Pediatric olfactory home testing using regular household items: A cross-over validation study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an olfactory test that can be conducted by an untrained person using common household items and to introduce a German version of the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C(de)). METHODOLOGY: This olfactory home test was developed in phases including evaluation of odors for suitability in a home setting. Parents of 50 children (ages 6-17) were then equipped with instruction manuals and participants were tested twice in a cross-over design. A validated pediatric olfactory test (the Universal Sniff test (U-Sniff)) served as the comparative gold standard. Additionally, a Chinese-English-German "back-and-forth" translation was conducted to establish the CPS-C(de) and was tested for empirical validity. RESULTS: Fourteen items were tested for feasibility, and all were identified on a sufficient rate (≥66%, mean ±â€¯SD of 93.3% ±â€¯9.5%). Bland Altman Plot analysis between home testing and the U-Sniff test was nearly identical (bias = 0.04). CPS-C(de) showed similar results to the original Chinese version and a moderate correlation was found between CPS-C(de) scores and Body Mass Index of children (r30 = -0.527, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Remote olfactory testing in children using household items is feasible. The CPS-C(de) may be of value for future olfactory studies.

Parent reported inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity as predictor of long-term weight loss after inpatient treatment in obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The long-term success of treatment for pediatric obesity is often unsatisfactory and variable. We aim to elucidate the influence of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on weight loss after inpatient treatment for adolescent obesity. METHOD: We included 13-17 year old obese participants treated in three inpatient multidisciplinary treatment centers. At the beginning and end of treatment and at one year follow-up weight and height were measured. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity was assessed with the hyperactivity/inattention (HI) subscale of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. General linear models were used with the standard deviation scores of the body mass index (BMI-SDS) as dependent variable. RESULTS: Totally, 253 participants were included (65% female, age: 15.3 ± 1.4 years, baseline BMI-SDS: 3.13 ± 0.38 kg/m(2)). HI scores were associated with long-term (p < .001) but not short term (ns) weight loss. DISCUSSION: This indicates that inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity is associated with reduced long-term weight loss success in adolescent inpatients.

The hyperactivity/inattention subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire predicts short- and long-term weight loss in overweight children and adolescents treated as outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The success of treatment for pediatric obesity is variable and often unsatisfactory. This study elucidates the influence of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on short- and long-term weight loss and maintenance after outpatient treatment. METHODS: We included 8- to 16-year-old overweight and obese participants treated in 17 multidisciplinary outpatient treatment centers in a nationwide observational study. All treatment centers that reported long-term (1-year) follow-up weight data of at least 60% of the participants were included. At the beginning and end of treatment and at 1 year follow-up weight and height were measured at the center. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were assessed with the hyperactivity/inattention subscale (HI) of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ). General linear models were used with the standard deviation scores of the BMI (BMI-SDS) as dependent variable and HI scores as main independent variable adjusting for age, sex, baseline BMI-SDS, and center. RESULTS: 394 participants were included (57% female, age: 11.7± 2.0 years, baseline BMI-SDS 2.32 ±.46 kg/m(2)). HI scores were significantly associated with short- and long-term BMI-SDS (p < 0.0005), with higher baseline HI scores predicting less weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are linearly associated with reduced short- and long-term weight loss. Implications for treatment are discussed.