Effect of long-term proton pump inhibitors on phosphocalcium metabolism and bone mineral density.

Aim: Although Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are well-tolerated, their long-term use may be associated with decreased bone mass. Methods: This is a case-control study including patients treated with PPIs (>1 year) and control subjects who have not received PPIs treatment. Results: A total of 90 patients and 90 matched controls were included. PPIs use was associated with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Vitamin D3 deficiency and hyperparathyroidism were associated with PPIs use. Long-term PPIs use was significantly associated with decreased bone density. Risk factors of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) included age >50 years, menopause, lack of sun exposure, double PPIs dose, daily intake, post-meal intake and association with a mucoprotective agent. Conclusion: Our results highlight the risk of decreased BMD in patients on long-term PPIs treatment.

In this study, we investigated the impact of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on bone health. Examining 90 patients on PPIs for over a year and matching them with control subjects, we found that PPIs were linked to lower bone density. Factors such as age over 50. menopause, limited sun exposure, higher PPIs dosage, daily intake, post-meal usage and combining PPIs with a mucoprotective agent were associated with decreased bone mineral density. Our findings emphasize the concern of reduced bone density in individuals undergoing prolonged PPIs treatment.

4-Hydroxy-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Synthesis and Structure-Function Study.

The active vitamin D metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), are produced by successive hydroxylation steps and play key roles in several cellular processes. However, alternative metabolic pathways exist, and among them, the 4-hydroxylation of 25D3 is a major one. This study aims to investigate the structure-activity relationships of 4-hydroxy derivatives of 1,25D3. Structural analysis indicates that 1,4α,25(OH)3D3 and 1,4ß,25(OH)3D3 maintain the anchoring hydrogen bonds of 1,25D3 and form additional interactions, stabilizing the active conformation of VDR. In addition, 1,4α,25D3 and 1,4ß,25D3 are as potent as 1,25D3 in regulating the expression of VDR target genes in rat intestinal epithelial cells and in the mouse kidney. Moreover, these two 4-hydroxy derivatives promote hypercalcemia in mice at a dose similar to that of the parent compound.

Severe hypocalcemia at admission is associated with increased transfusion requirements: A retrospective study in a level 1 trauma center.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, hypocalcemia has been added to the "lethal triad" of the trauma patient, thus constituting the "lethal diamond". Nevertheless, its proper role remains debated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between severe hypocalcemia at admission and 24 h- transfusion requirements in severe trauma patients in a level 1 trauma center. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a monocentric retrospective observational study from January 2015 to May 2021, 137 traumatized adult patients transfused within 24 h after hospital admission was included in the study. The threshold for severe hypo ionized calcemia was ≤ 0.9 mmol/L. RESULTS: 137 patients were included in the study, 23 presented with severe hypo-iCa at admission, 111 moderate hypo-iCa (0.9-1.2 mmol/L) and 3 normal iCa (≥ 1.2 mmol/L). Patients with severe hypo-iCa at admission had higher severity scores (SAPSII 58 IQR [51-70] vs. 45 IQR [32-56]; p = 0.001 and ISS 34 IQR [26-39] vs. 26 IQR [17-34]; p = 0.003). 24 h-transfusion requirements were greater for patients with severe hypo-iCa, regardless of the type of blood products transfused. There was a significant negative correlation between admission iCa and 24 h-transfusion (r = -0.45, p < 0.001). The difference in mortality was not significant between the two groups (24 h mortality: 17 % (4/23) for severe hypo-iCa vs. 8 % (9/114) for non-severe hypo-iCa; p = 0.3). DISCUSSION: This study highlights the high prevalence of severe hypocalcemia in trauma patients and its association with increased 24 h- transfusion requirements.

A Rare Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Seen in a Patient With Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is commonly associated with several malignancies, but its existence in prostate cancer is an uncommon finding. The concurrent existence of a parathyroid adenoma and a history of hypercalcemia over several decades further adds to the enigma. Our case is of an 82-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer who presented to the endocrinology clinic with hypercalcemia. His PET-CT showed osteolytic metastasis to the T10 vertebrae which were presumed to be the cause of his high serum calcium. Further investigations revealed increased parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). Denosumab therapy was started but his calcium remained elevated and hence, he underwent palliative radiation therapy. A follow-up PET-CT revealed significant disease regression and his serum calcium decreased from 11mg/dL to 10mg/dL. However, one month post radiation his serum calcium started showing an upward trend. Further investigations revealed an elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and an ultrasound of the thyroid revealed parathyroid adenoma. The patient subsequently underwent a parathyroidectomy with resolution of hypercalcemia.

25(OH)D Concentration in Neonates, Infants, Toddlers, Older Children and Teenagers from Poland-Evaluation of Trends during Years 2014-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Local and international guidelines have provided schedules for the vitamin D supplementation of general populations of different ages, including children. Our study aimed to assess 25(OH)D concentration and its potential change during a growth and maturation period, adding parameters that reflect the risk of hypercalcemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The available 25(OH)D concentration values (n = 17,636; 7.8 ± 6.0 years), calcium (n = 2673; 16.3 ± 6.1 years) and phosphate (n = 2830; 3.8 ± 5.2 years) metabolism markers were analyzed in a studied group of patients (0-18 years). RESULTS: In the studied group the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 29.4 ± 11.7 ng/mL. Concentrations of 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL were observed in 1.7% of patients (n = 292), 10-20 ng/mL in 17.2% (n = 3039), 20-30 ng/mL in 39.5% (n = 6960) and 30-50 ng/mL in 37.2% (n = 6567). In patients with a 25(OH)D concentration <10 ng/mL, normal calcemia (2.25-2.65 mmol/L) was observed in 29.5% of cases (n = 86). Three patients had 25(OH)D concentrations above 100 ng/mL with co-existing hypercalcemia; the mean was Ca = 3.40 mmol/L. Hypocalcemia (Ca < 2.25 mmol/L) was observed in 10,4% of patients (n = 2797). Furthermore, 5.0% of patients showed an increased calcium concentration >2.65 mmol/L (n = 1327). The highest mean 25(OH)D concentration of 32.1 ng/mL ± 12.9 was noted in the years 2018-2019 (n = 3931) and the lowest in the year 2015 (27.2 ng/mL ± 11.0; n = 2822). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was noted in 18,9% of subjects in the years 2014-2019. An effective prevention of vitamin D deficiency was observed in children aged 3 years and younger. A relationship between the concentrations of calcium and 25(OH)D was not observed.

Calcium homeostasis and hyperparathyroidism: Nephrologic and endocrinologic points of view.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hypercalcemic hormone acting on kidneys, bone and intestine. PTH promotes calcium release from the bone, renal calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion, and conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3. Hyperparathyroidism consists in PTH elevation, which may be adapted (secondary hyperparathyroidism) or non-adapted to calcemia levels (primary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypercalcemia/hypocalciuria, tertiary hyperparathyroidism). Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) features hypercalcemia and elevated or inappropriate PTH elevation. PHP may be revealed by biological abnormalities such as hypercalcemia and can be accompanied by renal complications (hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis) and/or osteoporosis. However, it can also be normocalcemic and calcium loading will be necessary to diagnosis it. The differential diagnosis of PHP is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), a dominant autosomal disease implicating a calcium sensing receptor-inactivating mutation. It impairs parathyroid cell sensitivity to calcemia elevation and thus induces excessive PTH stimulation, leading to hypercalcemia. Secondary HP (SHP) consists in PTH elevation secondary to a stimulus that needs to be corrected. 25 OHvitD deficiency, kidney failure, renal hypercalciuria, malabsorption and some drugs can induce SHP. Tertiary HP (THP) consists in autonomous PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands after prolonged stimulation under SHP, of whatever cause. This parathyroid autonomy results from the polyclonal hyperplasia observed in SHP progressing toward monoclonal nodular proliferation, leading to nodular hyperplasia or parathyroid adenoma (or, exceptionally, carcinoma), with reduced expression of CaSR and vitamin D receptor. In patients under dialysis, the frontier between SHP and THP is a matter of debate. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of calcium, diagnosis, and management of hyperparathyroidism.

Predicting risk factors of postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy: is safe discharge without supplementation possible? A large cohort study.

PURPOSE: With increasing economic pressures to shorten the length of hospital stay, there has been much recent interest in studying risk factors for the development of postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum calcium and/or PTH levels can predict post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. METHODS: From January to December 2014, 477 consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy were included. Corrected calcemia and PTH were systematically performed on postoperative day 1/(POD1). Symptomatic patients were treated on POD1 or POD2 with calcium and vitamin D. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients (14.25%) were treated for postoperative hypocalcemia. No patients with calcemia ≥ 2.16 mmol/l and PTH ≥ 1.9 pmol/l were supplemented and therefore were safely discharged on POD1 (specificity = 100%). All patients with calcemia ≤ 1.89 mmol/l were treated regardless the PTH values (n = 10) (specificity = 100%). For calcium value between 1.9 and 2.16 mmol/l with a PTH > 4.7 pmol/l, nobody was treated. With a calcemia between 1.9 and 2.16 mmol/l and a PTH > 1.9 pmol/l, 44 patients did not develop any symptom. ROC curve analysis showed that combination of Cac = 2.16 mmol/l and iPTH = 4.7 pmol/l provided a sensitivity of 97.06% and a specificity of 76.53% (p < 0.0001). We therefore propose an algorithm that would allow to 70% of patients could have been discharged on POD1 without risk of hypocalcemia or overtreatment. CONCLUSION: Combination of corrected calcemia and PTH on POD1 can efficiently predict hypocalcemia and be integrated into clinical practice for personalizing lengths of hospitalization and appropriate treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov PRS. Unique Identifying number or registration ID: NCT04372225.

Mediastinal ectopic parathyroid adenomas: diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

INTRODUCTION: Mediastinal parathyroid adenomas are a rare condition. AIM: Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical manifestation of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma (MPA), including imaging modalities, and therapeutic approach to this condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of documented cases of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma that were managed at our Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed V, between January 2010 and December 2019. RESULTS: During a 9-year period in our department, 21 documented cases of MPA were treated surgically. Patients ranged in age from 20 to 69 years, with a mean age of 45 years, and there was no gender predominance. The most frequently reported manifestations were osteoarticular, with bone pain in 66.6% (14/21), pathological fractures in 28.5% (6/21), and osteoporosis in 23.8% (5/21). Cervical ultrasound, MIBI scintigraphy and cervico-thoracic computed tomography scan were performed respectively in 28.5% (n = 06/21), in 47.6% (n = 10/21) and 100% (n = 21), and allowed positive diagnosis of MPA. All patients benefited from resection surgery, through a classical transverse cervicotomy which was extended in some cases to the manubrium, and in only one case treated with thoracotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Management of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma is based on the diagnosis imaging assessment step, usually by MIBI scintigraphy. Surgical ablation is a radical treatment. Peroperative hormonal evaluation is mainly recommended.

Can postoperative calcemia kinetics predict the risk of hypocalcemia for the management of parathyroid adenoma in ambulatory surgery?

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to analyse the kinetics of corrected calcemia levels (Cac) after parathyroid excision and to determine the percentage of variation (ΔCa) in the initial hours after surgery, in order to entertain an early discharge. POPULATION AND METHODS: Were included in this study, patients undergoing operation for parathyroid adenoma responsible for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). The Cac was measure preoperatively and four hours after surgery, and then every day until patient discharge. Group A included patients for whom the Cac was inferior to 2.2mmol/L at least once postoperatively while group B included patients for whom the Cac was always equal or superior to 2.2mmol/L. The ΔCa represented the percentage of the fall in postoperative Cac with respect to preoperative Cac. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2017, 156 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (women 80.8%, [sex ratio 1:4], median age 64 years old). Preoperative Cac was statistically significantly lower in group A compared to group B (2.67 vs. 2.82mmol/L; P<0.0001). In total, 9.6% of patients had calcium supplementation for hypocalcemia, symptomatic or not. Postoperative Cac reached its nadir value on postoperative day 2. At four hours postoperative, the risk of postoperative calcelmia falling below 2.2mmol/L appeared when the ΔCa was superior to 6% with a sensitivity of 92.9% and a negative predictive value of 97.4%. CONCLUSION: After excision of a parathyroid adenoma for PHP, the Cac falls rapidly and reaches its nadir value on day 2. If the fall in calcemia is less than 6% four hours after surgery (vs. preoperative level), early discharge within the framework of ambulatory surgery is possible.

[Predictive factors for skeletal-related events in lung cancer]. / Facteurs prédictifs de survenue d'évènements osseux dans le cancer bronchique.

INTRODUCTION: Skeletal-related events (SRE) are common in patients with bone metastatic lung cancer and have a negative impact on quality of life and survival. The objective of this study is to identify predictive factors for SRE occurrence among this population. METHODS: We conducted a 3-year retrospective study including 100 lung cancer patients with bone metastasis. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients presented at least one SRE (69.5% at baseline). The median occurrence for SRE was 4.5 months and severe bone pain was the most common SRE (56%). The alkaline phosphatase serum level>120IU/L (hazard ratio [sHR]=2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.5-5.4]; P=0.002) and calcemia>2.6mmol/L ([sHR]=9.7; 95% CI [5.1-18.4]; P<0.001) were identified as risk factors for SRE occurrence while the presence of an initial SRE was associated with a decrease of this risk ([sHR]=0.2; 95% CI [0.1-0.4]; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The elevated alkaline phosphatase serum level and hypercalcemia are risk factors for SRE occurrence in bone metastatic lung cancer patients and should be used as biomarkers to adapt current medical practice for these patients.

[Update 2017 of the KDIGO guidelines on Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). What are the real changes?]

Guidelines for the assessment, diagnosis and therapy of the alterations that characterize the CKD-MBD are an important support in the clinical practice of the nephrologist. Compared to the KDIGO guidelines published in 2009, the 2017 update made changes on some topics on which there was previously no strong evidence both in terms of diagnosis and therapy. The recommendations include the diagnosis of bone anomalies in CKD-MBD and the treatment of mineral metabolism abnormalities with particular regard to hyperphosphataemia, calcium levels, secondary hyperparathyroidism and anti-resorptive therapies. The Italian Study Group on Mineral Metabolism, in reviewing the 2017 recommendations, aimed to assess the weight of the evidence that led to this update. In fact, on some topics there has not been a substantial difference on the degree of evidence compared to the previous guidelines. The Italian Study Group emphasizes the points that may still reserve critical issues, including interpretation, and invites an evaluation that is articulated and personalized for each patient.

Niveles séricos de minerales en hembras de cría bovina en un establecimiento de la región de selva y pastizal pedemontano del norte de Salta

Las deficiencias minerales son un problema de gran impacto productivo a nivel mundial. En el Noroeste argentino (NOA) la cría extensiva es una de las actividades económicas más importantes y está en franco crecimiento. En el NOA, los estudios sobre enfermedades carenciales son escasos y parciales. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto describir variaciones estacionales de los niveles séricos de calcio, fósforo, magnesio, cobre y zinc en vacas de cría y terneras de recría. En un establecimiento ganadero se seleccionaron 20 vacas y 20 terneras que fueron mantenidos en condiciones de pastoreo y sin suplementación externa. Se efectuaron muestreos de sangre a intervalos de 3 meses durante un año. Se determinaron niveles séricos de calcio, magnesio, cobre y zinc por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y de fósforo por espectrofotometría uv-visible. Los resultados indican la existencia de hipocupremia moderada a leve en las terneras (48,6±11μg/dL) durante todos los períodos muestreados. Las vacas presentaron valores promedio normales (66±3,5 μg/dL) pero cercanos al límite inferior durante algunos muestreos. Se observaron niveles subnormales de fósforo durante el verano (diciembre y marzo) en ambas categorías. Este trabajo sugiere que el cobre y el fósforo pueden comportarse como factores limitantes en las condiciones evaluadas.

Mineral deficiencies are a problem of great productive impact worldwide. In the Argentine Northwest (NOA) extensive breeding is one of the most important economic activities and it is in frank growth. In the NOA, studies on deficiency diseases are scarce and partial. The present work aims to describe seasonal variations of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in beef cows and rearing calves. In a farm, 20 cows and 20 weaned heifer calves were selected, which were maintained under grazing conditions and without external supplementation. Blood samples were taken at intervals of 3 months for one year. Serum levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and phosphorus by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The results indicate the existence of moderated hypocupremia in the calves (48.6 ± 11μg / dl) during all sampled periods. Cows presented normal values (66 ± 3.5 μg / dl) but close to the lower limit during some sampling. Subnormal levels of phosphorus were observed during the summer (December and March) in both categories. This work confirms that copper and phosphorus can behave as limiting factors in the evaluated conditions.

Vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno idiopático con recurrencias: vitamina D y calcemia / Idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with recurrences: vitamin D and calcemia / Vertigem posicional paroxistica benigna idiopatica comrecorrências: vitamina D e calcemia

Introducción: la causa más frecuente de vértigo en los adultos es el Vértigo Posicional Paroxístico Benigno (VPPB). La vitamina D interviene en la correcta biomineralización de la otoconia; niveles bajos de la misma y la consiguiente alteración de la homeostasis del calcio pueden alterar la formación otoconial normal, e intervenir en la aparición de dicha patología. Objetivos: Analizar la distribución de pacientes con VPPB idiopático con recurrencias según edad, sexo, valores de vitamina D total y calcemia. Determinar la frecuencia de las alteraciones de estos valores en pacientes con dicha patología. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Resultados: 30 pacientes, con edad media de 57 años (rango: 27-87 años), de los cuales 10 (33%) fueron hombres y 20 (67%) mujeres. Del total, 29 (97%) presentaron valores normales de calcemia; sólo uno (3%) presentó hipocalcemia; 9 (30%) pacientes presentaron valores normales de vitamina D y 21 (70%), valores alterados. Del total de pacientes con hipovitaminosis D (21), 6 (29%) fueron hombres y 15 (71%) mujeres, con edad media para dicha muestra de 52 años. De la misma, el mayor número de pacientes (9 = 43%) se encontraba entre el rango de edad 47-56 años. De la población con hipovitaminosis D (21), 10 (48%) correspondieron a valores insuficientes y 11 (52%), a valores deficientes. Conclusiones: En la muestra analizada, el 70% presentó hipovitaminosis D, deficiente o insuficiente en similar proporción. Esta alteración fue más prevalente en individuos de entre 47 y 56 años, con una edad media de 52, principalmente mujeres. No se objetivaron alteraciones significativas en los valores de calcemia analizados.

Introduction: the most common cause of vertigo in adults is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). Vitamin D is involved in the correct biomineralization of otoconia; low levels of calcium and the consequent alteration of calcium homeostasis can alter the normal otoconial formation and to intervene on the onset of this pathology. Objectives: To analyze the distribution of patients with Idiopathic BPPV with recurrence according to age, sex, total vitamin D and calcemia. To determine frequency of the alterations of these values in patients with this pathology. Material and method: Retrospective, descriptive study. Results: 30 patients, mean age 57 years (range: 27- 87 years), 10 (33%) men and 20 (67%) women. Of the total, 29 (97%) presented normal values of calcemia, only one (3%) presented hypocalcemia. 9 (30%) patients had normal values of vitamin D and 21 (70%), altered values. Of the total number of patients with hypovitaminosis D (21), 6 (29%) were men and 15 (71%) women, mean age of 52 years. In hypovitaminosis D group (21), the age of the largest number of patients (9 = 43%) ranged from 47 to 56 years. In this group, 10 (48%) patients corresponded to insufficient vitamin D values and 11 (52%) had vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: In our sample, 70% of patients presented insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D values in a similar proportion. These alterations were more prevalent in individuals with age ranged from 47 to 56 years, mean age of 52, mainly women. There were no significant alterations in the analized calcemia values.

Introdução: a causa mais comum de vertigem em adultos é a Vertigem posicional paroxística benigna (VPPB). A vitamina D está envolvida na biomineralização correta da otoconia; baixos níveis de cálcio e a consequente alteração da homeostase de cálcio podem alterar a formação normal de otoconia e intervir no início desta patologia. Objetivos: Analisar a distribuição de pacientes com VPPB idiopática com recorrência de acordo com a idade, sexo, vitamina D total e calcemia. Para determinar a freqüência de alterações desses valores em pacientes com esta patologia. Material e método: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo. Resultados: 30 pacientes, idade média de 57 anos (faixa: 27-87 anos) dos quais 10 (33%) eram homens e 20 (67%) eram mulheres. Do total, 29 (97%) apresentaram valores normais de calcemia, apenas um (3%) apresentou hipocalcemia. 9 (30%) pacientes apresentaram valores normais de vitamina D e 21 (70%), valores alterados. Do total de pacientes com hipovitaminose D (21), 6 (29%) eram homens e 15 (71%) eram mulheres, com idade média de 52 anos. Do mesmo modo, o maior número de pacientes (9 = 43%) estava entre a faixa etária de 47-56 anos. Da população com hipovitaminose D (21), 10 (48%) pacientes corresponderam a valores insuficientes de vitamina D e 11 (52%) apresentaram deficiência de vitamina D. Conclusões: Em nossa amostra, 70% dos pacientes apresentaram insuficiência ou deficiência de valores de vitamina D em proporção similar. Estas alterações foram mais prevalentes em indivíduos entre 47 e 56 anos, idade média de 52, principalmente mulheres. Não houve alterações significativas nos valores de calcemia analizados.

PTH and ionized calcium evaluation in unilateral thyroidectomized cats

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as concentrações de cálcio ionizado e paratormônio intacto (iPTH) após a tireoidectomia com implantação da paratireoide em gatos hipertireoideos. Gatos hipertireoideos podem apresentar hipocalcemia por apresentarem distúrbio na homeostase de cálcio. A tireoidectomia pode levar a hipocalcemia pós-operatória, sendo, portanto, fundamental a mensuração dos níveis de cálcio antes da cirurgia em pacientes hipertireoideos. Dezessete gatos com hipertireoidismo com lobos cervicais palpáveis foram examinados e avaliados laboratorialmente para a cirurgia. Tireoidectomia unilateral com implantação da glândula paratireoide foi realizada. Hemograma completo, ureia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina, alanino aminotransferase, fósforo, potássio e tiroxina total foram realizados antes e sete dias após a cirurgia. Amostras de sangue para avaliar cálcio ionizado e paratormônio intacto foram coletadas antes e nos dias 1, 2, 7, 15 e 21 após a cirurgia. Os níveis séricos de cálcio diminuíram significativamente em 24 horas após a cirurgia. Hipocalcemia subclínica ocorreu em dois gatos. As concentrações de iPTH foram uniformemente baixas ao longo do estudo e não avaliaram a função da glândula paratireoide após a tireoidectomia nesses gatos. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de cálcio e de iPTH. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os níveis de iPTH não indicam função da glândula paratireoide e que os níveis de cálcio devem ser avaliados antes da tireoidectomia, mesmo nos casos de tireoidectomia unilateral.

The aim of this study was to measure ionized calcium and intact parathormone concentrations after unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid autotransplantation in hyperthyroid cats. Hiperthyroid cats may have calcium homeostasis disorder and have decreased calcium concentration. Calcium levels decrease after thyroidectomy and their levels must be measured before thyroidectomy. Seventeen hyperthyroid cats with palpable nodules were submitted to clinical and laboratorial examination and they were prepared to surgery. Unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland autotransplantation was performed. Concentrations of serum urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, phosphorus, potassium, total thyroxine and hematologic profile were determined before and seven days after surgery. Blood samples for serum ionized calcium concentration were collected before and after surgery on days 1, 2, 7, 15, 21. Serum calcium concentration fell significantly in all cats within 24 hours after surgery. Hypocalcemia occurred in two cats without clinical signs. The iPTH concentration measurements for samples throughout the study were uniformly low, with no patterns or trends identified. There wasn't correlation between serum calcium levels and iPTH levels in any moment before and after surgery. iPTH couldn't indicate parathyroid gland function after thyroidectomy in cats. The results of this study suggest that calcium concentration of all thyroidectomized cats must be measured before surgery even if they are submitted to unilateral thyroidectomy. iPTH concentration doens't evaluate patathyroid gland function

Distocia materna por inércia uterina primária associada ao choque hipoglicêmico em cadela: Relato de caso / Maternal dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in dog: Case report / Distocia materna por inercia uterina primaria asociada a choque hipoglucémico en perra: Relato de caso

Distocia é a incapacidade de expulsão do feto por meio do canal do parto durante a parição. Relata-se um caso de distocia por inércia uterina primária associada o choque hipoglicêmico em uma cadela, SRD, de cinco anos de idade. O animal deu entrada no hospital veterinário, apresentando contrações abdominais e secreção vaginal de coloração esverdeada, hipotermia, obnubilação e hipoglicemia, caracterizando choque hipoglicêmico. Foi realizado tratamento emergencial e reversão da hipoglicemia. Foi realizada radiografia para verificação de fetos remanescentes e avaliação da estática fetal. A bioquímica sérica revelou hipocalcemia moderada e foi realizado tratamento com gluconato de cálcio e ocitocina, havendo a parição dos fetos. A distocia na clínica de cães e gatos é considerada de emergência. A estabilização do animal é de extrema importância. A realização de exames laboratoriais deve ser preconizada para avaliar a ocorrência de distúrbios eletrolíticos, promovendo um adequado tratamento e melhorando o prognóstico da paciente.

Dystocia is the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal during parturition. This is a report of a case of dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in a five-year-old mongrel bitch. The animal was admitted to the veterinary hospital with abdominal contractions and greenish vaginal secretion, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and numbness, characterized as hypoglycemic shock. Emergency treatment and reversal of hypoglycemia were performed, as well as radiography to check for remaining fetuses and fetal static evaluation. Serum biochemistry revealed mild hypocalcemia and treatment was conducted with calcium gluconate and oxytocin, upon the birth of the fetuses. Clinic dystocia in dogs and cats is considered an emergency. The stabilization of the animal is of utmost importance. Laboratory tests should be recommended to assess the occurrence of electrolyte disturbances, promoting adequate treatment and improving the prognosis of the patient.

Distocia es la incapacidad de expulsar el feto a través del canal durante el parto. Se presenta un caso de distocia por inercia uterina primaria asociada con el choque hipoglucémico en una perra, SRD, de cinco años de edad. El animal fue ingresado en el hospital veterinario, con contracciones abdominales y secreción vaginal de color verdoso, hipotermia, hipoglucemia y entumecimiento, caracterizando choque hipoglucémico. Se realizó un tratamiento de emergencia y reversión de la hipoglucemia. Se realizó radiografía para verificación de fetos restantes y evaluación de la estática fetal. La bioquímica sérica reveló hipo calcemia moderada y el tratamiento se llevó a cabo con gluconato de calcio y ocitocina, ocurriendo la aparición de los fetos. La distocia en la clínica de perros y gatos es considerada una emergencia. La estabilización del animal es de suma importancia. La realización de exámenes de laboratorio deben ser recomendados para evaluar la ocurrencia de disturbios electrolíticos, promoviendo un tratamiento adecuado y mejorando el pronóstico del paciente.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico

Presentamos las características clínicas, bioquímicas y densitométricas de 35 pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPP) normocalcémico, que se caracteriza por un nivel elevado de hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTHi) con el calcio sérico y iónico persistentemente normales, una vez descartadas posibles causas de hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Del total, 30 fueron mujeres (90%) y 5 varones (10%). Se seleccionó un grupo control de 55 pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario hipercalcémico: 51 mujeres (93%) y 4 varones (7%). El promedio de edad al diagnóstico de HPP normocalcémico fue de 61.4 ± 11.7 años y del HPP hipercalcémico de 56.4 ± 11.3 años. Además de las diferencias esperables de la calcemia, el calcio iónico, el fósforo y la calciuria de 24 horas, no encontramos cambios significativos en el resto de las variables bioquímicas. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en los valores densitométricos, la presencia de osteopenia u osteoporosis y el número de fracturas entre ambos tipos de HPP. Sí hubo una diferencia significativa en la presencia de litiasis renal entre el HPP normocalcémico (11.4%) vs el HPP clásico (49.1%), p < 0.0005, en parte vinculada a la presencia de hipercalciuria en el HPP clásico. Dos de los 35 pacientes con HPP normocalcémico evolucionaron al HPP hipercalcémico durante un seguimiento de 4 años. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis que el HPP normocalcémico podría ser una forma temprana del HPP clásico, teniendo ambos similares repercusiones clínicas a nivel renal y óseo.

This report shows our conclusions on the clinical, biochemical and densitometry characteristics of 35 normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. This condition is defined by a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTHI) with persistently normal serum and ionized calcium in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our selection consisted of 30 women (90%) and 5 men (10%). The control group of 55 hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included 51 women (93%) and 4 men (7%). The average age at diagnosis of normocalcemic PHPT was 61.4 ± 11.7 years and 56.4 ± 11.3 years in hypercalcemic PHPT. Besides the expected differences in serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus and 24 h urinary calcium, we found no significant changes in other biochemical variables, and no differences in densitometry evaluations such as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis and the number of fractures in the two types of PHPT. But there was a significant difference in the presence of renal lithiasis between normocalcemic PHPT (11.4%) and clasic PHPT (49.1%) p < 0.0005, to some extent associated to the presence of hypercalciuria in classic PHPT. Two of the 35 patients with normocalcemic PHPT became classic hypercalcemic PHPT over a 4 year follow-up period. Our findings support the hypothesis that the normocalcemic PHPT could be an early stage of the classic PHPT, both having similar clinical effects to metabolic renal and bone levels.

Efeito da lactulose sobre os teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, cálcio e fósforo em cães não azotêmicos / Effect of lactulose on serum urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus in non-azothemic dogs

The present study evaluated serum levels of urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus in non-azothemic dogs by continued use of lactulose orally. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus were determined in Beagle dogs, clinically healthy and without biochemical changes (non-azothemic), undergoing oral treatment with lactulose (n = 6), for a period of 30 days. The prebiotic showed no significant lowering effect on serum urea and creatinine, but the values of calcium and phosphorus, as well as their relation, were modified with reduced serum phosphorus levels in animals treated with lactulose compared to controls, with a significant difference...

[Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism]. / Hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico.

This report shows our conclusions on the clinical, biochemical and densitometry characteristics of 35 normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. This condition is defined by a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTHI) with persistently normal serum and ionized calcium in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our selection consisted of 30 women (90%) and 5 men (10%). The control group of 55 hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included 51 women (93%) and 4 men (7%). The average age at diagnosis of normocalcemic PHPT was 61.4 ± 11.7 years and 56.4 ± 11.3 years in hypercalcemic PHPT. Besides the expected differences in serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus and 24 h urinary calcium, we found no significant changes in other biochemical variables, and no differences in densitometry evaluations such as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis and the number of fractures in the two types of PHPT. But there was a significant difference in the presence of renal lithiasis between normocalcemic PHPT (11.4%) and clasic PHPT (49.1%) p < 0.0005, to some extent associated to the presence of hypercalciuria in classic PHPT. Two of the 35 patients with normocalcemic PHPT became classic hypercalcemic PHPT over a 4 year follow-up period. Our findings support the hypothesis that the normocalcemic PHPT could be an early stage of the classic PHPT, both having similar clinical effects to metabolic renal and bone levels.

Análisis de la variación de los niveles de calcio durante el embarazo en una población hospitalaria / Analysis of the variations in calcium levels during pregnancy in a hospital population

La mujer embarazada constituye un reservorio de minerales para la formación de su hijo. El aporte inadecuado de diversos nutrientes durante la gesta, puede afectar tanto al bebé como a la madre. El embarazo y la lactancia son etapas del ciclo reproductivo donde se registran cambios significativos en el metabolismo del calcio. Los niveles de calcio detectables en madre e hijo pueden mostrar variaciones notables según la cultura alimentaria y las costumbres imperantes en la población que se estudie en el momento que se efectúe la observación. El objetivo de esta presentación es observar el nivel de calcio sérico determinado en un grupo de mujeres embarazadas de nivel socioeconómico medio y medio bajo de nuestro país y también de recién nacidos del mismo nivel y compararlo con los valores ideales aconsejados para una concepción y desarrollo neonatal saludables. Los niveles maternos tienden a disminuir con la edad, siendo los recién nacidos posiblemente afectados por dicha disminución. Cierta proporción de los casos estudiados, que algunos meses supera el 30%, mostró niveles menores a los niveles para un recién nacido. Se interpreta que en la población estudiada, representativo de un sector del populoso Conurbano Bonaerense de nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo o bajo, es recomendable la instrumentación de medidas educativas y profilácticas para mejorar los patrones nutricionales y la consiguiente tarea de prevención de la salud de la madre y el niño

Pregnancy and lactation are stages of the breeding cycle that present significant changes in the metabolism of the calcium. The pregnant woman constitutes a reservoir of minerals for the formation of his son. For diverse motives, many women do not consume during the pregnancy the necessary nutrients, which concern both the baby and his own body. Information of calcium levels in mother and son depends on the food culture and other characteristics of the studied population of study, being able to present notable variations. This project tries to know the values of calcium of pregnant moms of a population of socioeconomic low level and determine his relation with the necessary values for a healthy conception. In a hospital population of 600 pregnant women and the correspondents 600 children is observed that the levels of the mothers diminish with the age, newborn children seem to be affected by the mentioned decrease. A certain proportion of the studied cases (some months >30%) are below the normal levels for a newborn child. The studied population is representative of a sector of the populous Gran Buenos Aires city of socioeconomic low level, so there is advisable the instrumentation of educational and prophylactic measures to improve the nutritional customs and the consequent task of prevention of the health of mothers and children

Cost-effectiveness analysis regarding postoperative administration of vitamin-D and calcium after thyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcaemia / Análisis de costo-efectividad de la administración postoperatoria de Vitamina D y calcio después de tiroidectomía para la prevención de la hipo calcemia

Objective Hypocalcaemia is a frequently arising complication following total thyroidectomy. Routine postoperative prophylactic administration of vitamin D or metabolites and calcium reduce the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia; this article reports evaluating its cost-effectiveness in Colombia. Methods Meta-analysis was used for comparing the administration of vitamin D or metabolites to oral calcium or no treatment at all in patients following total thyroidectomy and a cost-effectiveness analysis was designed based on a decision-tree model with local costs. Results The OR value for the comparison between calcitriol and calcium compared to no treatment and to exclusive calcium treatment groups was 0.32 (0.13-0.79 95 %CI) and 0.31 (0.14-0.70 95 %CI), respectively. The most cost-effective strategy was vitamin D or metabolites and calcium administration, having a US $0.05 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Conclusion Prophylactic treatment of hypocalcaemia with vitamin D or metabolites + calcium or calcium alone is a cost-effective strategy.

Objetivos La hipo calcemia es la complicación más frecuente después de tiroidectomía. La administración profiláctica de vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio reduce la incidencia de hipocalcémia sintomática. Se evalúa su costo-efectividad en Colombia. Materiales y métodos Utilizamos la información de un meta-análisis que comparó la administración de vitamina D o metabolitos contra calcio no tratamiento en pacientes llevados a tiroidectomía total y diseñamos un análisis de costo-efectividad basados en un modelos de decisiones con costos locales. Resultados El valor del OR para la comparación entre calcitriol y calcio comparado con no tratamiento o calcio exclusivo fue de 0.32 (95 % IC, 0.13- 0.79) y 0.31 (95 % IC, 0.14-0.70), respectivamente. La estrategia más costo-efectiva fue la administración de vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio, con una relación de costo-efectividad incremental de US $0.05. Conclusiones El tratamiento profiláctico de la hipo calcemia con vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio o calcio exclusivo después de tiroidectomía total es una estrategia costo-efectiva.