Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of ischemic stroke by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe cerebrovascular disease with increasing incidence and mortality rates in recent years. The pathogenesis of IS is highly complex, with mitochondrial dysfunction playing a critical role in its onset and progression. Thus, preserving mitochondrial function is a pivotal aspect of treating ischemic brain injury. In response, there has been growing interest among scholars in the regulation of mitochondrial function through traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including herb-derived compounds, individual herbs, and herbal prescriptions. This article reviews recent research on the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in IS and explores the potential of TCM in treating this condition by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.

Sampling of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Rat's Retina Damage and Multi-index Evaluation of Pathological Changes.

Retinopathy can be observed in most ocular diseases and the late complications of diabetes mellitus. The specific pigment epithelial cells and optic cells' damage and degeneration are the main features of retinopathy. Many traditional medicines have shown substantial clinical efficacy in treating retinopathy. How to obtain a retina quickly and completely is a key step in traditional medicine research for the treatment of retinopathy. In this study, we aim to provide a standardized and exercisable procedure for sampling of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat's retina damage and multi-index evaluation of pathological changes. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg MNU once to induce retina damage, and retina samples were obtained after 7 days. Additionally, we performed hematoxylin-eosin staining to assess retinal pathological changes. Determination of the apoptosis rate and apoptosis protein by TUNEL and Western blot. These standardized protocols for retinal sampling and evaluation of pathological changes are helpful in promoting the exploration of the mechanism of retinopathy and the discovery of novel and effective traditional herbs.

Synthesis of Nonclassical Heteroaryl C-Glycosides via Decarboxylative C-H Glycosylation.

A photoredox-promoted decarboxylative C-H glycosylation for the synthesis of nonclassical heteroaryl C-glycosides is reported. This methodology is characterized by an exceedingly simple reaction system, high diastereoselectivity, and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, the operational procedure is simple, and the gram-scale reaction highlights the practical applicability of this protocol.

Mining bone metastasis related key genes of prostate cancer from the STING pathway based on machine learning.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent malignant tumor in male, and bone metastasis occurs in about 70% of patients with advanced disease. The STING pathway, an innate immune signaling mechanism, has been shown to play a key role in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and cancerous bone pain. Hence, exploring regulatory mechanism of STING in PCa bone metastasis will bring novel opportunities for treating PCa bone metastasis. Methods: First, key genes were screened from STING-related genes (SRGs) based on random forest algorithm and their predictive performance was evaluated. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of key genes was performed to explore their roles in prostate carcinogenesis, metastasis and tumor immunity. Next, cellular experiments were performed to verify the role of RELA in proliferation and migration in PCa cells, meanwhile, based on immunohistochemistry, we verified the difference of RELA expression between PCa primary foci and bone metastasis. Finally, based on the key genes to construct an accurate and reliable nomogram, and mined targeting drugs of key genes. Results: In this study, three key genes for bone metastasis were mined from SRGs based on the random forest algorithm. Evaluation analysis showed that the key genes had excellent prediction performance, and it also showed that the key genes played a key role in carcinogenesis, metastasis and tumor immunity in PCa by comprehensive analysis. In addition, cellular experiments and immunohistochemistry confirmed that overexpression of RELA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa cells, and RELA was significantly low-expression in bone metastasis. Finally, the constructed nomogram showed excellent predictive performance in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC, AUC = 0.99) curve, calibration curve, and Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) curve; and the targeted drugs showed good molecular docking effects. Conclusion: In sum, this study not only provides a new theoretical basis for the mechanism of PCa bone metastasis, but also provides novel therapeutic targets and novel diagnostic tools for advanced PCa treatment.

Two new species of Nemoura Latreille and a new combination of Amphinemura Ris (Plecoptera, Nemouridae) from the Nanling Mountains Region of China.

Background: The family Nemouridae, belonging to Plecoptera, comprises 21 genera and over 700 species found globally, with the greatest diversity observed in temperate regions. Nemoura Latreille, 1796 and Amphinemura Ris, 1902 are two largest genera of the family with the highest diversity in China. New information: Two new species of Nemoura Latreille, 1796 of the family Nemouridae, Nemouraexterclava Zhu, Rehman & Du sp. nov. and Nemouracerciserrata Zhu, Du & Rehman sp. nov., are described and illustrated from the Nanling Mountains Region in Guangdong Province, southern China. The morphological characteristics of the new species are compared with related taxa. Additionally, the status of Indonemouravoluta Li & Yang, 2008, originally from Maoershan National Natural Reserve in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, was addressed and moved to the genus Amphinemura Ris, 1902 on the basis of newly-caught topotypes.

Research progress of circular RNAs in myocardial ischemia.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of single-stranded RNA that forms a covalently closed continuous loop. Its structure, stability, properties, and cell- and tissue-specificity have gained considerable recognition in the research and clinical sectors, as its role has been observed in different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and central nervous system diseases, etc. Cardiovascular disease is still named as the number one cause of death globally, with myocardial ischemia (MI) accounting for 15 % of mortality annually. A number of circRNAs have been identified and are being studied for their ability to reduce MI by inhibiting the molecular mechanisms associated with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and so on. CircRNAs play a significant role as crucial regulatory elements at transcriptional levels, regulating different proteins, and at posttranscriptional levels, having interactions with RNA-binding proteins, ribosomal proteins, micro-RNAS, and long non-coding RNAS, making it possible to exert their effects through the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis. CircRNAs are a potential novel biomarker and therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia and cardiovascular diseases in general. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relationship, function, and mechanism observed between circRNAs and MI injury, as well as to provide directions for future research and clinical trials.

Visible-light-induced synthesis of heteroaryl C-glycosides via decarboxylative C-H glycosylation.

A photoredox promoted decarboxylative C-H glycosylation has been developed for the synthesis of heteroaryl C-glycosides. This methodology is characterized by its exceedingly simple reaction system, high diastereoselectivity and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, this innovative approach circumvents the need for high temperatures, transition metals, and photocatalysts, providing an environmentally friendly, straightforward, and efficient protocol.

DeepNphos: A deep-learning architecture for prediction of N-phosphorylation sites.

MOTIVATION: Phosphorylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular activities. This process encompasses O-phosphorylation (e.g., phosphoserine) and N-phosphorylation (e.g., phospho-lysine (pK), phospho-arginine (pR), and phospho-histidine (pH)). While significant research has focused on O-phosphorylation, resulting in the development of various algorithms for predicting O-phosphorylation sites with commendable performance, there has been a notable absence of models designed to predict N-phosphorylation sites. This study introduces an integrated model named DeepNphos, designed to predict N-phosphorylation sites. This model is developed based on the analysis of thousands of experimentally identified pK, pR and pH sites. RESULTS: Observing that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, incorporating the One-Hot encoding feature, demonstrates favorable performance in comparison to other models when predicting pK, pR, and pH sites. Additionally, pK exhibits similarities to other lysine modification types, and integrating the CNN model with a deep-transfer learning (DTL) strategy based on tens of thousands of known lysine modification sites could enhance pK prediction performance. In contrast, pR exhibits little similarity to other arginine modification types, and the integration of DTL has minimal impact on pR prediction performance. Furthermore, the decision was made to refrain from incorporating the DTL strategy in predicting pH sites, given the scarcity of histidine modification sites beyond those associated with pH. The final classifiers for predicting pK, pR, and pH sites achieve AUC values of 0.856, 0.805 and 0.802 for ten-fold cross-validation, respectively. Overall, DeepNphos is the first classifier for predicting N-phosphorylation sites, accessible at https://github.com/ChangXulinmessi/DeepNPhos.

The influence of H2O or/and O2 introduction during the low-temperature gas-phase sulfation of organic COS + CS2 on the conversion and deposition of sulfur-containing species in the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst for NH3-SCR.

Herein, the typical components of blast furnace gas, including H2O and O2, were introduced to improve the NH3-SCR activity of the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst during the gas-phase sulfation of organic COS + CS2 at 50 °C. The characterization results demonstrate that the introduction of O2 or H2O during gas-phase sulfation enhances the conversion of organic COS + CS2 on a cubic fluorite CeO2 surface and reduces the formation of sulfur and sulfates in the catalyst, but decreases the BET surface area and pore volume of the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst. However, the introduction of O2 or H2O during the gas-phase sulfation increases the molar ratios of Ce3+/(Ce3+ + Ce4+) and Oß/(Oα + Oß + Oγ) on the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst surface, thus promoting the formation of surface oxygen vacancies and chemisorbed oxygen, and these properties of the catalyst are further enhanced by the co-existence of O2 and H2O. Furthermore, the reduction of sulfates formed under the action of O2 or H2O decreases the weak acid sites of the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst, but the few and highly dispersive sulfates present stronger reducibility, and the proportion of medium-strong acid sites of the catalyst increases. These factors help to improve the NH3-SCR activity of the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst. Thus, there exists a synergistic effect of H2O and O2 introduction during gas-phase sulfation on the physical-chemical properties and catalytic performance of the sulfated CeO2-OS catalyst by organic COS + CS2 at 50 °C.

DNA methylation of ICAM4 and NOXO1 participate in the formation of uterine fibroids via regulating immune cell infiltration.

This atudy aimed to reveal the effect of DNA methylation on immune infiltration of uterine fibroids (UFs) and to further classify UFs based on transcriptomic characteristics. The transcriptome and DNA methylation data of UFs were collected from the GEO database. After taking the intersection of the differentially expressed genes in these two types of data, the intersection gene was used to draw ROC curves and to filtrate the candidate genes with AUC≥0.8. Immune infiltration analysis was performed in the online tool EPIC. The correlation between gene with AUC≥0.8 and the abundance of each immune cell type was calculated with |R|>0.3 and P<0.05. ConsensusClusterPlus package in R software was used to further cluster the samples of UFs. In this study, a total of 41 RNA-seq data (10 normal uterine samples and 31 UFs samples) and 34 DNA methylation data (10 from normal subjects and 24 from patients with UFs) were involved. The significantly down-regulated ICAM4, SPECC1L, and NOXO1 were the top three methylated drive genes of UFs. Therefore, NOXO1 and ICAM4 present an intimate correlation to immune cell infiltration. Besides, UFs could be clustered into two subtypes, including a TSAB1 up-regulated subtype and a FOSB up-regulated subtype. DNA methylation of ICAM4 and NOXO1 are involved in the pathogenesis of UFs via regulating immune cell infiltration. Further classification based on transcriptomic characteristics could divide UFs into sexual steroids-related and biomechanics-related subtypes, which would promote its non-invasive treatment.

Periventricular nodular heterotopias is associated with mutation at the FLNA locus-a case history and a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH), associated with FLNA mutations, is a rare clinical condition potentially associated with multiple systemic conditions, including cardiac, pulmonary, skeletal, and cutaneous diseases. However, due to a paucity of information in the literature, accurate prognostic advice cannot be provided to patients with the disease. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 2-year-old female whose PNH was associated with a nonsense mutation in the q28 region of the X chromosome, in exon 31 of FLNA (c.5159dupA). The patient is currently seizure-free and has no congenital heart disease, lung disease or skeletal or joint issues, and her development is normal. CONCLUSIONS: FLNA-associated PNH is a genetically-heterogeneous disease, and the FLNA mutation, c.5159dupA (p.Tyr1720*) is a newly identified pathogenic variant. FLNA characterization will help the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PNH and provide individualized genetic counseling for patients.

Observation of the Systolic Function of Isolated Right Atria from Guinea Pigs.

Common chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by impaired ventricular filling and/or ejection function, which leads to insatiable cardiac output and increased incidence. The decline in cardiac systolic function is a key factor in the pathogenesis of CHF. Systolic function is simply the filling of oxygenated blood in the left ventricle, followed by the blood being pumped throughout the body during a heartbeat. A weak heart and the inability of the left ventricle to contract appropriately as the heart beats indicate poor systolic function. Many traditional herbs have been suggested to strengthen the systolic function of the heart in patients. However, stable and efficient experimental methods for screening compounds that enhance myocardial contractility are still lacking in the process of ethnic medicine research. Here, taking digoxin as an example, a systematic and standardized protocol is provided for screening compounds that enhance myocardial contractility by using isolated right atria from guinea pigs. The results showed that digoxin could markedly enhance the contractility of the right atrium. This systematic and standardized protocol is intended to serve as a methodological reference for screening the active ingredients of ethnic medicines in the treatment of CHF.

Case report: Myocardial noncompaction causing massive cerebral infarction in 1 patient with eyelid edema as an early manifestation and literature review.

Objective: To summarize and analyze the early clinical manifestations, risk factors, treatment and prognosis of myocardial noncompaction in children, and to provide scientific basis for early and effective intervention. Methods: Combined with a case of myocardial noncompaction with massive cerebral infarction in a child, the related research reports of myocardial noncompaction in children were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Myocardial noncompaction in children is cardiomyopathy caused by abnormal myocardial compaction during embryonic development. Feeding intolerance, dyspnea, chest tightness, fatigue, eyelid edema and other non-specific manifestations may occur in the early stage. It is easy to miss the diagnosis and misdiagnosis in clinical diagnosis and treatment, leading to intractable heart failure, nausea and arrhythmia, thromboembolism and even sudden death and other serious complications. Early diagnosis, symptomatic treatment, control of complications and regular follow-up can prevent the occurrence of serious complications and reduce mortality. Conclusion: There is no specific clinical manifestation in the early stage of myocardial noncompaction in children. If it is not detected early and treated symptomatically, the prognosis is poor and the mortality is high. Therefore, clinicians should fully improve the understanding of the early clinical manifestations of this disease, give early diagnosis and early intervention to children, reduce the occurrence of serious complications and improve the survival rate.

Kinetic modeling of xylonic acid production by Gluconobacter oxydans: effects of hydrodynamic conditions.

In this study, the synthesis of xylonic acid from xylose by Gluconobacter oxydans NL71 has been investigated. According to the relationship between oxygen transfer rate and oxygen uptake rate, three different kinetic models of product formation were established and the nonlinear fitting was carried out. The results showed that G. oxydans has critical dissolved oxygen under different strain concentrations, and the relationship between respiration intensity and dissolved oxygen conformed to the Monod equation [Formula: see text]. The maximum reaction rate per unit cell mass and the theoretical maximum specific productivity of G. oxydans obtained by the kinetic model are 0.042 mol/L/h and 6.97 g/gx/h, respectively. These results will assist in determining the best balance between the airflow rate and cell concentration in the reaction and improve the production efficiency of xylonic acid.

Study of the Impact of Air Pollution on Convulsions in Children: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study in Hangzhou, China.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between the occurrence of convulsions in children and air pollution in Hangzhou. METHODS: From January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, 775 children admitted with convulsion to the pediatric outpatient clinic of The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University (Hangzhou, China) were enrolled in this study. The clinical data and the corresponding weather data of the day in Hangzhou were collected and analyzed. Also, the monthly etiological classification of convulsions and the monthly average air data of Hangzhou were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The highest incidence of convulsion was observed in children 1 to 2 years old, and higher in boys than in girls. The top three main causes were febrile seizure, benign infantile convulsion with mild gastroenteritis, and epilepsy. Among the meteorological factors, the increase in the level of 2.5 micron particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the air per month led to an increase in the number of patients with febrile seizure, benign infantile convulsion with mild gastroenteritis, and epilepsy, where the increase of ozone in 8 hours (O3-8h) per month led to a decrease in the number of patients with such conditions. CONCLUSIONS: PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 are the main meteorological factors affecting the occurrence of convulsions in children in Hangzhou, and PM2.5 and SO2 are risk factors. The increase in the level of PM2.5 in the air per month could increase occurrence of child convulsions, but the increase of O3-8h per month could decrease occurrence of child convulsions.

[Accumulation, Migration, and Transformation of Soil Phosphorus in Facility Agriculture and Its Influencing Factors].

The aim of this study was to apply phosphorus fertilizer scientifically and reasonably and reduce the pollution risk to the facility agricultural environment. Taking the facility agriculture concentration area in Daxing District of Beijing as the research object, the phosphorus content in soil (0-100 cm) of the facility agriculture profile with different planting years was measured and analyzed to explore the characteristics of phosphorus accumulation, migration, and transformation. The results showed that the contents of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the surface soil of facility agriculture varied widely, which was significantly higher than that in the surrounding grain field soil, which was mainly related to the amount of phosphorus applied by farmers in different planting years. With the increase in soil depth, the contents of total phosphorus and available phosphorus decreased gradually, showing surface aggregation ω (total phosphorus) ranging from 0.38 to 2.58 g·kg-1 and ω (available phosphorus) ranging from 1.60 to 256.00 mg·kg-1. With the increase in planting years, the contents of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus first increased and then decreased, reached a peak in approximately 15 years, then gradually decreased, tended to be stable, and generally remained at a high level. Inorganic phosphorus was mainly concentrated in the surface soil of the facility agriculture, in which Ca-P accounted for the largest proportion of inorganic phosphorus, up to 98.38%; Ca10-P was the main form of Ca-P, up to 78.70% of Ca-P, and Ca2-P accounted for the smallest proportion, only 9.50% of Ca-P. The contents of different forms of inorganic phosphorus showed the vertical distribution characteristics of enrichment in the surface soil and a decrease downward. There were differences in the proportion of different forms of inorganic phosphorus to total phosphorus in different soil depths, in which the change in Ca-P was obvious, whereas the change in Fe-P and 0-P was not significant, indicating that the migration and transformation of Fe-P and O-P in the facility agricultural soil was poor, and the migration and transformation of inorganic phosphorus was mainly Ca-P. According to the correlation and path analysis, the direct path coefficient of Ca2-P to available phosphorus was the largest (0.787), which was not only the main source of soil available phosphorus but also the main form of inorganic phosphorus migration and transformation. Under the condition of protected cultivation, soil phosphorus showed a large accumulation trend, the availability of Ca10-P was low, and the accumulation was large. How to improve this portion of phosphorus sources is the key to the management of protected soil phosphorus.

Oxygen mass transfer enhancement by activated carbon particles in xylose fermentation media.

In this work, the effect of activated carbon particles on the production of xylonic acid from xylose by Gluconobacter oxydans in a stirred tank bioreactor was investigated. The enhancement of the oxygen transfer coefficient by activated carbon particles was experimentally evaluated under different solids volume fractions, agitation and aeration rates conditions. The experimental conditions optimized by response surface methodology (agitation speed 800 rpm, aeration rate 7 L min-1, and activated carbon 0.002%) showed a maximum oxygen transfer coefficient of 520.7 h-1, 40.4% higher than the control runs without activated carbon particles. Under the maximum oxygen transfer coefficient condition, the xylonic acid titer reached 108.2 g/L with a volumetric productivity of 13.53 g L-1 h-1 and a specific productivity of 6.52 g/gx/h. In conclusion, the addition of activated carbon particles effectively enhanced the oxygen mass transfer rate. These results demonstrate that activated carbon particles enhanced cultivation for xylonic acid production an inexpensive and attractive alternative.

Expression and significance of serum vitamin D and LL-37 levels in infants with bacterial pneumonia.

Objective: To investigate the significance of vitamin D and human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in the occurrence and development of bacterial pneumonia in infants. Methods: From January 2021 to January 2022, 80 infants with bacterial pneumonia were selected, including 33 cases of gram-positive bacterial infection (GP) and 47 cases of gram-negative bacterial infection (GN). During the same period, 40 infants who underwent health examination in The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University served as the healthy control group. On the day of admission, peripheral blood was collected from pneumonia patients, and during physical examination of controls; and serum LL-37 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence. The differences in serum LL-37 and 25(OH)D levels and their correlation with disease severity were compared. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum 25(OH)D and LL-37 levels in infants with bacterial pneumonia. Results: The levels of 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D deficiency were significantly lower in patients than in controls (all P < 0.05), and the levels of serum LL-37 were significantly higher in pneumonia patients than in controls (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum 25(OH)D and LL-37 levels between cases with GP and GN (all P > 0.05). The serum 25(OH)D level was lower in the severe pneumonia group than in the mild pneumonia group and controls, and the 25(OH)D deficiency rate was higher; the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The LL-37 level in the severe pneumonia group was lower than that in the mild pneumonia group but higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The 25(OH)D level was positively correlated with the LL-37 level (r = 0.8, P < 0.05), and the 25(OH)D level was negatively correlated with procalcitonin (PCT) and length of hospital stay (rs = -0.3, -0.3, P < 0.05); the LL-37 level was negatively correlated with PCT and length of hospital stay (rs = -0.4, -0.2, P < 0.05) in infants with bacterial pneumonia. Conclusion: A low level of vitamin D is present in infants with bacterial pneumonia, and its status affects the severity and outcome of pneumonia. The level of LL-37 is increased in infants with bacterial pneumonia, but it shows a downward trend with progression of the disease.

A combined antibody and DNA assay for EBV infection in children.

Objective: This paper studied the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status and influencing factors among children using a combined detection of specific antibodies and DNA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed children who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University from January 2019 to December 2020, and correlations between the social environment and clinical data were analyzed. Results: The cumulative positive rates of specific antibody, DNA, and combined detection of EBV were 52.4%, 39.5%, and 54.0% (P = 0.001), respectively. The current infection rate was 15.7%, and the peak of infection occurred in the preschool group (P = 0.021). After adjusting for confounding factors, the number of siblings (OR = 1.550) and family members who smoke (OR = 1.524) were independent risk factors for EBV infection, whereas parents with a higher education level (OR = 0.493, OR = 0.316), longer breastfeeding time (OR = 0.578) and dedicated tableware (OR = 0.573) were independent protective factors. Conclusion: A combination of antibody and DNA tests may be beneficial for the diagnosis of EBV infection. The EBV infection rate in children at our hospital was lower than the national average. Furthermore, the infection rate is closely related to the number of siblings, regardless of whether family members smoke, the status of parents' education, breastfeeding duration, and meal patterns. Overall, prevention measures should focus on the preschoolers.

ResSUMO: A Deep Learning Architecture Based on Residual Structure for Prediction of Lysine SUMOylation Sites.

Lysine SUMOylation plays an essential role in various biological functions. Several approaches integrating various algorithms have been developed for predicting SUMOylation sites based on a limited dataset. Recently, the number of identified SUMOylation sites has significantly increased due to investigation at the proteomics scale. We collected modification data and found the reported approaches had poor performance using our collected data. Therefore, it is essential to explore the characteristics of this modification and construct prediction models with improved performance based on an enlarged dataset. In this study, we constructed and compared 16 classifiers by integrating four different algorithms and four encoding features selected from 11 sequence-based or physicochemical features. We found that the convolution neural network (CNN) model integrated with residue structure, dubbed ResSUMO, performed favorably when compared with the traditional machine learning and CNN models in both cross-validation and independent tests. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for ResSUMO was around 0.80, superior to that of the reported predictors. We also found that increasing the depth of neural networks in the CNN models did not improve prediction performance due to the degradation problem, but the residual structure could be included to optimize the neural networks and improve performance. This indicates that residual neural networks have the potential to be broadly applied in the prediction of other types of modification sites with great effectiveness and robustness. Furthermore, the online ResSUMO service is freely accessible.