Robotic partial nephrectomy is associated with a significantly decreased rate of postoperative pseudoaneurysm compared to open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

While partial nephrectomy offers oncologic efficacy and preserves renal function for T1 renal tumors, renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) remains a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. This study compared RAP incidence across robotic-assisted (RAPN), laparoscopic (LPN), and open (OPN) partial nephrectomies in a large tertiary oncological center. This retrospective study analyzed 785 patients undergoing partial nephrectomy between 2012 and 2022 (398 RAPN, 122 LPN, 265 OPN). Data included demographics, tumor size/location, surgical type, clinical presentation, treatment, and post-operative outcomes. The primary outcome was RAP incidence, with secondary outcomes including presentation, treatment efficacy, and renal function. Seventeen patients (2.1%) developed RAP, presenting with massive hematuria (100%), hemorrhagic shock (5.8%), and clot retention (23%). The median onset was 12 days postoperatively. RAP occurred in 4 (1%), 4 (3.3%), and 9 (3.4%) patients following RAPN, LPN, and OPN, respectively (p = 0.04). Only operative length and surgical approach were independently associated with RAP. Selective embolization achieved immediate bleeding control in 94%, with one patient requiring a second embolization. No additional surgery or nephrectomy was needed. Estimated GFR at one year was similar across both groups (p = 0.53). RAPN demonstrated a significantly lower RAP incidence compared to LPN and OPN (p = 0.04). Emergency angiographic embolization proved effective, with no long-term renal function impact. This retrospective study lacked randomization and long-term follow-up. Further research with larger datasets and longer follow-ups is warranted. This study suggests that robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is associated with a significantly lower risk of RAP compared to traditional approaches. Emergency embolization effectively treats RAP without compromising long-term renal function.

High ambient temperature impact on the pattern of emergency-room visits due to renal colic in the Middle East.

Urolithiasis has a seasonal pattern, with an established increase in incidence during the summer months. This study aims to assess the impact of high ambient temperatures on emergency room (ER) visits related to renal colic (RC) in a Middle Eastern country over the past decade. Population data were extracted using the MDClone Big Data platform. We recorded demographic and clinical data on all RC-associated ER visits from January 2012 to April 2023 and calculated the heat index (HI) that combines daily average coastal plane temperatures and humidity percentages. There was a total of 12,770 ER visits (median age 48 years, 9,236 (72%) males). The number of visits increased during the hottest months (July-October), with the highest numbers recorded during August. The number of visits remained stable throughout the study. We identified a linear association between humidity and the incidence of ER visits (p = 0.002), and a non-linear association between ambient temperature (p < 0.0001) and HI (p < 0.0001). There was a direct relationship between high temperatures and ER visits on the same day (risk ratio [RR]: 1.75, p = 0.036), with a 2-day lag (RR: 1.123, p = 0.024). In Conclusion, there is a significant relationship between temperature, humidity, HI, and the number of ER visits due to RC. Adjusted resource allocation and healthcare workforce availability are essential for managing additional cases during heat waves. Clinical implications: Increased demand is expected during heatwaves and within a 2-day lag, emphasizing the importance of proactive strategies to effectively manage RC patients.

Do Urine Cytology and FISH Analysis Have a Role in the Follow-Up Protocol of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma?

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend a stringent follow-up regimen that includes interval cystoureteronephscopy, CT urography, and selective urine cytology sampling for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients undergoing endoscopic treatment and management. There are no recommendations regarding FISH analysis. Our purpose was to assess the efficacy of cytology and FISH as part of the follow-up protocol and its significance to clinical decision-making in this scenario. METHODS: The medical records of all patients who managed endoscopically for UTUC at our institute between 2014 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical data, histology, cytology, and FISH results were collected. FISH analysis was considered malignant according to Paris criteria. RESULTS: During the study period, 62 patients underwent 561 ureteroscopies as part of the treatment and follow-up regimen of low-grade UTUC. Urine from the affected upper tract was sampled for cytology in 377 procedures, and FISH analyses were performed in 273. In 75.4% of FISH analyses, the result was different from the cytology results: FISH found malignant aberrations in 15.5% of cases where cytology was benign. Furthermore, FISH classified all the cells defined as atypical via cytology as either benign or malignant. In only one case (0.17%), the urinary cytology report changed the follow-up regimen. CONCLUSION: Cytology may be omitted from the follow-up protocol of low-grade UTUC. In the handful of cases cytology does assist the diagnosis of UTUC, there is an additional benefit to performing FISH analysis, particularly when cellular atypia is reported in the cytology results.

Primary Ureteroscopy without Pre-Stenting for Proximal Ureteral Stones-Is It Feasible?

BACKGROUND: Primary ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy is the treatment of choice for distal ureteral stones. However, in cases of proximal ureteral stones, some urologists recommend the preliminary insertion of a ureteral stent and deferred ureteroscopy. We aimed to evaluate the necessity of preliminary ureteral stent insertion in the management of proximal ureteral stones by comparing the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing primary ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for proximal vs. distal ureteral stones. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent ureteroscopy between 2016 and 2017 in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included demographic data, stone size, renal function, intra- and post-operative complications, and stone-free rate (SFR). Patients were divided into two groups: proximal ureteral stones and distal ureteral stones. RESULTS: The cohort included 241 patients who underwent ureteroscopy. Among them, 106 had a proximal ureteral stone. The median age was 51 (IQR 41-65) years. Patients who underwent ureteroscopy for proximal ureteral stones were significantly older (p = 0.007). The median stone's maximal diameter was 7 (5-10) mm. The complication rate and stone-free rate (SFR) were similar in both groups (p = 0.657 and p = 1, respectively). The prevalence of post-procedural ureteral stent insertion was higher among patients who underwent ureteroscopy for proximal ureteral stones: 92.5% vs. 79.3% (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study concludes that primary ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for proximal ureteral stones is a valid and feasible treatment with a similar surgical outcome compared to distal ureteral stones. Preliminary ureteral stent insertion seems to be unnecessary.

The Added Value of Systematic Sampling in In-Bore Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Prostate Biopsy.

We sought to quantify the additive value of systematic biopsy (SB) using in-bore magnetic resonance (MR)-guided prostate biopsy (IBMRGpB) by retrospectively reviewing the records of 189 patients who underwent IBMRGpB for suspected prostate cancer or as part of the surveillance protocol for previously diagnosed prostate cancer. The endpoints included clinically significant and non-clinically significant cancer diagnosis. SB detected clinically significant disease in 67 (35.5%) patients. Five (2.65%) patients whose targeted biopsies indicated benign or non-clinically significant disease had clinically significant disease based on SB. SB from the lobe contralateral to the lesion detected clinically significant disease in 15 (12%) patients. The size of the prostate was larger and the percentage of lesions located in the peripheral zone of the prostate was higher in patients with SB-detected clinically significant disease. The location of the main lesion in the peripheral zone of the prostate was a predictor for clinically significant disease in the multivariate analysis (OR = 8.26, p = 0.04), a finding supported by a subgroup analysis of biopsy-naïve patients (OR = 10.52, p = 0.034). The addition of SB during IBMRGpB increased the diagnosis of clinically significant as well as non-clinically significant prostate cancer. The location of the main lesion in the peripheral zone emerged as a positive predictive factor for clinically significant disease based on SB. These findings may enhance patient-tailored management.

Unveiling the Challenges in Tandem Ureteral Stent Management for Malignant Ureteral Obstruction: Failure Rate, Risk Factors, and Durability of Their Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) is a sequela of advanced malignant disease that requires renal drainage, with tandem ureteral stents (TUSs) being a viable option. This study aimed to evaluate the TUS failure rate, associated risk factors, and the feasibility of replacing failed TUSs with a new pair of stents. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of MUO patients treated with TUS insertion from 2014 to 2022 was conducted. TUS failure was defined as urosepsis, recurrent urinary tract infections, acute kidney failure, or new hydronephrosis on imaging. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis identified the independent predictors of TUS failure. RESULTS: A total of 240 procedures were performed on 186 patients, with TUS drainage failing in 67 patients (36%). The median time to failure was 7 months. Multivariate analysis revealed female gender (OR = 3.46, p = 0.002), pelvic mass (OR = 1.75, p = 0.001), and distal ureteral obstruction (OR = 2.27, p = 0.04) as significant risk factors for TUS failure. Of the failure group, 42 patients (22.6%) underwent TUS replacement for a new pair. Yet, 24 (57.2%) experienced a second failure, with a median time of 4.5 months. The risk factors for TUS second failure included a stricture longer than 30 mm (OR = 11.8, p = 0.04), replacement with TUSs of the same diameter (OR = 43, p = 0.003), and initial TUS failure within 6 months (OR = 19.2, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: TUS insertion for the treatment of MUO is feasible and has good outcomes with a relatively low failure rate. Primary pelvic mass and distal ureteral obstruction pose higher risks for TUS failure. Replacing failed TUSs with a new pair has a success rate of 42.8%. Consideration should be given to placing larger diameter stents when replacing failed TUS.

Strategies of Endoscopic Management of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma among Endourologists: A Global Survey.

Up-to-date guidelines on the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are continuously published. We aim to assess the variability of diagnosis and treatment strategies in the endoscopic management of UTUC and adherence to European Association of Urology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. A 15-question survey was designed to query practitioners on approaches to clinical practice and knowledge about endoscopic treatment indications and techniques. It was emailed to all members of the Endourologic Society through the society's office, and to all Israeli non-member endourologists. Eighty-eight urologists participated in the survey. Adherence to guidelines on indications for endoscopic management was only 51%. Most of the survey respondents (87.5%) use holmium laser for tumor ablation, and ~50% use forceps for biopsy while the other half use baskets. Only 50% stated that they would use Jelmyto® for specific indications. Most (80%) indicated that they repeat the ureteroscopy 3 months after the first one, and 52.3% continue with follow-up ureteroscopy every 3 months during the first year after diagnosis. There is vast variability among endourologists in the technical aspects of UTUC, the indications for endoscopic management, and adherence to the available guidelines for managing UTUC.

Association between COVID-19 Burden, Population Vaccination Status, and Urologic Oncology Surgery Volume: A National Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Initial deleterious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on urologic oncology surgeries are well described, but the possible influence of vaccination efforts and those of pandemic conditions on surgical volumes is unclear. Our aim was to examine the association between changing vaccination status and COVID-19 burden throughout the pandemic and the volume of urologic oncology surgeries in Israel. This multi-center cross-sectional study included data collected from five tertiary centers between January 2019 and December 2021. All 7327 urologic oncology surgeries were included. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Health database. A rising trend in total urologic oncology surgery volumes was observed with ensuing COVID-19 wave peaks over time (X2 = 13.184, df = 3, p = 0.004). Total monthly surgical volumes correlated with total monthly hospitalizations due to COVID-19 (R = -0.36, p = 0.015), as well as with the monthly average Oxford Stringency Index (R = -0.31, p = 0.035). The cumulative percent of vaccinations and of new COVID-19 cases per month did not correlate with total monthly urologic surgery volumes. Our study demonstrates the gradual acclimation of the Israeli healthcare system to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, hospitalizations due to COVID-19, as well as restriction stringency, correlate with lower volumes of urologic oncological surgeries, regardless of the population's vaccination status.

Tubeless Ureterorenoscopy-Our Experience Using a 120 W Laser and Dusting Technique: Postoperative Pain, Complications, and Readmissions.

Introduction and Objective: Both double J-stent (DJS) and ureter catheter (UC) drainage represent routine practice following ureterorenoscopy. In select situations, a tubeless approach is possible and safe. In tubeless cases, we use a sheathless dusting technique with the Lumenis® MOSES Pulse™120 H Holmium: YAG laser. We evaluated these three drainage subgroups and compared postoperative pain, complications, and readmissions. Methods: A retrospective database of 269 consecutive patients who underwent primary ureterorenoscopy for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones between October 2018 and August 2019. The cohort was divided according to post-operative drainage as Tubeless, UC, and DJS. The decision on whether to perform post-operative drainage was by surgeon preference. Demographic and clinical parameters such as stone location, number, and burden, hydronephrosis grade, and postoperative complications (fever, acute renal failure, and the obstruction of the upper urinary tract by Stone Street) were assessed. Pain was assessed using a 0−10 Visual Analog Scale score (VAS) and the use of analgesics by dose/case in each group. Results: There were 70 (26%) tubeless, 136 (50%) UC, and 63 (24%) DJS cases. Patients drained with DJSs had a significantly higher stone burden, more severe obstruction, and prolonged operative time. Tubeless and UC-drained patients had the same stone characteristics with maximal diameters of 8.4 (6.1−12) mm and 8 (5.2−11.5) mm in comparison to the stented group, with 12 (8.6−16.6) mm, p < 0.01. The operation time was the longest in the stented group at 49 min (IQR 33−60) in comparison to the UC and tubeless groups at 32 min (23−45) and 28 min (20−40), respectively (p < 0.001). Auxiliary procedures were more prevalent in the stented group, but the overall stone-free rate was not significantly different, p = 0.285. Postoperative ER visits, readmissions, and complications were the highest in the UC-drained group, at 20% in the UC vs. 6% in the tubeless and 10% in the stented groups. Post-operative pain levels and analgesic use were significantly lower in the tubeless group with a significant reduction in opiate usage. Conclusions: A tubeless approach is safe in selected cases with fewer post-operative complications. While DJS should be considered in complex cases, UC may be omitted in straightforward cases since it does not appear to reduce immediate postoperative complications. Those fitted for tubeless procedures had improved postoperative outcomes, facilitating outpatient approach to upper urinary tract stone treatment and patient satisfaction.

Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty in Adults-A Single-Center Experience.

Background: Laparoscopic (LP) and robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP) are minimally invasive techniques for correcting uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). We retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of all adults who underwent RAP (n = 41) to those who underwent LP (n = 24) for UPJO at our institution between 2003−2022. Methods: Age, sex, body mass index, surgical side, past abdominal/endoscopic surgeries, pre- and postoperative renal scans, pre- and postoperative serum creatinine levels, operative time (OT), presence of crossing vessels, estimated blood loss, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, time to JJ stent removal, follow-up length, and postoperative hydronephrosis were analyzed. Results: The groups were demographically comparable. The mean total and skin-to-skin OTs (minutes) were significantly longer in the RAP group than in the LP group (242.4 ± 55 vs. 161.4 ± 40 p < 0.001; 163.7 ± 41.8 vs. 124.3 ± 30.3 p = 0.006, respectively). Hospital stay (days) was shorter in the RAP group (3.3 ± 2.1 vs. 7.3 ± 2.5 p < 0.001). Postoperative complication rates were identical for both groups. The LP group had a significantly longer follow-up period (85.2 ± 73 vs. 19 ± 14 months p < 0.001). The success rates for the LP and RAP groups were 87.5% and 90.6% (p = 0.708). Conclusions: RAP achieves equivalent results to LP, in adult patients. A longer OT may be expected with the robotic system since it can handle more complicated cases.

Bladder Oversensitivity Is Associated with Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Men.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an objective association between bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and abnormal sensation parameters during filling cystometry in men. Methods: This was a prospective study. Consecutive patients referred for urodynamic examination were assessed for eligibility. Patients with permanent catheters, BPH related surgery, neurologic disease, or inability to complete the urodynamic study were excluded. All patients underwent full physical examination, as well as renal and bladder ultrasound including prostate size estimation, post void residual volume, and PSA, and they completed the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) questionnaire. The cohort was divided into obstructed and un-obstructed groups according to the Bladder Outlet Obstruction Index. Results: Ninety of the 115 patients recruited were obstructed (78%). Obstructed patients had significantly higher PSA, larger prostate volume, and higher IPSS. Detrusor overactivity did not differ between the two groups (45.6% vs. 48.1%, p = 0.83). First, normal, strong, and urgent desires to void were significantly lower in obstructed men: median (IQR) 118 (57−128) vs. 180 (80−200), 171 (85−257) vs. 227 (125−350), 221 (150−383) vs. 307 (180−477), and 276 (197−480) vs. 344 (280−535), respectively. First desire to void (FDV) had the highest area under the curve (AUC = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76−0.90, p < 0.001) for predicting BOO with a Youden index of 0.78 at 140 mL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is a strong association between bladder oversensitivity and BOO in men. Men with FDV <140 mL had a significantly increased probability of being obstructed. These findings may shed a light on the pathophysiological connection between obstruction and enhanced afferent signaling from the bladder.

Changing Trends in Surgical Management of Nephrolithiasis among Young Adults: A 15-Year Population-Based Study.

Background: Increases in obesity and diabetes rates among all ages have led to a greater prevalence of nephrolithiasis worldwide. We aimed to explore the changing trends in surgical management of nephrolithiasis in young adults over a 15 year period. Methods: We reviewed medical records of military personnel for information on the diagnosis and care of nephrolithiasis before and during active service between 2007−2021, divided into three 5 year periods: 2007−2011, 2012−2016, and 2017−2021. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and surgical data were retrieved for the analysis of changing trends. Results: The records of 1,117,692 recruits yielded 7383 (0.66%) with stone-related surgeries, of whom 1885 were operated during military service. Their median age was 19.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 16.8−21.2), 829 (70%) were males, and the cohort's median body mass index was 23.6 (IQR 17.3−26.1). There was a dramatic decline in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) prevalence (35.1%, 10.4%, and 4.4%, respectively) with a continually increasing prevalence of ureteroscopy (URS)/retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) (62.7%, 88.5%, and 94.6%, p = 0.01). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures have become nearly extinct over time (0.8% in 2017−2021). The number of median-sized stones treated by URS/RIRS increased (7.5 mm, 8.2 mm, and 9.7 mm, p = 0.044), but not those treated by SWL/PCNL. The median length of medical leave for URS/RIRS and PCNL decreased significantly (7 vs. 4 days, p = 0.05 and 10 vs. 6 days, p = 0.036, respectively), with no comparable change for SWL. There was a substantial decline in ancillary procedures in the URS/RIRS groups (9%, 6.8%, and 3.1%, p < 0.01), but not in the SWL/PCNL groups. Conclusions: Advancements in technology and surgical training are leading to the extinction of SWL and the adoption of URS/RIRS as the new standard of care for nephrolithiasis among young adults.

A machine learning model for predicting surgical intervention in renal colic due to ureteral stone(s) < 5 mm.

A 75-89% expulsion rate is reported for ureteric stones ≤ 5 mm. We explored which parameters predict justified surgical intervention in cases of pain caused by < 5 mm ureteral stones. We retrospectively reviewed all patients with renal colic caused by ureteral stone < 5 mm admitted to our urology department between 2016 and 2021. Data on age, sex, body mass index, the presence of associated hydronephrosis/stranding on images, ureteral side, stone location, medical history, serum blood count, creatinine, C-reactive protein, and vital signs were obtained upon admission. XGboost (XG), a machine learning model has been implemented to predict the need for intervention. A total of 471 patients (median age 49, 83% males) were reviewed. 74% of the stones were located in the distal ureter. 160 (34%) patients who sustained persistent pain underwent surgical intervention. The operated patients had proximal stone location (56% vs. 10%, p < 0.001) larger stones (4 mm vs. 3 mm, p < 0.001), longer length of stay (3.5 vs. 3 days, p < 0.001) and more emergency-room (ER) visits prior to index admission (2 vs. 1, p = 0.007) compared to those who had no surgical intervention. The model accuracy was 0.8. Larger stone size and proximal location were the most important features in predicting the need for intervention. Altogether with pulse and ER visits, they contributed 73% of the final prediction for each patient. Although a high expulsion rate is expected for ureteral stones < 5 mm, some may be painful and drawn out in spontaneous passage. Decision-making for surgical intervention can be facilitated by the use of the present prediction model.

The urologist's learning curve of "in-bore" magnetic resonance-guided prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND: The combination of multi-parametric MRI to locate and define suspected lesions together with their being targeted by an MRI-guided prostate biopsy has succeeded in increasing the detection rate of clinically significant disease and lowering the detection rate of non-significant prostate cancer. In this work we investigate the urologist's learning curve of in-bore MRI-guided prostate biopsy which is considered to be a superior biopsy technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following Helsinki approval by The Chaim Sheba Medical Center ethics committee in accordance with The Sheba Medical Center institutional guidelines (5366-28-SMC) we retrospectively reviewed 110 IB-MRGpBs performed from 6/2016 to 1/2019 in a single tertiary center. All patients had a prostate multi-parametric MRI finding of at least 1 target lesion (prostate imaging reporting and data system [PI-RADS] score ≥ 3). We analyzed biopsy duration and clinically significant prostate cancer detection of targeted sampling in 2 groups of 55 patients each, once by a urologist highly trained in IB-MRGpBs and again by a urologist untrained in IB-MRGpBs. These two parameters were compared according to operating urologist and chronologic order. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 68 years (interquartile range 62-72). The mean prostate-specific antigen level and prostate size were 8.6 ± 9.1 ng/d and 53 ± 27 cc, respectively. The mean number of target lesions was 1.47 ± 0.6. Baseline parameters did not differ significantly between the 2 urologists' cohorts. Overall detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer were 19%, 55%, and 69% for PI-RADS 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Clinically significant cancer detection rates did not differ significantly along the timeline or between the 2 urologists. The average duration of IB-MRGpB targeted sampling was 28 ± 15.8 min, correlating with the number of target lesions (p < 0.0001), and independent of the urologist's expertise. Eighteen cases defined the cutoff for the procedure duration learning curve (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a very short learning curve for IB-MRGpB-targeted sampling duration, and that clinically significant cancer detection rates are not influenced by the learning curve of this technique.

[ROBOT ASSISTED PYELOPLASTY IN ADULTS WITH URETERO-PELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION (UPJO)].

BACKGROUND: Robotic-pyeloplasty (RP) for uretero-pelvic-junction-obstruction (UPJO) has been performed in our institution since 2013. OBJECTIVES: To summarize the outcomes of RP in adults over 18 years of age. METHODS: Adult RP cases have been prospectively documented. Analysis included demographic data such as age, sex, American Association of Anesthesiology-ASA Score, surgical-side, pre-operative imaging. Operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS) and short-term complications were also recorded. In all cases a JJ-stent has been left in place and subsequently taken out. Complications were classified in accordance with the Clavien-Dindo classification criteria. Patients were seen periodically with repeat imaging. The renal scan was performed at least once during the post-operative follow-up. Results are given as median (inter-quartile range) or numeric values (%). RESULTS: A total of 32 patients aged 33.5 years (21-45.2) had RP between the years 2013-2020, among which 53% were females and 59% right sided. An ASA score of 1-2 has been observed in 87.5% of all cases. Skin-to-skin OT was 163 min (136-185), and EBL was 5 ml (0-30). Short-term post-operative complications were hematuria (3.1%), urinary leak/urinoma (12.5%), body temperature>38.30C (12.5%). In 2 cases (6.2%) the JJ-stent had been re-positioned in the operating-theater (Clavien-Dindo 3b). LOS was 3 days (2-4) and JJ-stent had been taken out 39 days (31.7-45.2) post-operatively. Median length of follow-up was 19.5 months (9.5-26.7). In 92.3% of cases an improvement in hydronephrosis has been observed in post-operative imaging. The renal scan did not demonstrate renal function deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Adult robotic pyeloplasty for UPJO is safe and effective. Low complication rates and over 90% success rates have been observed. These findings are in line with those found in previous studies.

[FACTORS PREDICTING FULL URINARY CONTINENCE FOLLOWING ROBOT-ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY (RALP)].

BACKGROUND: Urinary Incontinence (UI) following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic-Radical Prostatectomy (RALP) adversely affects patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To find parameters that predict full urinary continence (FUC) following RALP. METHODS: Out of an established prospective RALP database, we retrieved and analyzed parameters that potentially predict FUC: age, Body Mass Index, American Anesthesiology Association (ASA) score, previous abdominal surgeries, pre-operative IPSS (International Prostate-Symptom Score), operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), peritoneum closure and prostate weight. FUC has been defined as 0 pads/day. Univariate analysis has been executed for comparison between patient groups, whereas multivariate analysis has been implemented for the detection of predicting factors for FUC. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or numeric value (%). RESULTS: A total of 431 RALP cases were recorded between the years 2010-2019. Final analysis included 364 patients with full medical records; 81% gained FUC within 15 weeks (8-28); 96% gained FUC or used 1 pad/day within 17.5 weeks (8-36). Among those who gained FUC, smaller prostates (p=0.028) and low EBL (p=0.025) have been observed. On multivariate analysis EBL has been associated with UI (OR=0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients gained FUC following RALP. EBL was found as risk factor for UI.

[CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING ROBOT-ASSISTED PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY (RAPN)].

BACKGROUND: Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment for renal tumors less than 7 cm. OBJECTIVES: To describe surgical techniques and trends of treating renal tumors less than 7 cm at our department and present the clinical outcomes of our experience with Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN). METHODS: Out of an established prospective RAPN database, we retrieved demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological parameters. Operation length was defined as the time between the first surgical incision and the last suture (skin to skin). Warm ischemia time (WIT) was defined as the time between the renal artery clamping and clamp releasing. Data is presented as mean (range, standard deviation) or numeric value (%). RESULTS: Overall, 250 RAPN cases were recorded between the years 2013-2020. Mean tumor size was 32 mm. Mean operation length was 153 minutes. Mean warm ischemia time was 17.5 minutes. Intra-operative complication rates, including converting the surgery to an open approach or to radical nephrectomy, was low. Mean estimated blood loss was 359 cc. An increase in the utilization of the robotic approach has been recorded throughout the years, with a concurrent decrease in the open and laparoscopic approaches. CONCLUSIONS: RAPN is associated with lower complication rates and superior perioperative outcomes, therefore considered a good alternative to the open and laparoscopic approaches. Thus, RAPN is the gold standard treatment for renal tumors less than 7 cm at our institute.

[FOCAL TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER - LEADING AND FUTURE TECHNIQUES, OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS].

INTRODUCTION: Focal treatment for prostate cancer has been proposed as an innovative strategy that aims to achieve oncological benefit while reducing treatment-related morbidity. This treatment is suitable for patients with low and intermediate risk, organ-confined disease. Focal therapy can be categorized as follows: unifocal index lesion ablation, multifocal ablation, hemi-gland ablation or subtotal gland ablation. Different types of energies are applied in focal therapy including high intensity focal ultrasound (HIFU), cryotherapy, focal laser ablation (FLA), irreversible electroporation (IRE) and Photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review we will briefly present a summary of leading techniques and the available data regarding their oncological outcomes and adverse events. Whole-gland therapies were excluded from this review.

[UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA].

INTRODUCTION: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is a relatively rare malignancy, but with an increasing prevalence. The main risk factor for the disease is smoking. The most common presentation is hematuria or flank pain. Workup is made by imaging of the upper tract - CTU/MRU (Computed Tomography-Urography/Magnetic resonance (MR) urography) and diagnostic uretero-nephroscopy with biopsy. In the past several years there is major advancement in our understanding of the disease and how to treat it, mainly in nephron-sparing treatments. A risk-stratification is usually conducted according to parameters such as tumor size, distribution, and pathologic diagnosis. The low-risk group is usually offered nephron-sparing treatments such as segmental ureterectomy, endoscopic treatments, and lately - local chemotherapy. The high-risk group is usually offered radical resection of the kidney and ureter, with the possible addition of new-adjuvant and adjuvant treatments. In this article we will review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of this malignancy, with a distinction between the risk groups.

A single day fasting may increase emergency room visits due to renal colic.

We aimed to explore whether a single-day of fasting (SDF) increase emergency room (ER) visits due to renal colic (RC). We elected to concentrate on Yom-Kippur (i.e.: SDF), the holiest day in Judaism. Food and liquid consumption is prohibited during this day for 25 h, and an estimated 50-70% fasting rate is observed. SDF always takes place between mid-September and mid-October during which the temperature in the Middle-East ranges between 19 and 30 °C. ER visits for RC between 01/2012 and 11/2019 were reviewed, and the Gregorian days on which SDF occurred were retrieved. The number of ER visits for RC was compared between SDF and the surrounding days/months as well as to another single-day "standard" holiday (SDSH) that precedes SDF in 10 days and is not associated with fasting. Of 11,717 ER visits for RC, 8775 (74.9%) were males. Male:Female ratio was 3:1. The mean daily number of ER visits for RC during the 3 days following SDF was 6.66 ± 2.49, significantly higher compared with the mean annual daily visits (4.1 ± 2.27, p < 0.001), the mean daily visits during the week prior to SDF (5.27 ± 2.656, p = 0.032), and the mean daily visits during September (5.06 ± 2.659, p = 0.005), and October (4.78 ± 2.23, p < 0.001). The mean number of ER daily visits for RC during the 3 days following SDSH, 5.79 ± 2.84, did not differ compared with the mean daily visits during September and October (p = 0.207; p = 0.13, respectively). It was lower compared to SDF, however statistically insignificant (p = 0.285). A single-day fasting may increase ER visits for RC. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown.