Combining genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis to identify molecular markers and genetic basis of population-asynchronous ovarian development in Coilia nasus.

Coilia nasus, a migratory fish species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along offshore areas of China, possesses considerable aquacultural and economic potential. However, the species faces challenges due to significant variation in the gonadal development rate among females, resulting in inconsistent ovarian maturation times at the population level, an extended reproductive period, and limitations on fish growth rate due to ovarian prematurity. In the present study, we combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with population-asynchronous ovarian development in C. nasus. Genotyping of the female population based on whole-genome resequencing yielded 2 120 695 high-quality SNPs, 39 of which were suggestively associated with ovarian development. Of note, a significant SNP peak on LG21 containing 30 suggestively associated SNPs was identified, with cpne5a determined as the causal gene of the peak. Therefore, single-marker and haplotype association analyses were performed on cpne5a, revealing four genetic markers ( P<0.05) and seven haplotypes (r 2>0.9) significantly associated with the phenotype. Comparative transcriptome analysis of precociously and normally maturing individuals screened out 29 and 426 overlapping differentially expressed genes in the brain and ovary, respectively, between individuals of different body sizes. Integrating the GWAS and transcriptome analysis results, this study identified genes and pathways related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone secretion, extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and gap junctions involved in population-asynchronous ovarian development. The insights gained from this study provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian development in fish and may facilitate the genetic breeding of C. nasus strains exhibiting population-synchronous ovarian development in the future.

Thermal Activation of High-Alumina Coal Gangue Auxiliary Cementitious Admixture: Thermal Transformation, Calcining Product Formation and Mechanical Properties.

In this paper, a new preparation technology is developed to make high-alumina coal gangue (HACG) auxiliary cementitious admixture by calcining HACG-Ca(OH)2 (CH) mixture. HACG powders mixed with 20 wt.% CH were calcined within a temperature range of 600-900 °C, and the thermal transformation and mineral phase formation were analyzed. The hydration reaction between activated HACG-CH mixture and cement was also investigated. The results showed that HACG experienced a conventional transformation from kaolinite to metakaolin at 600 °C and finally to mullite at 900 °C, whereas CH underwent an unexpected transformation process from CH to CaO, then to CaCO3, and finally to CaO again. These substances' states were associated with the dehydroxylation of CH, the chemical reaction between CaO and CO2 generating from the combustion of carbon in HACG, and the decomposition of CaCO3, respectively. It is the formation of a large amount of CaO above 800 °C that favors the formation of hydratable products containing Al2O3 in the calcining process and C-A-H gel in the hydration process. The mechanical properties of HACG-cement mortar specimens were measured, from which the optimal calcination temperature of 850 °C was determined. As compared with pure cement mortar specimens, the maximum 28-d flexural and compressive strengths of HACG-cement mortar specimens increased by 5.4% and 38.2%, respectively.

Gram-level NH3 Electrosynthesis via NOx reduction on a Cu Activated Co Electrode.

Ambient electrochemical ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis is one promising alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch route. However, the industrial requirement for the electrochemical NH3 production with amperes current densities or gram-level NH3 yield remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the high-rate NH3 production via NO2 - reduction using the Cu activated Co electrode in a bipolar membrane (BPM) assemble electrolyser, wherein BPM maintains the ion balance and the liquid level of electrolyte. Benefited from the abundant Co sites and optimal structure, the target modified Co foam electrode delivers a current density of 2.64 A cm-2 with the Faradaic efficiency of 96.45 % and the high NH3 yield rate of 279.44 mg h-1 cm-2 in H-type cell using alkaline electrolyte. Combined with in situ experiments and theoretical calculations, we found that Cu optimizes the adsorption behavior of NO2 - and facilitates the hydrogenation steps on Co sites toward a rapid NO2 - reduction process. Importantly, this activated Co electrode affords a large NH3 production up to 4.11 g h-1 in a homemade reactor, highlighting its large-scale practical feasibility.

Heterostructured Co-Doped-Cu2O/Cu Synergistically Promotes Water Dissociation for Improved Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) has recently emerged as a promising approach for sustainable ammonia synthesis and wastewater treatment, while the activity and selectivity for ammonia production have remained low. Herein, rational design and controllable synthesis of heterostructured Co-doped Cu2O/Cu nanoparticles embedded in carbon framework (Co-Cu2O/Cu@C) is reported for NO3RR. The Co-Cu2O/Cu@C exhibits a high ammonia yield rate of 37.86 mg h-1 mg-1 cat. with 98.1% Faraday efficiency, which is higher than those obtained for most of the Cu-based catalysts under similar conditions. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the strong electronic interactions at Cu/Co-Cu2O interface facilitate the N species deoxygenation process and doping of Co promotes water dissociation to generate *H for the N species hydrogenation process, leading to enhanced NO3RR performance. This work provides a new design strategy toward high-performance catalysts toward NO3RR for ammonia generation.

Nano-Needle Boron-Doped Diamond Film with High Electrochemical Performance of Detecting Lead Ions.

Nano-needle boron-doped diamond (NNBDD) films increase their performance when used as electrodes in the determination of Pb2+. We develop a simple and economical route to produce NNBDD based on the investigation of the diamond growth mode and the ratio of diamond to non-diamond carbon without involving any templates. An enhancement in surface area is achievable for NNBDD film. The NNBDD electrodes are characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Furthermore, we use a finite-element numerical method to research the prospects of tip-enhanced electric fields for sensitive detection at low Pb2+ concentrations. The NNBDD exhibits significant advantages and great electrical conductivity and is applied to detect trace Pb2+ through DPASV. Under pre-deposition accumulation conditions, a wide linear range from 1 to 80 µgL-1 is achieved. A superior detection limit of 0.32 µgL-1 is achieved for Pb2+, which indicates great potential for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ions.

A Nanograss Boron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Diamond Sensor Produced via High-Temperature Annealing for the Detection of Cadmium Ions.

The high-performance determination of heavy metal ions (Cd2+) in water sources is significant for the protection of public health and safety. We have developed a novel sensor of nanograss boron and nitrogen co-doped diamond (NGBND) to detect Cd2+ using a simple method without any masks or reactive ion etching. The NGBND electrode is constructed based on the co-doped diamond growth mode and the removal of the non-diamond carbon (NDC) from the NGBND/NDC composite. Both the enlarged surface area and enhanced electrochemical performance of the NGBND film are achievable. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) were used to characterize the NGBND electrodes. Furthermore, we used a finite element numerical method to research the current density near the tip of NGBND. The NGBND sensor exhibits significant advantages for detecting trace Cd2+ via DPASV. A broad linear range of 1 to 100 µg L-1 with a low detection limit of 0.28 µg L-1 was achieved. The successful application of this Cd2+ sensor indicates considerable promise for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ions.

Charge Self-Regulation of Metallic Heterostructure Ni2 P@Co9 S8 for Alkaline Water Electrolysis with Ultralow Overpotential at Large Current Density.

Designing cost-effective alkaline water-splitting electrocatalysts is essential for large-scale hydrogen production. However, nonprecious catalysts face challenges in achieving high activity and durability at a large current density. An effective strategy for designing high-performance electrocatalysts is regulating the active electronic states near the Fermi-level, which can improve the intrinsic activity and increase the number of active sites. As a proof-of-concept, it proposes a one-step self-assembly approach to fabricate a novel metallic heterostructure based on nickel phosphide and cobalt sulfide (Ni2 P@Co9 S8 ) composite. The charge transfer between active Ni sites of Ni2 P and Co─Co bonds of Co9 S8 efficiently enhances the active electronic states of Ni sites, and consequently, Ni2 P@Co9 S8 exhibits remarkably low overpotentials of 188 and 253 mV to reach the current density of 100 mA cm-2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. This leads to the Ni2 P@Co9 S8 incorporated water electrolyzer possessing an ultralow cell voltage of 1.66 V@100 mA cm-2 with ≈100% retention over 100 h, surpassing the commercial Pt/C║RuO2 catalyst (1.9 V@100 mA cm-2 ). This work provides a promising methodology to boost the activity of overall water splitting with ultralow overpotentials at large current density by shedding light on the charge self-regulation of metallic heterostructure.

Altered functional connectivity of the nucleus tractus solitarii in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery: an rs-fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and the association between abnormal FC and clinical scale scores. METHODS: A total of 22 patients with chronic cough after lung surgery and 22 healthy controls were included. Visual analog scale (VAS), Mandarin Chinese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ-MC), and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA) scores were assessed, and rs-fMRI data were collected. The FC analysis was performed using the NTS as the seed point, and FC values with all voxels in the whole brain were calculated. A two-sample t-test was used to compare FC differences between the two groups. The FC values of brain regions with differences were extracted and correlated with clinical scale scores. RESULTS: In comparison to healthy controls, FC values in the NTS and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) were reduced in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery (GRF correction, p-voxel < 0.005, p-cluster < 0.05) which were positively correlated with LCQ-MC scores (r = 0.534, p = 0.011), but with VAS (r = -0.500, p = 0.018), HAMA (r = -0.713, p < 0.001) scores were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced FC of the NTS with ACC may be associated with cough hypersensitivity and may contribute to anxiety in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery.

Polo-like kinase 1 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma immunity through necroptosis.

Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays a crucial role in cell mitosis and has been associated with necroptosis. However, the role of PLK1 and necroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LA) remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to evaluate the prognostic value and mechanistic role of PLK1 in LA. PLK1 was found to be highly expressed in LA and was positively associated with advanced disease staging and poor survival outcomes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that PLK1 was involved in cell mitosis, neurotransmitter transmission, and drug metabolism. Further analysis using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and ESTIMATE algorithm revealed a correlation between PLK1 expression and immune infiltration in LA. Silencing of PLK1 using miRNA transfection in LA cells reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, as well as upregulating the expression of necroptosis-related proteins, such as RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. Additionally, nude mouse transplantation tumor experiments demonstrated that silencing PLK1 reduced the growth capacity of LA cells. These findings suggest that PLK1 plays a critical role in LA progression by regulating necroptosis and immune infiltration, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Furthermore, PLK1 expression can be used as a prognostic biomarker for LA patients.

Mechanism of electroacupuncture at acupoints of the lung meridian through PKA/PKC regulation of TRPV1 in chronic cough after lung surgery in guinea pigs.

Background: Acupuncture has achieved good results in the treatment of cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung diseases, but the mechanism associated with acupuncture in the treatment of chronic cough induced by lung surgery is unknown. We investigated whether acupuncture therapy could improve the symptoms of chronic cough after lung surgery through cyclic-AMp dependent protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic-AMp dependent protein kinase C (PKC) regulation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) signaling pathway. Methods: The guinea pigs were divided into 5 groups: the Sham operation Group (Sham), the Model Group (Model), the Electroacupuncture + Model Group (EA + M), the H89 + Model Group (H89 + M) and the Go6983 + Model Group (Go6983 + M). The effect of treatment was determined by measuring cough symptoms (number of coughs/cough incubation period) as the outcome criterion. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Lung tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The expression of p-PKA, p-PKC and p-TRPV1 proteins was measured by Western blotting. The mRNA levels of TRPV1, Substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinin-1R (NK1R) were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Acupuncture significantly reduced the cough frequency and prolonged the cough latency of chronic cough in guinea pigs after lung surgery. In addition, acupuncture reduced the damage to lung tissue. The levels of inflammatory cytokines decreased in all treatment groups, the expression levels of p-PKA, p-PKC and p-TRPV1 were significantly inhibited and the mRNA levels of TRPV1, SP, CGRP and NK1R decreased significantly after acupuncture treatment. Conclusions: Acupuncture therapy ameliorated chronic cough in guinea pigs after lung surgery by regulating the TRPV1 signaling pathway via PKA/PKC. Our results showed that acupuncture may be an effective treatment of chronic cough after lung surgery, and also clarified the potential mechanism, which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of patients with chronic cough after lung surgery.

Compound shougong powder inhibits the malignant phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting the DNA damage repair pathway.

OBJECTIVES: Compound Shougong Powder (SGS), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, has been used to treat cancer for many years with remarkable efficacy. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of SGS in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not completely clear. METHODS: The survival and metastasis of HCC cells were examined by CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, Wound-healing and Transwell assay. The anti-tumour effect of SGS was studied using hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. RNA sequencing was applied to detect the underlying mechanism. Comet DNA, qRT-PCR and WB experiments were performed for validation. In addition, HCC nude mouse model was constructed to detect SGS effect in vivo. KEY FINDINGS: SGS inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells and induced apoptosis in vitro. In addition, SGS also suppressed tumour growth in a nude mouse model of HCC in a dose-dependent manner. RNA sequencing of the suitably treated HCC cells revealed significant changes in the expression levels of genes involved in the DNA damage repair pathway. The sequencing results were verified by Comet DNA, qRT-PCR, WB assays and molecular docking. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, SGS inhibits the malignant phenotype of HCC cells by down-regulating DNA repair genes and consequently inducing DNA damage.

Association of Body Mass Index and Acute Kidney Injury Incidence and Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study aims to provide pooled estimates for the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in overweight, obese, and normal body mass index (BMI) patients, and to assess impact of BMI on mortality and chronic kidney disease (CKD) rates. We conducted literature search using online databases to analyze outcomes of BMI. This meta-analysis included 22 studies. Compared to normal BMI, underweight, overweight, or obese patients had higher risk of having AKI. Underweight individuals had 17% lower CKD risk (relative risk [RR]: 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 0.90) while patients that were overweight (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.22) and obese (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.33) had higher risk of having CKD. Lower than normal BMI was associated with higher mortality risk (RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.85), while being overweight or obese correlated with the decreased risk of mortality. An increased risk of AKI combined with an increased risk of mortality calls for renal protective strategies in subjects who are underweight at the time of hospital admission.

Formation of Nanoscale Al2O3 Protective Layer by Preheating Treatment for Improving Corrosion Resistance of Dilute Fe-Al Alloys.

In this work, an attempt was made to improve the corrosion resistance of dilute Fe-Al alloys (1.0 mass% Al) by preheating treatment at 1073 K in H2 atmosphere. In comparison with pure Fe and unpreheated Fe-Al alloys, the resistance to oxidation at 673 K in pure O2 and to electrochemical corrosion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution is significantly improved for preheated Fe-Al alloys. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a 20 nm thin, but dense Al2O3 protective layer on the surface of preheated Fe-Al alloys.

Higher dietary acid load is associated with hyperuricemia in Chinese adults: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the association between dietary acid load and hyperuricemia in Chinese adults. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. Adult participants with hyperuricemia were recruited as the cases and those without hyperuricemia were as the controls. Food consumption was evaluated by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary acid load was assessed by potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Dietary acid load was divided into four levels: the first quartile (Q1), the second quartile (Q2), the third quartile (Q3) and the fourth quartile (Q4). Logistic regression model was applied for exploring the association between dietary acid load (PRAL and NEAP) and hyperuricemia. Odds ratio (OR) and its correspondence confidence interval (CI) were computed. RESULTS: A total of 290 participants were eligible in this study, in which there were 143 individuals in case group and 147 in control group. A higher level of PRAL was found to be associated with odds of hyperuricemia. ORs of hyperuricemia for Q2, Q3 and Q4 of PRAL were 2.74 (95%CI: 1.94 ~ 3.88, p-value: 0.004), 2.90 (95%CI: 2.05 ~ 4.10, p-value: 0.002) and 3.14 (95%CI: 2.22 ~ 4.45, p-value: 0.001), respectively. There was a positive association between elevated NEAP and hyperuricemia. OR of hyperuricemia for Q2 was not material significance (OR:1.54, 95%CI: 0.93 ~ 2.53, p-value: 0.210), however, ORs of hyperuricemia for Q3 (OR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.70 ~ 3.38, p-value: 0.011) and Q4 (OR: 3.27, 95%CI: 2.31 ~ 4.62, p-value: 0.001) were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Higher level of dietary acid load was found to be associated with hyperuricemia in Chinese adults, indicative of advocation of a well-balanced diet in this population.

Long-term survival analysis of patients with stage IIIB-IV non-small cell lung cancer complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on overall survival (OS) of patients with stage IIIB-IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC from January 2015 to December 2018 in the Department of Oncology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Kaplan-Meier plots, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to describe the effect of T2DM on the OS of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC. RESULTS: This study collected data on 76 patients with NSCLC and T2DM (group A) and 214 NSCLC patients without T2DM (group B). After propensity score matching (PSM) analysis, 74 patients were included in each group. The mean OS of all patients was 17 months (range, 11-31 months). The mean OS of group A was 15 months (range, 8-25 months) and the mean OS of group B was 20 months (range, 14-39 months). The mean OS of group B was longer than group A, and the difference was statistically significant. Univariate analysis of the clinical data showed that T2DM and complications were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC (p = 0.003 and p = 0.034). Multivariate Cox model analysis showed that T2DM and complications were independent prognostic factors for patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC (p = 0.002 and p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSION: Stage IIIB-IV NSCLC patients without T2DM have an increased OS compared to patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLE and T2DM.

The role and potential mechanism of O-Glycosylation in gastrointestinal tumors.

Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification (PTM) that affects the function of proteins and regulates cell signaling, thereby regulating various biological processes. Protein oxygen-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation modifications are glycochemical modifications that occur within cells in the signal transduction and are frequently found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Due to the rapid and reversible addition and removal, O-GlcNAc modifications are able to reversibly compete with certain phosphorylation modifications, immediately regulate the activity of proteins, and participate in kinds of cellular metabolic and signal transduction pathways, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of tumors, diabetes, and other diseases. This article provided a brief overview of O-GlcNAc glycosylation modification, introduced its role in altering the progression and immune response regulation of gastrointestinal tumors, and discussed its potential use as a marker of tumor neogenesis.

Effects of N6-Methyladenosine Modification on Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Cancer Therapy.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a major internal epigenetic modification in eukaryotic mRNA, which is dynamic and reversible. m6A is regulated by methylases ("writers") and demethylases ("erasers") and is recognized and processed by m6A-binding proteins ("readers"), which further regulate RNA transport, localization, translation, and degradation. It plays a role in promoting or suppressing tumors and has the potential to become a therapeutic target for malignant tumors. In this review, we focus on the mutual regulation of m6A and coding and non-coding RNAs and introduce the molecular mechanism of m6A methylation involved in regulation and its role in cancer treatment by taking common female malignant tumors as an example.

Surface-Alloyed Nanoporous Zinc as Reversible and Stable Anodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery.

Metallic zinc (Zn) is one of the most attractive multivalent-metal anode materials in post-lithium batteries because of its high abundance, low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, it usually suffers from large voltage polarization, low Coulombic efficiency and high propensity for dendritic failure during Zn stripping/plating, hindering the practical application in aqueous rechargeable zinc-metal batteries (AR-ZMBs). Here we demonstrate that anionic surfactant-assisted in situ surface alloying of Cu and Zn remarkably improves Zn reversibility of 3D nanoporous Zn electrodes for potential use as high-performance AR-ZMB anode materials. As a result of the zincophilic ZnxCuy alloy shell guiding uniform Zn deposition with a zero nucleation overpotential and facilitating Zn stripping via the ZnxCuy/Zn galvanic couples, the self-supported nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn electrodes exhibit superior dendrite-free Zn stripping/plating behaviors in ambient aqueous electrolyte, with ultralow polarizations under current densities up to 50 mA cm‒2, exceptional stability for 1900 h and high Zn utilization. This enables AR-ZMB full cells constructed with nanoporous ZnxCuy/Zn anode and KzMnO2 cathode to achieve specific energy of as high as ~ 430 Wh kg‒1 with ~ 99.8% Coulombic efficiency, and retain ~ 86% after long-term cycles for > 700 h.

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer and induces its apoptosis.

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) is the principal ingredient of Compound Shougong Powder. Despite traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research demonstrates that Compound Shougong Powder can restrict tumor growth, whether TCDCA exerts a role in suppressing cancer as the major ingredient of Compound Shougong Powder remains unknown. This study aims to clarify the regulatory mechanism of TCDCA on gastric cancer. Gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 were cultured to investigate the effects of TCDCA on proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, a subcutaneously implanted tumor model was established using SGC-7901 cells in BALB/C nude mice and tumor volume was measured under low and high dose treatment of TCDCA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were subjected to 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome sequencing. Nude mouse tumorigenicity assay was initiated to identify the effect of TCDCA on both tumor volume and weight, and the expression of candidate genes screened by transcriptome sequencing was determined by real-time fluorescence quantification (qPCR) and Western blot. The experiments revealed that TCDCA could significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells and induce apoptosis of these cells. Meanwhile, test findings via in vivo indicated that TCDCA severely diminished the volume and weight of tumors. This study first demonstrated that TCDCA inhibited the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer and induced apoptosis, which is expected to serve as an experimental basis for the application of TCM in tumor therapeutic options. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Through this study, the inhibitory effect of Taurochenodeoxycholic acid on gastric cancer can be clarified, which provides a new research basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and TCM monomer in cancer. In addition, this study can further promote the research and application of Chinese traditional medicine, which has important application value and economic benefits.

Roles of Major RNA Adenosine Modifications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer malignancy worldwide and is known to have poor prognosis. The pathogenesis behind the development of HNSCC is not fully understood. Modifications on RNA are involved in many pathophysiological processes, such as tumor development and inflammation. Adenosine-related RNA modifications have shown to be linked to cancer and may play a role in cancer occurrence and development. To date, there are at least 170 different chemical RNA modifications that modify coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These modifications affect RNA stability and transcription efficiency. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the four major RNA adenosine modifications (N6-Methyladenosine, N1-Methyladenosine, Alternative Polyadenylation Modification and A-to-I RNA editing) and their potential molecular mechanisms related to HNSCC development and progression. We also touch on how these RNA modifications affect treatment of HNSCCs.