Discrete Macrocyclic Polymer Hosts-Induced Cascade Luminescence Enhancement and Application in Bioimaging.

The integration of polymers, supramolecular macrocycles and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules provides numerous possibilities for constructing various functional supramolecular systems. Herein, we constructed supramolecular assembled systems based on discrete macrocyclic polymer hosts via the cooperation of hydra-headed macrocycles containing two or three pillar[5]arene units (defined as P2, P3), the block polymer F127 and AIE molecules (alkyl-cyano modified tetraphenylethene, alkyl-triazole-cyano modified 9,10-distyrylanthracene, defined as TPE-(CN)4 and DSA-(TACN)2). Compared with the binary assembly between hydra-headed hosts or F127 and AIE molecules, cascaded supramolecular assembly-induced emission enhancement (SAIEE) in aqueous solution was achieved in discrete macrocyclic polymer-based supramolecular assembled systems. Considering the cascaded SAIEE performance, we have successfully applied discrete macrocyclic polymer-based supramolecular assembled systems to bioimaging and constructed an artificial light-harvesting system (LHs) to explore more potential applications. The supramolecular assembly form of discrete macrocyclic polymers hosts and AIE molecules proposed in this work provides new inspiration for the construction and application of high-performance supramolecular luminescent systems.

Hyperactivation of mTOR/eIF4E Signaling Pathway Promotes the Production of Tryptophan-To-Phenylalanine Substitutants in EBV-Positive Gastric Cancer.

Although messenger RNA translation is tightly regulated to preserve protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis, chronic exposure to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in several cancers can lead to tryptophan (Trp) shortage via the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)- kynurenine pathway and therefore promotes the production of aberrant peptides by ribosomal frameshifting and tryptophan-to-phenylalanine (W>F) codon reassignment events (substitutants) specifically at Trp codons. However, the effect of Trp depletion on the generation of aberrant peptides by ribosomal mistranslation in gastric cancer (GC) is still obscure. Here, it is shows that the abundant infiltrating lymphocytes in EBV-positive GC continuously secreted IFN-γ, upregulated IDO1 expression, leading to Trp shortage and the induction of W>F substitutants. Intriguingly, the production of W>F substitutants in EBV-positive GC is linked to antigen presentation and the activation of the mTOR/eIF4E signaling pathway. Inhibiting either the mTOR/eIF4E pathway or EIF4E expression counteracted the production and antigen presentation of W>F substitutants. Thus, the mTOR/eIF4E pathway exposed the vulnerability of gastric cancer by accelerating the production of aberrant peptides and boosting immune activation through W>F substitutant events. This work proposes that EBV-positive GC patients with mTOR/eIF4E hyperactivation may benefit from anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Nomogram for predicting pathological response to neoadjuvant treatment in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer: Data from a phase III clinical trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish a nomogram using routinely available clinicopathological parameters to predict the pathological response in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) undergoing neoadjuvant treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted this study based on the ongoing Neo-CRAG trial, a prospective study focused on preoperative treatment in patients with LAGC. A total of 221 patients who underwent surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between June 2013 and July 2022 were included in the analysis. We defined complete or near-complete pathological regression and ypN0 as good response (GR), and determined the prognostic value of GR by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Eventually, a nomogram for predicting GR was developed based on statistically identified predictors through multivariate logistic regression analysis and internally validated by the bootstrap method. RESULTS: GR was confirmed in 54 patients (54/221, 24.4%). Patients who achieved GR had a longer progression-free survival and overall survival. Then, five independent factors, including pretreatment tumor differentiation, clinical T stage, monocyte count, CA724 level, and the use of nCRT, were identified. Based on these predictors, the nomogram was established with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.777 (95% CI, 0.705-0.850) and a bias-corrected AUC of 0.752. CONCLUSION: A good pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment was associated with an improved prognosis in LAGC patients. The nomogram we established exhibits a high predictive capability for GR, offering potential value in devising personalized and precise treatment strategies for LAGC patients.

The perilous consequences of bowel preparation: a case study with literature review of Boerhaave syndrome.

Colonoscopy is widely acknowledged as a prevalent and efficacious approach for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. In order to guarantee an effective colonoscopy, it is imperative for patients to undergo an optimal bowel preparation regimen. This entails the consumption of a substantial volume of a non-absorbable solution to comprehensively purge the colon of any fecal residue. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy to acknowledge that the bowel preparation procedure may occasionally elicit adverse symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. In exceptional instances, the occurrence of excessive vomiting may lead to the rupture of the distal esophagus, a grave medical condition referred to as Boerhaave syndrome (BS). Timely identification and efficient intervention are imperative for the management of this infrequent yet potentially perilous ailment. This investigation presents a case study of a patient who developed BS subsequent to the ingestion of mannitol during bowel preparation. Furthermore, an exhaustive examination of extant case reports and pertinent literature on esophageal perforation linked to colonoscopy has been conducted. This analysis provides valuable insights into the prevention, reduction, and treatment of such serious complications.

Perioperative toripalimab and chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial.

Perioperative chemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer, and the addition of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor is under investigation. In this randomized, open-label, phase 2 study (NEOSUMMIT-01), patients with resectable gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer clinically staged as cT3-4aN + M0 were randomized (1:1) to receive either three preoperative and five postoperative 3-week cycles of SOX/XELOX (chemotherapy group, n = 54) or PD-1 inhibitor toripalimab plus SOX/XELOX, followed by toripalimab monotherapy for up to 6 months (toripalimab plus chemotherapy group, n = 54). The primary endpoint was pathological complete response or near-complete response rate (tumor regression grade (TRG) 0/1). The results showed that patients in the toripalimab plus chemotherapy group achieved a higher proportion of TRG 0/1 than those in the chemotherapy group (44.4% (24 of 54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 30.9%-58.6%) versus 20.4% (11 of 54, 95% CI: 10.6%-33.5%)), and the risk difference of TRG 0/1 between toripalimab plus chemotherapy group and chemotherapy group was 22.7% (95% CI: 5.8%-39.6%; P = 0.009), meeting a prespecified endpoint. In addition, a higher pathological complete response rate (ypT0N0) was observed in the toripalimab plus chemotherapy group (22.2% (12 of 54, 95% CI: 12.0%-35.6%) versus 7.4% (4 of 54, 95% CI: 2.1%-17.9%); P = 0.030), and surgical morbidity (11.8% in the toripalimab plus chemotherapy group versus 13.5% in the chemotherapy group) and mortality (1.9% versus 0%), and treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events (35.2% versus 29.6%) were comparable between the treatment groups. In conclusion, the addition of toripalimab to chemotherapy significantly increased the proportion of patients achieving TRG 0/1 compared to chemotherapy alone and showed a manageable safety profile. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04250948 .

Long-term oncological outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this multicentre cohort study was to compare the long-term oncological outcomes of robotic gastrectomy (RG) and laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: Patients with gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy by robotic or laparoscopic approaches from 1 March 2010 to 31 December 2018 at 10 high-volume centres in China were selected from institutional databases. Patients receiving RG were matched 1 : 1 by propensity score with patients undergoing LG. The primary outcome was 3-year disease-free survival. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and disease recurrence. RESULTS: Some 2055 patients who underwent RG and 4309 patients who had LG were included. The propensity score-matched cohort comprised 2026 RGs and 2026 LGs. Median follow-up was 41 (i.q.r. 39-58) months for the RG group and 39 (38-56) months for the LG group. The 3-year disease-free survival rates were 80.8% in the RG group and 79.5% in the LG group (log rank P = 0.240; HR 0.92, 95% c.i. 0.80 to 1.06; P = 0.242). Three-year OS rates were 83.9 and 81.8% respectively (log rank P = 0.068; HR 0.87, 0.75 to 1.01; P = 0.068) and the cumulative incidence of recurrence over 3 years was 19.3% versus 20.8% (HR 0.95, 0.88 to 1.03; P = 0.219), with no difference between groups. CONCLUSION: RG and LG in patients with gastric cancer are associated with comparable disease-free and overall survival.

Chromosome-level assembly and analysis of Camelina neglecta: a novel diploid model for Camelina biotechnology research.

Camelina neglecta is a new diploid Brassicaceae species, which has great research value because of its close relationship with the hexaploid oilseed crop Camelina sativa. Here, we report a chromosome-level assembly of C. neglecta with a total length of 210 Mb. By adopting PacBio sequencing and Hi-C technology, the C. neglecta genome was assembled into 6 chromosomes with scaffold N50 of 29.62 Mb. C. neglecta has undergone the whole-genome triplication (γ) shared among eudicots and two whole-genome duplications (α and ß) shared by crucifers, but it has not undergone a specific whole-genome duplication event. By synteny analysis between C. neglecta and C. sativa, we successfully used the method of calculating Ks to distinguish the three subgenomes of C. sativa and determined that C. neglecta was closest to the first subgenome (SG1) of C. sativa. Further, transcriptomic analysis revealed the key genes associated with seed oil biosynthesis and its transcriptional regulation, including SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAE1, ABI3, WRI1 and FUS3 displaying high expression levels in C. neglecta seeds. The high representability of C. neglecta as a model species for Camelina-based biotechnology research has been demonstrated for the first time. In particular, floral Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration-based transformation of C. neglecta, leading to overexpression of CvLPAT2, CpDGAT1 and CvFatB1 transgenes, was demonstrated for medium-chain fatty acid accumulation in C. neglecta seed oil. This study provides an important genomic resource and establishes C. neglecta as a new model for oilseed biotechnology research.

Two haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for AAB allotriploid bananas provide insights into banana subgenome asymmetric evolution and Fusarium wilt control.

Bananas (Musa spp.) are one of the world's most important fruit crops and play a vital role in food security for many developing countries. Most banana cultivars are triploids derived from inter- and intraspecific hybridizations between the wild diploid ancestor species Musa acuminate (AA) and M. balbisiana (BB). We report two haplotype-resolved genome assemblies of the representative AAB-cultivated types, Plantain and Silk, and precisely characterize ancestral contributions by examining ancestry mosaics across the genome. Widespread asymmetric evolution is observed in their subgenomes, which can be linked to frequent homologous exchange events. We reveal the genetic makeup of triploid banana cultivars and verify that subgenome B is a rich source of disease resistance genes. Only 58.5% and 59.4% of Plantain and Silk genes, respectively, are present in all three haplotypes, with >50% of genes being differentially expressed alleles in different subgenomes. We observed that the number of upregulated genes in Plantain is significantly higher than that in Silk at one-week post-inoculation with Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), which confirms that Plantain can initiate defense responses faster than Silk. Additionally, we compared genomic and transcriptomic differences among the genes related to carotenoid synthesis and starch metabolism between Plantain and Silk. Our study provides resources for better understanding the genomic architecture of cultivated bananas and has important implications for Musa genetics and breeding.

The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2023.

The 2023 update of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) Clinical Guidelines for Gastric Cancer focuses on standardizing cancer diagnosis and treatment in China, reflecting the latest advancements in evidence-based medicine, healthcare resource availability, and precision medicine. These updates address the differences in epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biology, treatment patterns, and drug selections between Eastern and Western gastric cancer patients. Key revisions include a structured template for imaging diagnosis reports, updated standards for molecular marker testing in pathological diagnosis, and an elevated recommendation for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage III gastric cancer. For advanced metastatic gastric cancer, the guidelines introduce new recommendations for immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy and targeted drugs, along with updated management strategies for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) patients. Additionally, the guidelines offer detailed screening recommendations for hereditary gastric cancer and an appendix listing drug treatment regimens for various stages of gastric cancer. The 2023 CSCO Clinical Guidelines for Gastric Cancer updates are based on both Chinese and international clinical research and expert consensus to enhance their applicability and relevance in clinical practice, particularly in the heterogeneous healthcare landscape of China, while maintaining a commitment to scientific rigor, impartiality, and timely revisions.

Residual circulating tumor DNA after adjuvant chemotherapy effectively predicts recurrence of stage II-III gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a promising biomarker for predicting relapse in multiple solid cancers. However, the predictive value of ctDNA for disease recurrence remains indefinite in locoregional gastric cancer (GC). Here, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of ctDNA in this context. METHODS: From 2016 to 2019, 100 patients with stage II/III resectable GC were recruited in this prospective cohort study (NCT02887612). Primary tumors were collected during surgical resection, and plasma samples were collected perioperatively and within 3 months after adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). Somatic variants were captured via a targeted sequencing panel of 425 cancer-related genes. The plasma was defined as ctDNA-positive only if one or more variants detected in the plasma were presented in at least 2% of the primary tumors. RESULTS: Compared with ctDNA-negative patients, patients with positive postoperative ctDNA had moderately higher risk of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-5.48; P = 0.003], while patients with positive post-ACT ctDNA showed remarkably higher risk (HR = 14.99, 95% CI = 3.08-72.96; P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses indicated that both postoperative and post-ACT ctDNA positivity were independent predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS). Moreover, post-ACT ctDNA achieved better predictive performance (sensitivity, 77.8%; specificity, 90.6%) than both postoperative ctDNA and serial cancer antigen. A comprehensive model incorporating ctDNA for recurrence risk prediction showed a higher C-index (0.78; 95% CI = 0.71-0.84) than the model without ctDNA (0.71; 95% CI = 0.64-0.79; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Residual ctDNA after ACT effectively predicts high recurrence risk in stage II/III GC, and the combination of tissue-based and circulating tumor features could achieve better risk prediction.

[Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tissue distribution of oral co-loaded puerarin/daidzein mixed micelles in rats].

This study investigated the drug delivery performance of oral co-loaded puerarin(PUE) and daidzein(DAZ) mixed micelles(PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs) from the perspectives of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tissue distribution. The changes in PUE plasma concentration in rats were evaluated based on PUE suspension, single drug-loaded micelles(PUE-FS/PMMs), and co-loaded micelles(PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs). Spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) were used to monitor systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure for 10 weeks after administration by tail volume manometry. The content of PUE in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and testes was determined using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that compared with PUE suspension and PUE-FS/PMMs, PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs significantly increased C_(max) in rats(P<0.01) and had a relative bioavailability of 122%. The C_(max), AUC_(0-t), AUC_(0-∞), t_(1/2), and MRT of PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs were 1.77, 1.22, 1.22, 1.17, and 1.13 times higher than those of PUE suspension, and 1.76, 1.16, 1.08, 0.84, and 0.78 times higher than those of PUE-FS/PMMs, respectively. Compared with the model control group, PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure in SHR rats(P<0.05). The antihypertensive effect of PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs was greater than that of PUE suspension, and even greater than that of PUE-FS/PMMs at high doses. Additionally, the distribution of PMMs in various tissues showed dose dependency. The distribution of PMMs in the kidney and liver, which are metabolically related tissues, was lower than that in the suspension group, while the distribution in the brain was higher than that in the conventional dose group. In conclusion, PUE/DAZ-FS/PMMs not only improved the bioavailability of PUE and synergistically enhanced its therapeutic effect but also prolonged the elimination of the drug to some extent. Furthermore, the micelles facilitated drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier. This study provides a foundation for the development of co-loaded mixed micelles containing homologous components.

Dynamic single-cell mapping unveils Epstein‒Barr virus-imprinted T-cell exhaustion and on-treatment response.

Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (GC) manifests an intriguing immunotherapy response. However, the cellular basis for EBV-imprinted tumour immunity and on-treatment response remains undefined. This study aimed to finely characterize the dynamic tumour immune contexture of human EBV (+) GC treated with immunochemotherapy by longitudinal scRNA-seq and paired scTCR/BCR-seq. EBV (+) GC exhibits an inflamed-immune phenotype with increased T-cell and B-cell infiltration. Immunochemotherapy triggers clonal revival and reinvigoration of effector T cells which step to determine treatment response. Typically, an antigen-specific ISG-15+CD8+ T-cell population is highly enriched in EBV (+) GC patients, which represents a transitory exhaustion state. Importantly, baseline intratumoural ISG-15+CD8+ T cells predict immunotherapy responsiveness among GC patients. Re-emerged clonotypes of pre-existing ISG-15+CD8+ T cells could be found after treatment, which gives rise to a CXCL13-expressing effector population in responsive EBV (+) tumours. However, LAG-3 retention may render the ISG-15+CD8+ T cells into a terminal exhaustion state in non-responsive EBV (+) tumours. In accordance, anti-LAG-3 therapy could effectively reduce tumour burden in refractory EBV (+) GC patients. Our results delineate a distinct implication of EBV-imprinted on-treatment T-cell immunity in GC, which could be leveraged to optimize the rational design of precision immunotherapy.

Preoperative chemoradiation-induced hematological toxicity and related vertebral dosimetry evaluations in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer: data from a phase III clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: To explore the hematological toxicity (HT) induced by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) and to identify the appropriate vertebral body (VB) dosimetric parameters for predicting HT in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: In the phase III study, 302 patients with GC from an ongoing multi-center randomized clinical trial (NCT01815853) were included. Patients from two major centers were grouped into training and external validation cohorts. The nCT group received three cycles of XELOX chemotherapy, while the nCRT received the same dose-reduced chemotherapy plus 45 Gy radiotherapy. The complete blood counts at baseline, during neoadjuvant treatment, and in the preoperative period were compared between the nCT and nCRT groups. The VB was retrospectively contoured and the dose-volume parameters were extracted in the nCRT group. Patients' clinical characteristics, VB dosimetric parameters, and HTs were statistically analyzed. Instances of HT were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0 (CTCAE v5.0). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to identify the optimal cut-off points for dosimetric variables and verify the prediction efficiency of the dosimetric index in both training and external validation cohorts. RESULTS: In the training cohort, 27.4% Grade 3 + HTs were noted in the nCRT group and 16.2% in the nCT group (P = 0.042). A similar result was exhibited in the validation cohort, with 35.0% Grade 3 + HTs in the nCRT group and 13.2% in the nCT group (P = 0.025). The multivariate analysis of the training cohort revealed that V5 was associated with Grade 3 + leukopenia (P = 0.000), Grade 3 + thrombocytopenia (P = 0.001), and Grade 3 + total HTs (P = 0.042). The Spearman correlation analysis identified a significant correlation of V5 with the white blood cell nadir (P = 0.0001) and platelet nadir (P = 0.0002). The ROC curve identified the optimal cut-off points for V5 and showed that V5 < 88.75% could indicate a decreased risk of Grade 3 + leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and total HTs in the training as well as the external validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with nCT, nCRT could increase the risk of Grade 3 + HT in patients with locally advanced GC. Dose constraints of V5 < 88.75% in irradiated VB could reduce the incidence of Grade 3 + HT.

Precise microdissection of gastric mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma dissects its genomic landscape and evolutionary clonal origins.

Gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a clinically aggressive and heterogeneous tumor composed of adenocarcinoma (ACA) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). The genomic properties and evolutionary clonal origins of MANEC remain unclear. We conduct whole-exome and multiregional sequencing on 101 samples from 33 patients to elucidate their evolutionary paths. We identify four significantly mutated genes, TP53, RB1, APC, and CTNNB1. MANEC resembles chromosomal instability stomach adenocarcinoma in that whole-genome doubling in MANEC is predominant and occurs earlier than most copy-number losses. All tumors are of monoclonal origin, and NEC components show more aggressive genomic properties than their ACA counterparts. The phylogenetic trees show two tumor divergence patterns, including sequential and parallel divergence. Furthermore, ACA-to-NEC rather than NEC-to-ACA transition is confirmed by immunohistochemistry on 6 biomarkers in ACA- and NEC-dominant regions. These results provide insights into the clonal origin and tumor differentiation of MANEC.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy induced lymphopenia in gastric cancer and associations with spleen dosimetry and survival outcomes.

Background: Few studies concentrate on spleen dosimetry of radiotherapy for gastric cancer (GC). Although there is no consensus on the spleen dose-volume threshold for lymphopenia, several studies indicated that the higher the spleen dose, the higher the risk of lymphopenia. This study aimed to identify the appropriate spleen dosimetric parameters for predicting grade 4 + lymphopenia in patients with locally advanced GC. Material and methods: A total of 295 patients treated with nCRT and nChT from June 2013 to December 2021 at two major centers were included, of whom 220 were assigned to the training cohort and 75 to the external validation cohort. Results: Grade 4 + lymphopenia was more common in the nCRT than in the nChT group (49.5% vs. 0, P < 0.001 in the training cohort; 25.0% vs. 0, P = 0.001 in the external validation cohort). Age ≥ 60 years (P = 0.006), lower pretreatment absolute lymphocyte count (P = 0.001), higher spleen volume (SPV) (P = 0.001), and higher V20 (P = 0.003) were significant risk factors of grade 4 + lymphopenia for patients treated with nCRT. Patients with grade 4 + lymphopenia had significantly worse PFS (P = 0.043) and showed a negative correlation trend with OS (P = 0.07). Limiting V20 to < 84.5% could decrease the incidence of grade 4 + lymphopenia by 35.7%. The predictive effectiveness of the multivariable model in the training and external validation cohorts was 0.880 and 0.737, respectively. Conclusion: Grade 4 + lymphopenia during nCRT was more common than nChT, and was associated with a worse PFS in GC patients. Constraining the spleen V20 to < 84.5% may indirectly improve outcomes through lymphocyte preservation.

Robotic Gastrectomy Versus Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Multicenter Cohort Study of 5402 Patients in China.

OBJECTIVE: A large-scale multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of robotic gastrectomy (RG) and laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for gastric cancer. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: RG is being increasingly used worldwide, but data from large-scale multicenter studies on the short- and long-term oncologic outcomes of RG versus LG are limited. The potential benefits of RG compared with LG for gastric cancer remain controversial. METHODS: Data from eligible patients who underwent RG or LG for gastric cancer of 11 experienced surgeons from 7 centers in China between March 2010 and October 2019 were collected. The RG group was matched 1:1 with the LG group by using propensity score matching. The primary outcome was postoperative complications. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, a well-balanced cohort of 3552 patients was included for further analysis. The occurrence of overall complications (12.6% vs 15.2%, P = 0.023) was lower in the RG group than in the LG group. RG was associated with less blood loss (126.8 vs 142.5 mL, P < 0.001) and more retrieved lymph nodes in total (32.5 vs 30.7, P < 0.001) and in suprapancreatic areas (13.3 vs 11.6, P < 0.001).The long-term oncological outcomes were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this multicenter study demonstrate that RG is a safe and effective treatment for gastric cancer when performed by experienced surgeons, although longer operation time and higher costs are still concerns about RG. This study provides evidence suggesting that RG may represent an alternative surgical treatment to LG.

Whole-Exome Sequencing Among Chinese Patients With Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer.

Importance: The E-cadherin gene, CDH1, and the α-E-catenin gene, CTNNA1, were previously identified as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) susceptibility genes, explaining 25% to 50% of HDGC cases. The genetic basis underlying disease susceptibility in the remaining 50% to 75% of patients with HDGC is still unknown. Objective: To assess the incidence rate of CDH1 germline alterations in HDGC, identify new susceptibility genes that can be used for screening of HDGC, and provide a genetic landscape for HDGC. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study conducted retrospective whole-exome and targeted sequencing of 284 leukocyte samples and 186 paired tumor samples from Chinese patients with HDGC over a long follow-up period (median, 21.7 [range, 0.6-185.9] months). Among 10 431 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer between January 1, 2002, and August 31, 2018, 284 patients who met the criteria for HDGC were included. Data were analyzed from August 1 to 30, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence rate of CDH1 germline alterations, identification of new HDGC susceptibility genes, and genetic landscape of HDGC. Results: Among 284 Chinese patients, 161 (56.7%) were female, and the median age was 35 (range, 20-75) years. The frequency of CDH1 germline alterations was 2.8%, whereas the frequency of CDH1 somatic alterations was 25.3%. The genes with the highest incidence (>10%) of private germline alterations (including insertions and deletions) in the HDGC cohort were MUC4, ABCA13, ZNF469, FCGBP, IGFN1, RNF213, and SSPO, whereas previously reported germline alterations of CTNNA1, BRCA2, STK11, PRSS1, ATM, MSR1, PALB2, BRCA1, and RAD51C were observed at low frequencies (median, 4 [range, 1-12] cases). Furthermore, enrichment of the somatic variant signature of exposure to aflatoxin suggested potential interaction between genetics and environment in HDGC. Double-hit events in genes such as CACNA1D were observed, which suggested that these events might serve as important mechanisms for HDGC tumorigenesis. In addition, germline variants of FSIP2, HSPG2, and NCKAP5 and somatic alterations of FGFR3, ASPSCR1, CIC, DGCR8, and LZTR1 were associated with poor overall survival among patients with HDGC. Conclusions and Relevance: This study provided a genetic landscape for HDGC. The study's findings challenged the previously reported high germline alteration rate of CDH1 in HDGC and identified new potential susceptibility genes. Analyses of variant signatures and double-hit events revealed potentially important mechanisms for HDGC tumorigenesis. Findings from the present study may provide helpful information for further investigations of HDGC.