Cation removal using cellulose chemically modified by a Schiff base procedure applying green principles.

Pentane-2,4-dione (acetylacetone) molecules were covalently incorporated under several different conditions to ethylene-1,2-diamine (en)-modified cellulose, using polar solvents or without solvents. The quantitative amount of en incorporated was given from 0.37+/-0.01 to 3.03+/-0.01 mmol of nitrogen per gram of cellulose, depending on the synthetic routes and after Schiff base formation this percentage was reduced by 1.38-6.12%. The synthetic routes indicated that lower solvent volumes produced higher amounts of en incorporation. However, the highest degree of pendant groups on the polymeric cellulose structure was obtained from a solvent-free reaction route. This procedure was applied for synthesizing all Schiff bases, causing a decrease in the amount of nitrogen. The available basic centers on the best covalently bonded biopolymer were investigated for adsorption of divalent copper, cobalt, nickel, and zinc from aqueous solution, with a capacity order of Cu2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+.

Hydroxyapatite organofunctionalized with silylating agents to heavy cation removal.

Hydroxyapatite surface silylation with organosilane derivatives (H3CO)3SiR, R being the corresponding organic moieties CH2CH2CH2NH2, CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2, and CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2, was carried out to yield organofunctionalized nanomaterials, named HApR1, HApR2, and HApR3, respectively. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and (1P and 13C NMR in the solid state. The amounts of groups grafted onto surfaces were 0.75+/-0.05, 2.35+/-0.14, and 2.48+/-0.18 mmolg(-1) for HApRx (x=1,2,3) surfaces, respectively. Linear correlations between elemental analysis, mass loss, (31)P chemical shift data, and the characteristics of the chain of each alkoxysilane were observed. The organic basic centers distributed onto the external surface have the ability to adsorb divalent copper and cobalt cations from aqueous solution. The degree of adsorption obtained from batchwise processes showed the best performance of these synthesized nanomaterials when compared with the pristine hydroxyapatite.

Removal of cadmium, zinc, manganese and chromium cations from aqueous solution by a clay mineral.

Vermiculite, a 2:1 clay mineral, was applied as adsorbent for removal of cadmium, zinc, manganese, and chromium from aqueous solutions. Parameters such as time of reaction, effect of pH and cation concentration were investigated. All isotherms were L type of the Gilles classification, except zinc (type S). The adsorbent showed good sorption potential for these cations. The experimental data was analyzed by Langmuir isotherm model showing reasonable adjustment. The quantity of adsorbed cations was 0.50, 0.52, 0.60, and 0.48 mmol g(-1) of Cd(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), and Cr(3+), respectively.

Natural vermiculite as an exchanger support for heavy cations in aqueous solution.

The natural highly charged lamellar silicate vermiculite was investigated as an exchanger matrix in doubly distilled water solution to exchange magnesium inside the lamella with the heavy cations copper, nickel, cobalt, and lead at the solid/liquid interface. The extension of each exchange reaction was dependent on time of reaction, pH, and cation concentration. The maximum time presented the following order Pb2+ < Ni2+ < Cu2+ < Co2+, which corresponds to 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The best performance was observed for nickel, as represented by the exchange capacity Nf, which gave values 0.59, 0.76, 0.84, and 0.93 mmol g(-1) for Pb2+ < Co2+ < Cu2+ < Ni2+, respectively. This capacity is dependent on pH interval variation from 1 to 9, being significantly increased in alkaline condition. The isotherm data were adjusted to a modified Langmuir equation and from the data the spontaneous Gibbs free energy was calculated. Linear correlations were obtained through Gibbs free energy or the maximum capacity against the cationic radius plot, with the lowest values for the largest cation lead. An exponential correlation was also observed for the maximum capacity versus enthalpy of hydration plot, indicating a difficulty of the less hydrated cation, lead, in exchanging with magnesium inside the lamellar space, as suggested by the proposed mechanism. The saturated matrices with cations presented a decrease in interlayer distance in comparison with the original vermiculite, which can be related to the hydrated phases, characteristic for each cation, with a lowest value for lead.

Thioglycolic acid grafted onto silica gel and its properties in relation to extracting cations from ethanolic solution determined by calorimetric technique.

Thioglycolic acid was immobilized onto silica gel surface using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as precursor silylating agent to yield silica. The amount of thioglycolic acid immobilized was 1.03 mmol per gram of silica. This new surface displayed a chelating moiety containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen basic centers which are potentially capable of extracting cations from ethanolic solution, such as MCl3 ( M=Fe, Cr, and Mo). This process of extraction was carried out by the batch method when similar chemisorption isotherms were observed for all cations. The data were adjusted to a modified Langmuir equation. The sequence of the maximum retention capacity was Cr(III) > Mo(III) > Fe(III). The same adsorption was determined by calorimetric titration and the enthalpic values of -35.75 +/- 0.02, 32.90 +/- 0.15, and -84.08 +/- 0.12 kJmol(-1) for chromium, molybdenum, and iron, respectively, were obtained. From the calculated Gibbs free energy -23.4 +/- 0.2, -27.2 +/- 0.2, and -32.7 +/- 0.3 kJmol(-1), the variations in entropy obtained were 42 +/- 1, 201 +/- 1, 172 +/- 1 JK(-1)mol(-1) for the same sequence. All thermodynamic values are in agreement with the spontaneity of the proposed cation-basic center interactions for these chelating processes.

Silica gel containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen as adsorbent centers on surface for removing copper from aqueous/ethanolic solutions.

Silica gel was modified firstly with aminepropyltrimethoxisilane obtaining the matrix named as SILNH(2). The SILNH(2) silica reacted subsequently with thioglycolic acid Sil-Ntga. The elemental analysis showed the presence of 0.98mmolg(-1) of organic moieties immobilized on silica. Infrared and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data in conjunction with thermogravimetric measurements are in agreement with the suggested functionalization. The ion adsorption properties of the silica Sil-Ntga were studied using copper ions in aqueous/ethanolic solutions in concentrations ranging from 4.0x10(-3) to 5.0x10(-2)moldm(-3) at different temperatures. The new modified silica showed a good sorption ability for copper at lower temperatures and its reuse capacity was demonstrated.

New thiol adsorbent grafted on silica gel: synthesis, characterization and employment for heavy metal adsorptions.

Silica gel surface has been modified in two reaction steps: (i) the silylating agent 3-mercaptopropyltrimetoxysilane was firstly immobilized to give a surface Sil-SH and (ii) this precursor incorporated an ethylene sulfide molecule to obtain the surface denoted Sil-SSH. This material was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, solid state 13C and 29Si NMR, and surface area measurement. These materials were employed as adsorbents for divalent heavy cations from aqueous solutions at room temperature and the isotherms were adjusted to a modified Langmuir equation. The maxima number of moles adsorbed were 1.0, 1.5, 1.6, 2.2, 2.4 and 3.3 mmol g(-1) for Co, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Hg, respectively.