High resolution Thomson scattering diagnostic for measurements of radial profiles of electron temperature and density in the gas dynamic trap.

The incoherent Thomson scattering diagnostic with multiple lines of sight is installed at the gas dynamic trap (GDT) for measurements of radial profiles of the plasma electron temperature and density. The diagnostic is built on the Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm. The laser input beamline is provided with an automatic system for alignment status monitoring and correction. The collecting lens uses ∼90° scattering geometry having 11 lines of sight in total. Presently, six of them (covering the full plasma radius from the axis to the limiter) are equipped with high etendue (f/2.4) interference filter spectrometers. The design of the spectrometer's data acquisition system based on the "time stretch" principle allowed for the 12 bits vertical resolution with a sampling rate of 5 GSample/s and a maximum sustainable measurement repetition frequency of 40 kHz. The repetition frequency is the crucial parameter for the study of plasma dynamics with a new pulse burst laser to be started in early 2023. Results of the diagnostic operation in several GDT campaigns show that radial profiles are routinely delivered with the typical observation error of 2%-3% for Te ⩾ 20 eV in a single pulse. After Raman scattering calibration, the diagnostic is capable to measure the electron density profile with the resolution ne (min)≃4⋅1018m-3 and error bars of 5%.

[POSSIBILITIES OF ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS IN TREATMENT OF BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME].

The article presents the results of endovascular treatment of 35 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. An analysis of efficacy of modern interventions was made. There were shown the. possibilities of balloon dilatation of stenosis of renal veins, the balloon dilatation and stenting with metal self-expansible stents of stenosis an occlusion of intrahepatic section of the postcava and results of transhepatic portsystemic bypass surgery.

Note: Spectrometer with multichannel photon-counting detector for beam emission spectroscopy in magnetic fusion devices.

A spectrometer based on a linear array photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been developed and calibrated. A 0.635 m focal length Czerny-Turner monochromator combined with a coupling optics provides an image of a narrow 0.5 nm spectral range with a resolution of 0.015 nm/channel on a 32-anode PMT. The system aims at spectroscopy of D(α) or H(α) lines emitted by a diagnostic atomic beam in a plasma (primarily a motional Stark effect diagnostics). To record a low photon flux of ∼10(6) s(-1) per channel with the time resolution of 100 µs, a pulse counting approach has been used. Wideband amplifiers scale single-electron pulses and transmit them to a digital data processing core hardwired in a programmable logic matrix. Calibrations have shown that the aberration-limited instrument function fits to a single detector channel of 1 mm width. Pilot results of passive measurements of D(α) light emission from the plasma confined in a magnetic trap are presented.

[Ultrasonic cavitation and ozonization in treatment of patients with pyo-necrotic complications of diabetic foot syndrome].

The main group consisted of 130 patients with pyo-necrotic complications of diabetic foot syndrome, in who after operations within the foot limits, there were ultrasonic cavitation and ozonization of the wound surface. The control group consisted of 90 patients who underwent operative treatment as well as a standard local treatment using the preparations with reference to the phase of the wound process. The use of low-frequency ultrasound allows in short-terms ablation of necrotized tissues within the limits of healthy tissues, decrease of microbial contamination of the wounds and preparing to closing. Ozonization of the wounds facilitates growth of the granulating tissues and prolongs the effect of decontamination of the wound surface. The application of physical methods in treatment of patients with pyo-necrotic complications of diabetic foot syndrome decreases the number of disabling operations.

Direct current H(-) source for boron neutron capture therapy tandem accelerator.

One year experience of dc H(-) source operation at 2 MeV tandem accelerator is described. The source delivers H(-) ion beams with controlled current in the range of 1-8 mA and energy up to 25 keV. Normalized 1 rms emittance for 8 mA beam is less than 0.2 pi mm mrad. Negative ions are produced on the cesiated anode of the Penning discharge, driven by plasma injection from the hollow cathode inserts.

[Methods of completing the operation for peritonitis].

An experience with treatment of diffuse purulent peritonitis for acute diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity is described. An analysis of examinations and treatment of 130 patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis was made in groups of patients where the method of laparostomy with programmed sanitations of the abdominal cavity and the methods of laparoscopy and traditional treatment were used. The method of laparostomy with programmed sanitations of the abdominal cavity in patients with toxic and terminal phases of diffuse purulent peritonitis is an effective method of treatment resulting in less frequency of postoperative complications and lethality of patients with this pathology.

New fast beam profile monitor for electron-positron colliders.

A new fast beam profile monitor has been developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. This monitor is based on the Hamamatsu multianode photomultiplier with 16 anode strips and provides turn-by-turn measurement of the transverse beam profile. The device is equipped with an internal memory, which has enough capacity to store 131,072 samples of the beam profile. The dynamic range of the beam profile monitor allows us to study turn-by-turn beam dynamics within the bunch charge range from 1 pC up to 10 nC. Using this instrument, we have investigated at the VEPP-4M electron-positron collider a number of beam dynamics effects which cannot be observed by other beam diagnostics tools.

[Role of the interferon system in the course of neglected forms of colorectal cancer]. / Rol' interferonovoi sistemy v techenii zapushchennykh form kolorektal'nogo raka.

Operations for neglected forms of colorectal carcinoma were performed on 66 patients. The interferon status was determined before the operation, on the 1st, 7th and 14th days after the operative intervention. "Viferon-2" was given to 18 patients (starting from 2 days before the operation) with the daily dose 1,000,000 IU. The investigation has shown that deep inhibition of production of interferon (alpha and beta by leukocytes increased risk of the development of postoperative pyo-inflammatory complications. Using the preparation "Viferon-2" is highly effective for prevention of such complications.

[Idiopathic portal hypertension]. / Idiopaticheskaia portal'naia gipertenziia.

The authors present a report of 14 patients with the syndrome of portal hypertension without liver cirrhosis and with recurring esophagogastric bleedings. The cause of the alterations in portal hemodynamics remains unknown. Operative treatments (splenorenal shunts in 9 cases, 3 splenectomies and 1 ligation of the splenic artery) were successful. Two patients in whom splenectomy had been performed in combination with omentohepatopexy died 6 and 10 years after operation due to recurrent hemorrhages. The other patients did not have recurrent bleedings, but in 6 patients 6-10 years after splenorenal shunts there appeared other diseases (encephalopathy, nephrolithiasis, arterial hypertension, duodenal ulcer). The authors consider that indications for shunting operations for idiopathic portal hypertension, especially when using renal veins, should be determined more carefully, phlebosclerotic therapy and transsection of the esophagus being recommended as alternative interventions.

[New surgical methods for treating hepatic hydatic cyst]. / Novye metody khirurgicheskogo lecheniia ékhinokokkovykh kist pecheni.

The authors have developed a set of instruments for endovideosurgical treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver. It was successfully used in operative ablation of the cysts by a traditional method in 9 patients, and in 7 patients laparoscopic echinococcus ectomy was performed without any complications.

[The fixed omentum syndrome]. / Sindrom fiksirovannogo sal'nika.

Ten cases of the fixed omentum syndrome which appeared in women operated on organs of the small pelvis are discussed. The cause of adhesions of the greater omentum and the parietal peritoneum and internal organs was the operative trauma in combination with inflammatory alterations of the peritoneum. The surgical treatment consisted in the division of adhesions of the greater omentum, resection of the omentum portion being fulfilled in cases of its cicatricial alterations. Complete healing was noted in all the patients.

[Combined vagotomy in the surgical treatment of patients with duodenal ulcer]. / Kombinirovannaia vagotomiia v khirurgicheskom lechenii bol'nykh s duodenal'noi iazvoi.

Short-term and long-term results of surgical treatment of 487 patients with duodenal ulcer were studied. In 337 patients (69.2%) truncal vagotomy was performed; in 94 patients (19.3%)--combined vagotomy; in 56 patients (11.5%)--selective vagotomy. With no lethal outcomes, the frequency of general surgical complications was 5.6% which did not depend on the type of vagotomy. According to the Visick criteria long-term excellent and good results were noted after truncal vagotomy in 90.4% of the patients, after combined vagotomy--in 88% and after selective proximal vagotomy--in 70% of the patients. With the same frequency of recurrent ulcers, diarrhea and dumping-syndrome combined vagotomy has some advantages in recovery of the motor evacuating function as compared with truncal vagotomy; yielding in frequency of diarrhea it has better long-term results by the Visick criteria as compared with selective proximal vagotomy and less frequency of recurrent ulcers.

[Procedures for the surgical treatment of cancer of the distal portions of the large intestine]. / Taktika khirurgicheskogo lecheniia raka distal'nykh otdelov tolstoi kishki.

The authors observed 224 patients with neglected forms of carcinoma of distal portions of the colon, 171 (76.3%) of them being considered to be operable. The character of operative interventions depended on neglect of the tumour process which was determined by its spread to the neighbouring organs and tissues. The endolymphatic antibacterial therapy through the inguinal lymph node allowed the perifocal inflammation to be controlled which made the ablation of the tumour and the involved lymph nodes easier. The veritable ingrowth of the tumour into the neighbouring organs and tissues was noted in 15.4% of the patients. Radical operations were performed on 128 patients (74.9%), the other patients were submitted to palliative operations. The strategy of surgical treatment must be based upon the detailed diagnosis of the tumour growth and adequate preoperative preparation including endolymphatic infusions of antibacterial medicine. It allows to increase the amount of radical interventions and widen the indications for performing sphincter-saving operations.

[The surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus and cardia. The complications and hazards]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie raka pishchevoda i kardii. Oslozhneniia i opasnosti.

One-stage operations for carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia were performed on 100 patients. The substitution of the resected esophagus was made with a isoperistaltic tube from the greater curvature of the stomach with anastomosis on the neck, in the pleural or abdominal cavities. Palliative interventions were fulfilled on 31 patients with inoperable carcinomas. An analysis of the structure and causes of postoperative complications and postoperative lethality has shown that among the most frequent causes of deaths in the postoperative period were purulent-infectious complications as a result of ischemia of gastric transplants and incompetence of sutures of the anastomoses as well as pleuro-pulmonary complications. Special attention was given to an analysis of complications after operations performed without thoracotomy from the cervico-abdominal access. The amount of postoperative complications was 30%, postoperative lethality 15%. One-year survival after operations made up 57%, 3-year survival--less than 30%, 5-year survival--less than 15%. Some recommendations are given for the surgical policy and methods of prophylactics of certain complications. Endolymphatic infusions of cytostatics used as adjuvant chemotherapy in complex treatment of patients with cardioesophageal carcinoma represent a perspective direction providing longer life of the patients without recidivations. From the oncological viewpoint the operation without thoracotomy are not always thought to be justifiable.

[Digital subtraction arterioportography in the examination of patients with the portal hypertension syndrome]. / Digital'naia subtraktsionnaia arterioportografiia v obsledovanii bol'nykh s sindromom portal'noi gipertenzii.

Based upon data of 107 angiographic examinations in the regimen of digital subtraction the authors propose a regional program of angiographic examinations of patients with the syndrome of portal hypertension including the digital subtraction recurrent celiac and mesenteric portography, terminal occlusive flebohepatography. The given complex of investigations allows the determination with a minimum traumatic action of the form of portal hypertension and selection of the best for each patient kind of operative intervention. The article describes the methods of angiographic examinations improved and adapted by the authors for diagnosing the syndrome of portal hypertension. Criteria for the assessment of the results obtained are proposed. The use of digital subtraction arterioportography in complex with digital occlusive flebohepatography allows the main problems facing the surgeons when choosing the kind of operative interventions for patients with portal hypertension to be solved.

[The mental health of surgical patients with combat wounds]. / O psikhicheskom zdorov'e bol'nykh khirurgicheskogo profilia s boevymi raneniiami.

Under analysis were results of examination of 119 servicemen who had got wounds of different degree during military operations. The authors come to a conclusion that mental disorders are a component in semiology of traumatic disease in the wounded. Clinical manifestations were found to correlate with the view of the injuring factor, localization, degree of the injuries combination as well as with specific personal reactions to stress.