Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy after multifetal pregnancy reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) after multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR). METHODS: A comprehensive search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed. Prospective or retrospective studies reporting on MFPR from triplet or higher-order to twin compared to ongoing (i.e., non-reduced) triplets and/or twins were included. A meta-analysis of the primary outcome HDP was carried out using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses of gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE) were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS: Thirty studies with a total of 9,811 women were included. MFPR from triplet to twin was associated with a lower risk for HDP compared to ongoing triplets (OR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.37-0.83; p = 0.004). In a subgroup analysis, the decreased risk of HDP was driven by GH, and PE was no longer significant (OR 0.34, 95% CI, 0.17-0.70; p = 0.004 and OR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.38-1.09; p = 0.10, respectively). HDP was also significantly lower after MFPR from all higher-order (including triplets) to twin compared to ongoing triplets (OR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.38-0.79; p = 0.001). In a subgroup analysis, the decreased risk of HDP was driven by PE, and GH was no longer significant (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.92; p = 0.02 and OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.28-1.06; p = 0.08, respectively). No significant differences in HDP were found in MFPR from triplet or higher-order to twin versus ongoing twins. CONCLUSIONS: MFPR in women with triplet and higher-order multifetal pregnancies decreases the risk of HDP. Twelve women should undergo MFPR to prevent one event of HDP. These data can be used in the decision-making process of MFPR, in which the individual risk factors of HDP can be taken into account.

Perinatal outcomes according to the mode of delivery in women with a triplet pregnancy in The Netherlands.

Objective: In women with a triplet pregnancy, there is debate on the preferred mode of delivery. We performed a nationwide cohort study to assess the impact of mode of delivery on perinatal outcome in women with a triplet pregnancy. Methods: Nationwide cohort study on women with a triplet pregnancy who delivered between 26 + 0 and 40 + 0 weeks of gestation in the years 1999-2008. We compared perinatal outcomes according to the intended mode of delivery and the actual mode of delivery. Outcome measures were perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity. Perinatal outcomes were analyzed taking into account the dependency between the children of the same triplet pregnancy ("any mortality" and "any morbidity") and were also analyzed separately per child. Results: We identified 386 women with a triplet pregnancy in the study period. Mean gestational age at delivery was 33.1 weeks (SD 2.5 weeks; range 26.0-40.0 weeks). Perinatal mortality was 2.3% for women with a planned caesarean section and 2.4% in women with a planned vaginal delivery (aOR 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-1.5) and neonatal morbidity was 26.0% versus 36.0%, (aOR 0.88; 95% CI 0.51-1.4) respectively. In the subgroup analyses according to gestational age and in the analysis of perinatal outcomes per child separately, there were also no large differences in perinatal outcomes. The same applied for perinatal outcomes according to the actual mode of delivery. Conclusion: In this large cohort study among women with a triplet pregnancy, caesarean delivery is not associated with reduced perinatal mortality and morbidity.

Prediction of preterm birth in multiple pregnancies: development of a multivariable model including cervical length measurement at 16 to 21 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a multivariable prognostic model for the risk of preterm delivery in women with multiple pregnancy that includes cervical length measurement at 16 to 21 weeks' gestation and other variables. METHODS: We used data from a previous randomized trial. We assessed the association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics including cervical length measurement at 16 to 21 weeks' gestation and time to delivery using multivariable Cox regression modelling. Performance of the final model was assessed for the outcomes of preterm and very preterm delivery using calibration and discrimination measures. RESULTS: We studied 507 women, of whom 270 (53%) delivered < 37 weeks (preterm) and 66 (13%) < 32 weeks (very preterm). Women with cervical length < 30 mm delivered more often preterm (hazard ratio 1.9; 95% CI 0.7 to 4.8). Other independently contributing predictors were previous preterm delivery, monochorionicity, smoking, educational level, and triplet pregnancy. Prediction models for preterm and very preterm delivery had a c-index of 0.68 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.72) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.75), respectively, and showed good calibration. CONCLUSION: In women with a multiple pregnancy, the risk of preterm delivery can be assessed with a multivariable model incorporating cervical length and other predictors.

Objectif : Élaborer un modèle pronostique multivarié (comportant la mesure de la longueur cervicale à 16 - 21 semaines de gestation et d'autres variables) pour ce qui est du risque d'accouchement préterme chez les femmes connaissant une grossesse multiple. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé les données issues d'un essai randomisé précédent. Nous avons évalué l'association entre les caractéristiques maternelles et de grossesse (dont la mesure de la longueur cervicale à 16 - 21 semaines de gestation et le délai avant l'accouchement) au moyen du modèle de régression multivariée de Cox. Le rendement du modèle final a été évalué en fonction de critères d'évaluation traitant du moment de l'accouchement (préterme et très préterme) au moyen de mesures d'étalonnage et de discrimination. Résultats : Nous avons étudié 507 femmes, dont 270 (53 %) ont accouché < 37 semaines (préterme) et 66 (13 %) < 32 semaines (très préterme). Les femmes qui présentaient une longueur cervicale < 30 mm ont plus souvent connu un accouchement préterme (densité de l'incidence, 1,9; IC à 95 %, 0,7 - 4,8). Parmi les autres facteurs prédictifs indépendants, on trouvait les antécédents d'accouchement préterme, la monochorionicité, le tabagisme, le niveau de scolarité et la présence d'une grossesse triple. Les modèles prédictifs pour ce qui est des accouchements préterme et très préterme comptaient un indice C de 0,68 (IC à 95 %, 0,63 - 0,72) et de 0,68 (IC à 95 %, 0,62 - 0,75), respectivement, et présentaient un bon étalonnage. Conclusion : Chez les femmes qui connaissent une grossesse multiple, le risque d'accouchement préterme peut être évalué au moyen d'un modèle multivarié comportant la mesure de la longueur cervicale et d'autres facteurs prédictifs. 

Haemolytic anaemia after nitrofurantoin treatment in a pregnant woman with G6PD deficiency.

We present a normotensive, pregnant woman with severe haemolytic anaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy. Owing to normal platelet count diagnoses other than HELLP syndrome were considered and investigated. The patient was treated with nitrofurantoin 3 weeks before presentation and she turned out to have a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. After treatment with blood transfusion, vitamin B12 and folic acid the patient recovered completely. Caesarean delivery was performed because of maternal hypertension and fetal distress at 33 weeks' gestation.

The effectiveness of multifetal pregnancy reduction in trichorionic triplet gestation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess in trichorionic triplet pregnancies the effectiveness of elective reduction to twins. STUDY DESIGN: This was a nationwide retrospective cohort study. We compared the time to delivery and perinatal mortality in trichorionic triplet pregnancies electively reduced to twins with ongoing trichorionic triplets and primary dichorionic twins. RESULTS: We identified 86 women with reduced trichorionic triplet pregnancies, 44 with ongoing trichorionic triplets, and 824 with primary twins. Reduced triplets had a median gestational age at delivery of 36.1 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 33.3-37.5 weeks) vs 33.3 (IQR, 28.1-35.2) weeks for ongoing triplets and 37.1 (IQR, 35.3-38.1) weeks for primary twins (P < .001). The total number of surviving children in the reduced group was 155 (90%) vs 114 (86%) in the ongoing triplet group. After reduction, 75 of women (87%) had all their fetuses surviving, compared with 36 (82%) (relative risk [RR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-2.3) for ongoing triplets and 770 (93%) (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82-1) for primary twins. There were 6 women without any surviving children (7%) after reduction vs 5 (11.4%) (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.47-1.4) among women with ongoing triplets and 32 (3.9%) (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.8-3.7) in women with primary twins. CONCLUSION: In women with a triplet pregnancy, fetal reduction increases gestational age at birth with 3 weeks as compared with ongoing triplets. However, there the impact on neonatal survival is limited.