Understanding the patient and family experience of nutrition and dietetic support during childhood cancer treatment.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to understand the experience of families caring for a child with cancer in New Zealand (NZ) who received nutrition and dietetic support during cancer treatment and their preferences for the delivery, format, and timing of nutrition information. METHODS: Childhood cancer patients and their families (N = 21) participated in a mixed-methods study at a specialist paediatric oncology centre in Auckland, NZ. Before the semi-structured interview, participants completed a questionnaire capturing demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics of their child, their nutrition concerns, and their information needs. Quantitative data were described, and qualitative thematic analysis of the semi-structured interviews was performed using NVivo data analysis software. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of participants indicated they had concerns about their child's nutrition during treatment. The most common concerns were anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. While many were happy with the quality of the nutrition support received, one-third of the patients wanted more support. Four key themes emerged from the interviews: (1) patients experience significant and distressing nutrition challenges; (2) patients and families have mixed perceptions of EN; (3) there are gaps in the current nutrition support system for inpatients; and (4) a desire for more accessible nutrition support. CONCLUSION: Childhood cancer patients and families experience significant and distressing nutrition challenges during treatment. Standardising information given to patients and their families may optimise nutrition support for paediatric oncology patients and reduce the discordance between families and health professionals. Future implementation of a nutrition decision aid in this population is warranted.

Navigating nutrition as a childhood cancer survivor: Understanding patient and family needs for nutrition interventions or education.

AIM: Nutrition challenges are common during childhood cancer treatment and can persist into survivorship, increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases. Evidence-based practice and implementation of nutrition interventions/education for childhood cancer survivors has been poorly investigated and may influence their future health. This study aimed to explore the nutrition interventions/education needs of childhood cancer survivors and the barriers and facilitators to delivering follow-up services in New Zealand. METHODS: Semi structured interviews were conducted with childhood cancer survivors and/or their families (n=22) and health professionals (n=9) from a specialist paediatric oncology centre in New Zealand. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. A multi-level consensus coding methodology was used where each theme and associated subthemes were discussed with the study team for confirmation to ensure accurate coding and analysis. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the analysis: (1) the current survivorship care pathway does not provide adequate interventions/education, (2) weight and dietary changes are common challenges and (3) requirements for interventions/education in survivorship are varied. Common nutrition-related concerns included fussy eating/limited dietary intake, poor diet quality, difficulties with tube weaning, and challenges with weight gain. Participants expressed a desire for education on healthy eating alongside information about cancer-related nutrition issues, such as learned food aversions. A preference for clear referral pathways and multifaceted interventions tailored to individual patient needs was identified. CONCLUSION: The trifecta of treatment side effects, negative feeding practices and poor messaging from health professionals creates a challenging environment to optimise nutrition. A stepped care model matching the intervention intensity with the childhood cancer survivors is required. Education for healthcare professionals will improve the delivery of timely interventions/education and monitoring practices.

Facial emotion recognition in bipolar disorder: a critical review / Reconhecimento de emoções faciais: artigo de revisão

OBJECTIVE: Literature review of the controlled studies in the last 18 years in emotion recognition deficits in bipolar disorder. METHOD: A bibliographical research of controlled studies with samples larger than 10 participants from 1990 to June 2008 was completed in Medline, Lilacs, PubMed and ISI. Thirty-two papers were evaluated. RESULTS: Euthymic bipolar disorder presented impairment in recognizing disgust and fear. Manic BD showed difficult to recognize fearful and sad faces. Pediatric bipolar disorder patients and children at risk presented impairment in their capacity to recognize emotions in adults and children faces. Bipolar disorder patients were more accurate in recognizing facial emotions than schizophrenic patients. DISCUSSION: Bipolar disorder patients present impaired recognition of disgust, fear and sadness that can be partially attributed to mood-state. In mania, they have difficult to recognize fear and disgust. Bipolar disorder patients were more accurate in recognizing emotions than depressive and schizophrenic patients. Bipolar disorder children present a tendency to misjudge extreme facial expressions as being moderate or mild in intensity. CONCLUSION: Affective and cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder vary according to the mood states. Follow-up studies re-testing bipolar disorder patients after recovery are needed in order to investigate if these abnormalities reflect a state or trait marker and can be considered an endophenotype. Future studies should aim at standardizing task and designs.

OBJETIVO: Revisão da literatura de estudos controlados publicados nos últimos 18 anos sobre déficits no reconhecimento de emoções no transtorno bipolar. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no Medline, Lilacs, PubMed e ISI, selecionando-se o período de 1990 a junho de 2008. Foram incluídos apenas estudos controlados, que tivessem uma das amostras com mais de 10 participantes, totalizando 32 artigos. RESULTADOS: Bipolares eutímicos apresentaram prejuízo no reconhecimento de nojo e medo. Em mania, mostraram dificuldade para reconhecer medo e tristeza. Transtorno bipolar pediátrico e crianças de risco apresentam dificuldade para reconhecer emoções nos rostos de adultos e de crianças. Bipolares foram mais precisos para reconhecer emoções do que os pacientes esquizofrênicos. DISCUSSÃO: Pacientes com transtorno bipolar apresentam prejuízo no reconhecimento de nojo, medo e tristeza, os quais podem ser apenas em parte atribuídos ao estado de humor. No episódio maníaco, eles têm dificuldade para reconhecer medo e nojo. Entretanto, eles são mais precisos no reconhecimento de emoções do que pacientes deprimidos e esquizofrênicos. Crianças com transtorno bipolar apresentam tendência a julgar expressões faciais extremas como sendo de intensidade leve ou moderada. CONCLUSÃO: Déficits afetivos e cognitivos em bipolares sofrem variações dependendo do estado de humor. Estudos de seguimento, reavaliando pacientes após a remissão dos sintomas, são necessários para investigar se estas anormalidades refletem um estado ou traço da doença e se podem ser consideradas endofenótipos. Estudos futuros devem padronizar tarefas e metodologia.