MXene-Carbon Nanotube Composites: Properties and Applications.

Today, MXenes and their composites have shown attractive capabilities in numerous fields of electronics, co-catalysis/photocatalysis, sensing/imaging, batteries/supercapacitors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, and soft robotics. In this aspect, MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have been widely constructed with improved environmental stability, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust mechanical properties, providing great opportunities for designing modern and intelligent systems with diagnostic/therapeutic, electronic, and environmental applications. MXenes with unique architectures, large specific surface areas, ease of functionalization, and high electrical conductivity have been employed for hybridization with CNTs with superb heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, and fascinating mechanical features. However, most of the studies have centered around their electronic, EMI shielding, catalytic, and sensing applications; thus, the need for research on biomedical and diagnostic/therapeutic applications of these materials ought to be given more attention. The photothermal conversion efficiency, selectivity/sensitivity, environmental stability/recyclability, biocompatibility/toxicity, long-term biosafety, stimuli-responsiveness features, and clinical translation studies are among the most crucial research aspects that still need to be comprehensively investigated. Although limited explorations have focused on MXene-CNT composites, future studies should be planned on the optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions, surface functionalization, and toxicological evaluations. Herein, most recent advancements pertaining to the applications of MXene-CNT composites in sensing, catalysis, supercapacitors/batteries, EMI shielding, water treatment/pollutants removal are highlighted, focusing on current trends, challenges, and future outlooks.

Advanced MXene-Based Micro- and Nanosystems for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy.

MXenes with unique mechanical, optical, electronic, and thermal properties along with a specific large surface area for surface functionalization/modification, high electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have been explored as attractive candidates for the targeted delivery of drugs in cancer therapy. These two-dimensional materials have garnered much attention in the field of cancer therapy since they have shown suitable photothermal effects, biocompatibility, and luminescence properties. However, outstanding challenging issues regarding their pharmacokinetics, biosafety, targeting properties, optimized functionalization, synthesis/reaction conditions, and clinical translational studies still need to be addressed. Herein, recent advances and upcoming challenges in the design of advanced targeted drug delivery micro- and nanosystems in cancer therapy using MXenes have been discussed to motivate researchers to further investigate this field of science.

The Synthesis and Application of Ionic Liquid Functionalized Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 for Organic Synthesis.

Ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous silica compounds present significant advantages in organic synthesis as catalysts. There are various preparation procedures for the synthesis of diverse ionic liquid catalysts, which have different catalytic properties with various roles in organic reactions. Therefore, due to the increment in the usage of mesoporous materials in the industry and numerous pieces of research, in this article, the information on the development of ionic liquids supported on SBA-15 between the years 2014 and 2021 was gathered.

Conversion of Limonene over Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Overview.

The natural terpene limonene is widely found in nature. The (R)-limonene (the most abundant enantiomer) is present in the essential oils of lemon, orange, and other citrus fruits, while the (S)- limonene is found in peppermint and the racemate in turpentine oil. Limonene is a low-cost, low toxicity biodegradable terpene present in agricultural wastes derived from citrus peels. The products obtained from the conversion of limonene are valuable compounds widely used as additives for food, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals. The conversion of limonene to produce different products has been the subject of intense research, mainly with the objective of improving catalytic systems. This review focused on the application of heterogeneous catalysts in the catalytic conversion of limonene.

SBA-Pr-Is-TAP Functionalized Nanostructured Silica as a Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensor for Fe3+ and Cr2O72- Ions in Aqueous Media.

SBA-Pr-Is-TAP was synthesized via functionalization of SBA-15. The synthesized hybrid nanomaterial was characterized by various techniques including FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM, and BET. SBA-Pr-Is-TAP could precisely bind Fe3+ and Cr2O72- ions among a range of different species in aqueous media, consequently acting as a nanoporous chemosensor of Fe3+ and Cr2O72- ions. An excellent linear relation was observed between the nanoporous chemosensor and ion concentrations, with acceptable detection limits of 2.43 × 10-6 M and 3.96 × 10-7 M for Fe3+ and Cr2O72- ions respectively.

Chemical Behavior of Cysteine in Organic Synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: Cysteine is a versatile amino acid for selective chemical modification of proteins with both chemical and biological innovations, which plays a key role in different organic reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical modification of proteins is a rapidly expanding area in chemical biology. Selective installation of biochemical probes has led to a better understanding of natural protein modification and macromolecular function. In other cases, such as chemical alterations, the protein function has entirely changed. This review paper considers the organic reaction of cysteine, the reactivity of this α-amino acid containing sulfur, and several methodologies are also discussed. Herein, we focused on the reaction of cysteine and its application in organic synthesis, which includes addition, condensation, substitution, oxidation, and ring-opening reactions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Hence monitoring of cysteine is pivotal through the preparation of some fluorescent probes to detect cysteine in high sensitivity. Also, a bibliometric analysis was carried out using Web of Science and Scopus databases that demonstrated significant contributions being observed in organic synthesis. Analysis of keywords revealed that research hotspots were cysteine, sensor, unclassified drug, and amino acid. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it seems that future research focuses on using cysteine amino acids in various fields as natural products and organic reactions. This focused review highlights the enduring utility of cysteine in protein modification and sensor preparation, with a special focus on recent innovations in chemistry and biology associated with such modifications.

The Molecular Diversity of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene in Organic Chemistry.

BACKGROUND: 1,8-diaminonaphthalen (1,8-DAN) with special organic structure was applied in organic synthesis to provide efficient complex scaffolds, through the two or fourcomponent fashion. This review highlights its recent application in organic reactions under different conditions and heterogynous catalysts to produce various molecules, which were used as medicines, sensors, and dyes. OBJECTIVE: 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (1,8-DAN) is a bicyclic compound with two amino groups which has received much attention in organic chemistry due to their medicinal activities such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antitumor, oxidation dyestuff, hair color, fluorescent, and chemo-sensors. In continuation of our studies, herin, recent application of 1,8-DAN in organic synthesis was reviewed. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the application of 1,8-DAN 1 in different reactions was reviewd through the various conditions to yield the target compounds with high medicinal activities, and potential for sensitive detection of different ions. The target compounds including 1,8-DAN 1 with various structures were provided such as perimidines, perimidinones, aminonaphthalenes which were produced through different methods as brought for further study in this review.

Quantitative and Qualitative Bibliometric Scope Toward the Synthesis of Rose Oxide as a Natural Product in Perfumery.

Rose Oxide is a monoterpene along with cyclic ether used in fragrance to produce rosy notes, in general, there are 4 stereoisomeric structures of the Rose Oxide, which the cis-configured Rose Oxide has a very unique and strong note in perfumery. In this review, several approaches were reported on account of the Rose Oxide applied in perfumery from 1864 to 2019 via quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Recent Progress Towards Synthesis of the Indolizidine Alkaloid 195B.

BACKGROUND: Natural products have been received attention due to their importance in human life as those are biologically active. In this review, there are some reports through different methods related to the synthesis of the indolizidine 195B which was extracted from poisonous frog; however, due to respect nature, the synthesis of natural compounds such as indolizidine has been attracted much attention among scientists and researchers. OBJECTIVE: This review discloses the procedures and methods to provide indolizidine 195B from 1989 to 2018 due to their importance as a natural product. CONCLUSION: There are several methods to give rise to the indolizidine 195B as a natural product that is highly active from the biological perspective in pharmaceutical chemistry. In summary, many protocols for the preparations of indolizidine 195B from various substrates, several reagents, and conditions have been reported from different aromatic and aliphatic.

Facile one-pot four-component synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2-pyridone derivatives: novel urease inhibitor scaffold.

In the current study, a series of 3,4-dihydro-2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized in a one-pot fourcomponent reaction of Meldrum's acid, benzaldehyde derivatives, methyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate. SiO2-Pr-SO3H was used as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of the target compounds under solvent-free conditions. The most probable mechanism for this reaction has been discussed. The advantages of this methodology are high product yields, being environmentally benign, short reaction times, and easy handling. Eight 2-pyridinone derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against Jack bean urease. Molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds was also evaluated. All compounds showed good activities against urease and among them, 4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridone (5a) showed the most potent activity (IC50 = 29.12 µM), more potent than hydroxyurea as the reference drug (IC50 = 100.0 µM). Also, the results from docking studies were in good agreement with those obtained with in vitro assay. According to the docking studies methionine (Met) 637 and nitro phenyl ring cause n-π interaction between lone pair of sulfur atom and π aromatic ring. Moreover, hydrophobic interactions existed between compound 5a and alanine (ALA) 636, ALA 440, and isoleucine 411. The results indicated that the inhibitory activities increased with the increase of electron withdrawing ability of the groups despite a less important role of lipophilicity in increasing the inhibitory activity.

Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives using SBA-Pr-SO3H as a Nanocatalyst.

An efficient one-pot approach for the preparation of 2,4,5-trisubstituted phenanthroimidazole derivatives is described. The three-component reaction between 9,10-phenanthraquinone, benzaldehyde derivatives, and ammonium acetate proceeds in the presence of SBA-Pr-SO3H as a nanoporous solid acid catalyst in short reaction times and good to excellent yields.

A Single Fluorescent Sensor for Hg(2+) and Discriminately Detection of Cr(3+) and Cr(VI).

An iminocrown ether was synthesized and its fluorescence properties were studied in the presence of a variety of cations and anions in 99 % aqueous medium. The results revealed the interesting ability of the iminocrown ether in discriminately detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions in addition to detection of Hg(2+) ion. Among various environmentally relevant metal ions, Cr(3+) and Hg(2+) enhanced and quenched the fluorescence emission, respectively and among anions only dichromate ion, Cr(VI), quenched the emission while the rest of ions insignificantly influenced the fluorescence emission. Selectivity of the iminocrown ether was also investigated and proved in the presence of excess of common competing ions. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of the iminocrown ether was studied as a function of concentrations of the three ions by performing a titration experiment for each one of them. The detection limits of 5.36 × 10(-8), 2.06 × 10(-6), and 7.49 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) were also calculated for Hg(2+), Cr(3+), and Cr(VI), respectively.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of Ce doped cubic-hexagonal ZnTiO3 with highly efficient sonocatalytic activity.

Ce doped ZnTiO3 as a novel catalyst with highly efficient and stable sonocatalytic activity was synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method using non-ionic surfactant Pluronic F127 as structure directing agent. Synthesized samples were characterized by using various techniques, such as XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, ​XRF, BET, DRS, and PL, and their sonocatalytic activity studied toward degradation of p-Nitrophenol as a model organic compound. The synthesized mesoporous Ce/ZnTiO3 had mixed cubic-hexagonal phase with large surface area (118.2 m(2) g(-1)) and narrow pore size distribution (4.9 nm). The effects of cerium concentration, calcination temperature, and calcination time on the structure and the sonocatalytic activity of Ce/ZnTiO3 were studied in detail. XRD results were suggested that the relation between the phase structure and the catalytic activity is considerable. Significant decrease in band-gap and PL intensity was observed with increasing the cerium concentration in the ZnTiO3. It became clear that the Ce/ZnTiO3 (0.81 mol%) shows high sonocatalytic activity compared with pure ZnTiO3 and other Ce/ZnTiO3 samples as well as commercial TiO2-P25. The possible mechanism for the enhanced sonocatalytic activity of Ce/ZnTiO3 was discussed in details. The electrical energy consumption was also considered during sonocatalytic experiments.

The molecular diversity scope of 1,3-indandione in organic synthesis.

Indandione is an important starting material that has drawn great attention in various organic transformations because of its attributes, such as low cost, easy to handle and eco-friendliness generally affording the corresponding products in excellent yields. In this review, we summarize recent data describing the most important MCRs reactions in which one of the starting materials is indandione. This review will also present two-, three-, four-, and five-component and one-pot reactions for the functionalization of indandione with the to increase awareness on the versatility of using this compound among organic chemists.

Ultrasonic-assisted degradation of phenazopyridine with a combination of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and inorganic oxidants.

Pure and samarium doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sonochemical method and characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, Pl, and DRS techniques. The average crystallite size of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was about 20 nm. The sonocatalytic activity of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was considered toward degradation of phenazopyridine as a model organic contaminant. The Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles with Sm concentration of 0.4 mol% indicated a higher sonocatalytic activity (59%) than the pure ZnO (51%) and other Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles. It was believed that Sm(3+) ion with optimal concentration (0.4 mol%) can act as superficial trapping for electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and delayed the recombination of charge carriers. The influence of the nature and concentration of various oxidants, including periodate, hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonosulfate, and peroxydisulfate on the sonocatalytic activity of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was studied. The influence of the oxidants concentration (0.2-1.4 g L(-1)) on the degradation rate was established by the 3D response surface and the 2D contour plots. The results demonstrated that the utilizing of oxidants in combination with Sm-doped ZnO resulting in rapid removal of contaminant, which can be referable to a dual role of oxidants; (i) scavenging the generated electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and (ii) creating highly reactive radical species under ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that the Sm-doped ZnO and periodate combination is the most efficient catalytic system under ultrasonic irradiation.

A Novel Naphthalene-Immobilized Nanoporous SBA-15 as a Highly Selective Optical Sensor for Detection of Fe(3+) in Water.

A novel organic-inorganic hybrid optical sensor (SBA-NCO) was designed and synthesized through immobilization of isocyanatopropyl-triethoxysilane and 1-amino-naphthalene onto the surface of SBA-15 by post-grafting method. The characterization of materials using XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, and FT-IR techniques confirmed the successful attachment of organic moieties and preserving original structure of SBA-15 after modification step. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated that SBA-NCO was a highly selective optical sensor for the detection of Fe(3+) directly in water over a wide range of metal cations including Na(+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cr(3+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Hg(2+), and Pb(2+) in a wide pH values.

Ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel synthesis of samarium, cerium co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced sonocatalytic efficiency.

In this work, pure TiO2 and samarium, cerium mono-doped and co-doped TiO2 catalysts were synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method and their sonocatalytic efficiency studied toward removal of Methyl Orange as a model organic pollutant from the textile industry. The relationship of structure and sonocatalytic performance of catalysts was established by using various techniques, such as XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, DRS, and PL. A comparison on the removal efficiency of sonolysis alone and sonocatalytic processes was performed. The results showed that the samarium, cerium co-doped TiO2 catalyst with narrower band gap energy and smaller particle size leads to a rapid removal of pollutant. It was believed that Sm(3+) and Ce(4+) ions can serve as superficial trapping for electrons at conduction band of TiO2 and prolonged the lifetime of electron-hole pairs. Finally, the effect of synthesis and operational variables on the sonocatalytic activity of co-doped TiO2 catalyst was studied and optimized using response surface methodology as a statistical technique. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency (96.33%) was achieved at the optimum conditions: samarium content of 0.6 wt%, cerium content of 0.82 wt%, initial pollutant concentration of 4.31 mg L(-1), catalyst dosage of 0.84 mg L(-1), ultrasonic irradiation power of 700 W, and irradiation time of 50 min.

Efficient synthesis of spironaphthopyrano [2,3-d]pyrimidine-5,3'-indolines under solvent-free conditions catalyzed by SBA-Pr-SO3H as a nanoporous acid catalyst.

A green, simple one-pot synthesis of spironaphthopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5,3'-indoline derivatives by a three-component reaction of isatins, 2-naphthol, and barbituric acids under solvent-free conditions in the presence of SBA-Pr-SO(3)H has been accomplished. Sulfonic acid functionalized SBA-15 (SBA-Pr-SO(3)H) as a heterogeneous nanoporous solid acid catalyst was found to be an efficient and recyclable acid catalyst in this synthesis.

Heavy metals determination in water and food samples after preconcentration by a new nanoporous adsorbent.

In this work, SBA-15 mesoporous silica has been chemically functionalized with guanidin groups. The resulting material has been characterised and employed as solid phase extractant for preconcentration of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) ions. The ions were identified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The enrichment factor of the proposed method was 100 and detection limits were found to be 4.5, 0.6, 0.2 and 0.5 ng mL(-1) for Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) respectively. The time and the optimum amount of the sorbent, pH and minimum amount of acid for stripping and break through volume were investigated. The maximum capacity the adsorbent was found to be 89.1 (±1.7) µg, 57.2 (±1.6) µg, 26.8 (±1.6) µg and 36.0 (±0.6) µg of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) per mg functionalized SBA-15, respectively. Guanidin functionalized SBA-15 was successfully applied as a new solid extractant for the simultaneous preconcentration of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) ions in water and food samples.