Machine learning to analyze the factors influencing myopia in students of different school periods.

Purpose: We aim to develop myopia classification models based on machine learning algorithms for each schooling period, and further analyze the similarities and differences in the factors influencing myopia in each school period based on each model. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants: We collected visual acuity, behavioral, environmental, and genetic data from 7,472 students in 21 primary and secondary schools (grades 1-12) in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, using visual acuity screening and questionnaires. Methods: Machine learning algorithms were used to construct myopia classification models for students at the whole schooling period, primary school, junior high school, and senior high school period, and to rank the importance of features in each model. Results: The main influencing factors for students differ by school section, The optimal machine learning model for the whole schooling period was Random Forest (AUC = 0.752), with the top three influencing factors being age, myopic grade of the mother, and Whether myopia requires glasses. The optimal model for the primary school period was a Random Forest (AUC = 0.710), with the top three influences being the myopic grade of the mother, age, and extracurricular tutorials weekly. The Junior high school period was an Support Vector Machine (SVM; AUC = 0.672), and the top three influencing factors were gender, extracurricular tutorial subjects weekly, and whether can you do the "three ones" when reading and writing. The senior high school period was an XGboost (AUC = 0.722), and the top three influencing factors were the need for spectacles for myopia, average daily time spent outdoors, and the myopic grade of the mother. Conclusion: Factors such as genetics and eye use behavior all play an essential role in students' myopia, but there are differences between school periods, with those in the lower levels focusing on genetics and those in the higher levels focusing on behavior, but both play an essential role in myopia.

[An ultrasonographic study of the correlation between developmental dysplasia of the hip and congenital muscular torticollis in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of early screening of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) using ultrasonography and establish a simultaneous screening model for pediatric DDH and CMT. METHODS: From January, 2013 to January, 2016, a total of 5060 pediatric patients with suspected DDH and CMT underwent ultrasonic examinations. The diagnostic results of the two diseases were classified into different clinical types, and Chi-square test was used to analyze the one-way relationship between different types of DDH and CMT; correspondence analysis was used for multivariate analysis of the variables. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between the detection rates in suspected CMT patients and the normal population. RESULTS: GrafIIa type DDH was associated with mass-type CMT in the children (χ2=331.800, P<0.001). DDH of GrafIIb, GrafIIc, Graf III, and Graf IV types were related with non-tumor type of CMT. The children with a suspected diagnosis of CMT showed a significantly higher detection rate of DDH than the normal subjects (χ2=321.889, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: DDH is closely related with CMT. Early simultaneous screening of DDH and CMT can help to improve the early diagnosis rate of CMT in children.

[Renal artery injury caused by Kawasaki disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate renal artery injury caused by Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: Forty-three children with KD were enrolled in the study. According to the blood pressure in the acute stage, these children were classified into normal blood pressure subgroup and increased blood pressure subgroup. Eighteen children with fever caused by acute upper respiratory tract infection were enrolled as the control group. The diameter of the origin of the main renal artery, hemodynamic parameters of the main renal artery and the renal interlobar artery, rennin activity, and levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone were compared between groups. RESULTS: During the acute stage of KD, both subgroups had a significantly smaller diameter of the origin of the main renal artery, a significantly higher resistance index (RI) of the main renal artery, and a significantly lower end-diastolic velocity (EDV) than the control group (P<0.05).The increased blood pressure subgroup had a significantly lower EDV of the interlobar artery than the normal blood pressure subgroup, a significantly higher RI than the normal blood pressure subgroup and the control group, as well as a significantly higher rennin activity and significantly higher levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone than the normal blood pressure subgroup (P<0.05). A significantly increased EDV and a significantly reduced RI of the renal interlobar artery were observed in the increased blood pressure subgroup in the subacute stage compared with the acute stage (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: KD may cause renal artery injury and early hemodynamic changes, resulting in a transient increase in blood pressure in some patients.

[Risk factors related to infantile spastic cerebral palsy among 145 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors related to spastic type of cerebral palsy through a screening program. METHODS: With a 1:2 matched case-control study design, 145 cases were selected from the Cerebral Palsy Treatment and Management Center in Heilongjiang Province from Dec., 2007 through May 2009. Another 290 cases of children as control group were chosen from the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, in the same period. Controls were excluded the central nervous system diseases, matching with cases at the age differences no more than 3 months, with same sex and ethnicity. Questionnaire survey was used to access relevant information, while logistic regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors. RESULTS: Data from Single factor logistic regression analysis notified 39 items as statistically significant factors. Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, 11 factors in all the cerebral palsy cases, and incidence of cerebral palsy risk factors related to low or high birth weight were discovered as follows: mother with college degree, newborns with high muscle tone, skin color as purple, taking antipyretic analgesics drugs during pregnancy, experience significant events during pregnancy, situation of environment pollution around the house, having intracranial hemorrhage and birth asphyxia, fetal distress during pregnancy or neonatal stage etc. CONCLUSION: Pre/Neonatal factors were closely related to cerebral palsy, suggesting that health care knowledge be popularized and related management be strengthened, to reduce the cerebral palsy incidence in the newborns.

[Serum level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with clonorchiasis and its impact on liver function].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in patients with clonorchiasis, and the relationship between ICAM-1 and liver function. METHODS: Fifty untreated clonorchiasis patients and 20 normal controls were subjected in the present study. Plasma levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), albumin (ALB) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer. The patients were divided into three experiment groups (I, II, and III) by Child-Pugh classification. Serum level of sICAM-1 was determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect the content of interleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum. LAL tripeptide substrate staining quantitative method was used to detect the level of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma. RESULTS: The level of sICAM-1, LPS, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TBIL, and ALT [(729.34 +/- 75.67) microg/ml, (0.18 +/- 0.08) Eu/ml, (3.46 +/- 0.38) ng/ml, (223.48 +/- 46.90) pg/ml, (1.39 +/- 0.62) ng/ml, (15.45 +/- 10.81) micromol/L, and (39.25 +/- 8.82)IU/L, respectively] in serum or plasma of clonorchiasis patients were significantly higher than that of the control group [(269.15 +/- 38.21) microg/ml, (0.07 +/- 0.03) Eu/ml, (0.74 +/- 0.22) ng/ml, (106.06 +/- 32.96) pg/ml, (0.56 +/- 0.14) ng/ml, (6.31 +/- 4.70) micromol/L, (18.43 +/- 9.81) IU/L](P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Plasma level of ALB [(28.35 +/- 5.38) g/L] was significantly lower than that of the control [(39.43 +/- 7.91) g/L] (P < 0.05). Correlation test showed that the sICAM-1 level in patients' sera was positively correlated with TBIL, ALT, and LPS (r = 0.662, 0.514, 0.499, P < 0.01), while negatively correlated with ALB (r = -0.423, P < 0.01). IL-4 level did not correlate with liver function parameters (P > 0.05). According to the Child-Pugh classification, the more serious the liver function damaged, the higher level of sICAM-1, LPS, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the experiment groups. Significant differences were found between groups III and I (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher serum levels of sICAM-1, LPS, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in patients with clonorchiasis take part in the process of liver injury induced by Clonorchis sinensis.