lysates and wound washes indicated an abundant natural pool of choline, but sparse quantities of glycine betaine and proline. Glycine betaine was a more effective osmoprotectant than choline in EcO157 under osmotic stress conditions in vitro. An EcO157 mutant with a deletion of the betTIBA genes, which are required for biosynthesis of glycine betaine from imported choline, achieved population sizes twofold lower than those of the parental strain (P < 0.05) over the first hour of colonization of cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The cell concentrations of the betTIBA mutant also were 12-fold lower than those of the parental strain (P < 0.01) when grown in hypertonic lettuce lysate, indicating that lettuce leaf cellular contents provide choline for osmoprotection of EcO157. To demonstrate the utilization of available choline by EcO157 for osmoadaptation in injured leaf tissue, deuterated (D-9) choline was introduced to wound sites in MAP lettuce; LC-MS analysis revealed the conversion of D9-choline to D-9 glycine betaine in the parental strain, but no significant amounts were observed in the betTIBA mutant. The EcO157 ΔbetTIBA-ΔotsBA double mutant, which is additionally deficient in de novo synthesis of the compatible solute trehalose, was significantly less fit than the parental strain after their co-inoculation onto injured lettuce leaves and MAP cut lettuce. However, its competitive fitness followed a different time-dependent trend in MAP lettuce, likely due to differences in O2 content, which modulates betTIBA expression. Our study demonstrates that damaged lettuce leaf tissue does not merely supply EcO157 with substrates for proliferation, but also provides the pathogen with choline for its survival to osmotic stress experienced at the site of injury.

The impact of chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin on prognosis of colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The association of chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin and survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) receiving adjuvant chemotherapy is uncertain. We sought to explore the prognostic value of chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin in CRC receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and the best cut point affecting prognosis. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty stage II and III CRC patients receiving adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy from March 2003 to March 2012 were enrolled. The associations between chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin (the absolute levels of post-chemotherapy) or chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin change (change between the pre- and post-chemotherapy hemoglobins) and disease free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) of CRC, and the best cut point were investigated. RESULTS: Log rank test showed the best cut points for chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin and chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin change were respectively 90 g/L, 30 g/L. Cox regression model showed chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin < 90 g/L was the independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR, 2.221; 95% CI = 1.157-4.262), OS (HR, 2.058; 95% CI = 1.009-4.197), respectively, but no association of chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin change ⩾ 30g/L and DFS (HR, 2.063; 95% CI = 0.929-4.583), OS (HR, 1.386; 95% CI = 0.553-3.471) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy-associated hemoglobin < 90 g/L has a significant prognostic value in CRC receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, which is a significant biomarker in the individualized management and may suggest the simple indication for the treatment of anemia in adjuvant chemotherapy in CRC.

Preoperative peripheral plasma fibrinogen level is an independent prognostic marker in penile cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: High levels of peripheral plasma fibrinogen have recently been revealed that related to poor clinical prognosis in various types of malignant tumors. The purpose of this research was to identify the prognostic significance of the preoperative peripheral serum fibrinogen level in patients with penile cell carcinoma. METHODS: This retrospective research included 72 penile cancer patients with date about their serum fibrinogen value before surgery who undergone either partial or radical penectomy at The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University between January 2002 to January 2012. They had a mean follow-up of 30.8 months. To determine the factors that were significant in predicting a patient's prognosis, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed according to the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: The 5-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rate was 62.4% of patients with preoperative fibrinogen levels below 340 mg/dl and 41.9% for those with higher levels (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the pathological T stage (p < 0.001), tumor grade (p = 0.036), postoperative chemotherapy (p = 0.041), nodal metastasis(p < 0.001), pathological type (p < 0.001) and fibrinogen (p = 0.023) were independent prognostic factors for survival. Patients with low fibrinogen level (<340mg/dl) had significantly longer CSS and the different survival rate were defined using the log-rank test. CONCLUSIONS: The high preoperative peripheral serum fibrinogen level was related to poor survival in penile cancer patients. Fibrinogen may serve as a powerful predictor of CSS in penile cancer patients.

Role of dynorphin in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Previously study showed κ-opioid receptor stimulation with exogenous κ-opioid receptor agonist elicited a protective effect against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). However, the effect of endogenous κ-opioid receptor agonist dynorphin A on HPH remains unclear. This study was to determine the role of dynorphin in HPH. Hypoxia for 2 weeks induced HPH. Compared with the HPH group, the HPH + nor-BNI (a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist) group showed a significant increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP). Exogenous treatment with dynorphin A 1-13 significantly decreased mPAP in HPH rat. In addition, we evaluated the effect of exogenous κ-opioid receptor agonist U50,488H on mPAP. The anti-HPH effect of dynorphin A was less than that of U50,488H. Meanwhile, level of dynorphin A in serum and lung was increased during hypoxia for 2 weeks, while it decreased after hypoxia for 4 weeks. In addition, both the level of ET-1 and AngII were increased during hypoxia. Dynorphin A 1-13 and U50,488H time-dependently relaxed pulmonary artery from both normal and HPH rats. The relaxation of dynorphin A was less than that of U50,488H. Dynorphin A 1-13 inhibited the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) during hypoxia, which was blocked by nor-BNI. κ-opioid receptor expression increased in PASMCs in both normoxia exposed to dynorphin A 1-13 and during hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced increase was enhanced by dynorphin A 1-13 and abolished by nor-BNI. In conclusion, endogenous dynorphin A released in the early stage of hypoxia plays a protective effect against HPH via stimulation of κ-opioid receptor.

Downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica.

BACKGROUND: Downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete Bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. Invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. The occurrence of outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens under controlled laboratory conditions. RESULTS: Whereas both EcO157 and S. Typhimurium population sizes increased 10(2)-fold on healthy leaf tissue under conditions of warm temperature and free water on the leaves, they increased by 10(5)-fold in necrotic lesions caused by B. lactucae. Confocal microscopy of GFP-EcO157 in the necrotic tissue confirmed its massive population density and association with the oomycete hyphae. Multiplication of EcO157 in the diseased tissue was significantly lower in the RH08-0464 lettuce line, which has a high level of resistance to downy mildew than in the more susceptible cultivar Triple Threat. qRT-PCR quantification of expression of the plant basal immunity gene PR-1, revealed that this gene had greater transcriptional activity in line RH08-0464 than in cultivar Triple Threat, indicating that it may be one of the factors involved in the differential growth of the human pathogen in B. lactucae lesions between the two lettuce accessions. Additionally, downy mildew disease had a significant effect on the colonization of EcO157 at high relative humidity (RH 90-100%) and on its persistence at lower RH (65-75%). The latter conditions, which promoted overall dryness of the lettuce leaf surface, allowed for only 0.0011% and 0.0028% EcO157 cell survival in healthy and chlorotic tissue, respectively, whereas 1.58% of the cells survived in necrotic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that downy mildew significantly alters the behavior of enteric pathogens in the lettuce phyllosphere and that breeding for resistance to B. lactucae may lower the increased risk of microbial contamination caused by this plant pathogen.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty.

CONCLUSION: Delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty had no predisposition for gender or side. It seemed that prednisolone alone without antiviral drugs was enough for the treatment of delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty. METHODS: The cases with delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty treated from January 2005 to January 2014 at our hospital were included in the study, and their clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of delayed facial palsy after tympanoplasty was 1.1% (16/1420 cases). Facial palsy occurred between 5 and 14 days (average 7.4 ± 1.8 days) after surgery. The incidence of delayed facial palsy was not different between males and females (p > 0.05). Also there was no significant difference between left and right side (p > 0.05). All patients were treated by prednisolone alone, and their facial nerve recovered to HB grade I after 3 weeks to 2 months without any sequelae.