Differential Association of Preadolescent Risk Factors Across Developmental Patterns of Adolescent Concurrent Gambling Participation and Substance Use.

Early risk factors for gambling participation (GP) and substance use (SU) in adolescents have usually been studied separately, although these disorders were integrated into the same clinical category over a decade ago. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the early individual, parental, familial and social risk factors associated with developmental patterns of adolescent GP and SU in a population-representative cohort (N = 1594, 51.2% boys). Using a person-centered strategy and multiple assessments from age 12 to 17, six developmental patterns describing joint GP and SU courses were revealed. Non-substance users/non-gamblers served as the reference class in an integrated longitudinal-multivariate analysis framework examining 15 distinct risk factors. Results showed that a core of risk factors were common to all trajectory-classes of substance users with or without GP. For a similar level of SU, most of the risk factors associated with non-gambling users also affected their gambling peers. However, additional risk factors were specifically related to GP. Thus, substance users who also gamble were affected by a greater number of risk factors than non-gambling substance users. Findings are consistent with a developmental syndrome of addiction, which posits a shared etiology between different expressions of addiction as well as differences in risk factors that lead to distinct trajectories of addictive behaviors. They highlight the importance of considering both GP and SU for a comprehensive assessment of adolescents' level of risk with regard to addictive behaviors.

A novel machine-learning framework based on early embryo morphokinetics identifies a feature signature associated with blastocyst development.

BACKGROUND: Artificial Intelligence entails the application of computer algorithms to the huge and heterogeneous amount of morphodynamic data produced by Time-Lapse Technology. In this context, Machine Learning (ML) methods were developed in order to assist embryologists with automatized and objective predictive models able to standardize human embryo assessment. In this study, we aimed at developing a novel ML-based strategy to identify relevant patterns associated with the prediction of blastocyst development stage on day 5. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the morphokinetics of 575 embryos obtained from 80 women who underwent IVF at our Unit. Embryo morphokinetics was registered using the Geri plus® time-lapse system. Overall, 30 clinical, morphological and morphokinetic variables related to women and embryos were recorded and combined. Some embryos reached the expanded blastocyst stage on day 5 (BL Group, n = 210), some others did not (nBL Group, n = 365). RESULTS: The novel EmbryoMLSelection framework was developed following four-steps: Feature Selection, Rules Extraction, Rules Selection and Rules Evaluation. Six rules composed by a combination of 8 variables were finally selected, and provided a predictive power described by an AUC of 0.84 and an accuracy of 81%. CONCLUSIONS: We provided herein a new feature-signature able to identify with an high performance embryos with the best developmental competence to reach the expanded blastocyst stage on day 5. Clear and clinically relevant cut-offs were identified for each considered variable, providing an objective tool for early embryo developmental assessment.

Distribución y patrones de desarrollo de asteroideos antárticos / Distribution and development patterns in Antarctic asteroids

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son dominantes en términos de abundancia y diversidad; particularmente los asteroideos presentan un importante rol en las comunidades bentónicas antárticas. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la distribución batimétrica, composición específica, ocurrencia y riqueza de especies de asteroideos que habitan en los archipiélagos Orcadas del Sur, Shetland del Sur y Archipiélago de Palmer, ubicados en la Península Antártica. A su vez, detallar aspectos de los patrones de desarrollo de las especies halladas. Métodos: Utilizamos la información adquirida durante Campañas Antárticas de Verano 2012 y 2013, a bordo del Buque Oceanográfico "Puerto Deseado". Las estaciones de muestreo se ubicaron en tres archipiélagos localizados en la Península Antártica: Orcadas del Sur (OS), Shetland del Sur (SS) y Archipiélago de Palmer (AP). Se realizaron 28 lances de pesca y se fotografiaron y procesaron 436 individuos. Se determinó el radio mayor (mm) de cada individuo, las características macroscópicas de las gónadas y la presencia de embriones. Se realizó una revisión del estatus taxonómico y de la distribución batimétrica y del área de distribución geográfica de las especies muestreadas basándonos en registros bibliográficos y bases de datos. Se utilizó una agrupación jerárquica para analizar la composición de las especies entre las diferentes áreas. Resultados: En todas las estaciones de muestreo se obtuvieron asteroideos (ocurrencia: 100 %) entre 52.7 y 987 metros de profundidad. Se registraron 21 especies, de las cuales no se modificó la distribución batimétrica de ninguna de ellas, pero se amplió el área de distribución geográfica de seis. La riqueza de especies fue igual en SS y AP, y mayor que en OS, coincidiendo con la presencia de dos grupos regionales con una composición faunística similar. El 72 % de las especies registradas presentan desarrollo pelágico (larva planctotrófica = 17 % y larva lecitotrófica = 55 %) y el 28 % desarrollo no pelágico (larva retenida = 17 % y desarrollo directo = 11 %). Conclusiones: En los tres archipiélagos el patrón de desarrollo mayoritario fue el pelágico con nutrición lecitotrófica. La totalidad de las especies halladas en el presente trabajo son compartidas con la región subantártica, destacándose la importancia de la Corriente de Malvinas en la dispersión de las especies desde Antártida.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are dominant in terms of abundance and diversity; particularly asteroids play an important role in Antarctic benthic communities. Objective: The aim of the present work was to review the bathymetric distribution, specific composition, occurrence and species richness of asteroid species inhabiting South Orkney, South Shetland and Palmer Archipelago, located in the Antarctic Peninsula. Aspects of the developmental patterns of the species found are also included. Methods: We used data acquired during the 2012 and 2013 Antarctic Summer Campaigns aboard the Oceanographic Vessel "Puerto Deseado". Sampling stations were located in three archipelagos located in the Antarctic Peninsula: South Orkney (SO), South Shetland (SS) and Palmer Archipelago (PA). A total of 28 fishing hauls were made and 436 individuals were photographed and processed. The maximum radius (mm) of each individual, the macroscopic characteristics of the gonads and the presence of embryos were registered. A review of the taxonomic status, bathymetric and geographical distribution area of the sampled species was carried out based on bibliographic records and databases. A hierarchical grouping was used to analyze species composition among the different areas. Results: Asteroids were obtained in all sampling stations (occurrence: 100 %) between 52.7 and 987 m depth. 21 species were recorded, the bathymetric distribution was not broadened in any of them, and the geographical distribution area of six species was expanded. Species richness was equal in SS and PA and higher than in SO, coinciding with the presence of two regional groups with a similar faunal composition. Seventy-two percent of the recorded species present pelagic development (planktotrophic larvae = 17 %, and lecithotrophic larvae = 55 %) and 28 % non-pelagic development (retained larvae = 17 %, and direct development = 11 %). Conclusions: In the three archipelagos, the majority development pattern was pelagic with lecithotrophic nutrition. All the species found in this study are shared with the sub-Antarctic region, highlighting the importance of the Malvinas Current in the dispersal of species from Antarctica.

ADHD-related sex differences in emotional symptoms across development.

To investigate developmental changes in emotion dysregulation (ED) and associated symptoms of emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression, among girls and boys with and without ADHD from childhood through adolescence. Data were collected from a sample of 8-18-year-old children with (n = 264; 76 girls) and without (n = 153; 56 girls) ADHD, with multiple time-points from a subsample of participants (n = 121). Parents and youth completed rating scales assessing child ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression. Mixed effects models were employed to examine effects and interactions of diagnosis, sex [biological sex assigned at birth], age among boys and girls with and without ADHD. Mixed effects analyses showed sexually dimorphic developmental patterns between boys and girls, such that boys with ADHD showed a greater reduction in ED, irritability, and anxiety with age compared to girls with ADHD, whose symptom levels remained elevated relative to TD girls. Depressive symptoms were persistently elevated among girls with ADHD compared to boys with ADHD, whose symptoms decreased with age, relative to same-sex TD peers. While both boys and girls with ADHD showed higher levels of ED during childhood (compared to their sex-matched TD peers), mixed effects analyses revealed substantial sexually dimorphic patterns of emotional symptom change during adolescence: Boys with ADHD showed robust improvements in emotional symptoms from childhood to adolescence while girls with ADHD continued to show high and/or increased levels of ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety and depression.

Oral diadochokinetic production in children with typical speech development and speech-sound disorders.

BACKGROUND: AIMS: To investigate the developmental trajectory of the rate and perceptual assessment of oral diadochokinesis (DDK) in typically developing children compared with adults. Also to examine the characteristics of DDK productions in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) and the relationship between DDK production and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). METHODS & PROCEDURES: Participants were 316 typically developing children and 90 children with SSD from 3 to 9 years old, as well as 20 adults with normal speech. The mono-, bi- and trisyllabic nonsense strings containing Korean tense consonants and the vowel [a] were used for DDK tasks. The number of iterations per s was measured as the DDK rate for each stimulus. The perceptual assessment of DDK productions was also performed for regularity, accuracy and rate. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The DDK rates increased throughout childhood, but the oldest children, 9-year-olds in the current study, did not achieve adult-like rates for all mono- and trisyllabic strings. Children with SSD also did not show significant differences from typically developing children when the DDK productions were analysed using only accurate tokens. The PCC of children with SSD showed higher correlations with regularity, accuracy and rate of perceptual ratings than the timed DDK rate. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This study highlighted the fact that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Rates of DDK reflect the motor skills of the articulatory systems independently of phonological skills; therefore, the tasks are widely used in the diagnostic evaluations of speech disorders in both children and adult populations. However, a substantial number of studies have questioned the validity and usefulness of DDK rates for evaluating speech abilities. Also, the literature suggested that the measure of DDK rate alone does not provide a clear and useful indication of children's oral motor skills. DDK tasks should be analysed in terms of accuracy and consistency as well as rate. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge The literature reporting normative DDK performance has mainly been based on English speakers. As different consonants have different temporal characteristics, the linguistic and segmental features of DDK tasks can impact the DDK rate. This study established a norm for DDK rate for Korean-speaking children and investigated the developmental trajectory of DDK performance in typically developing children compared with adults. This study suggested that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills by examining the characteristics of DDK productions in children with SSD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study provided normative data of young Korean-speaking children aged 3-9 years. Normative data in children under 5 years of age are valuable given that the majority of children referred for speech difficulty assessments are between 3 and 5 years of age, but only a few studies have provided the normative data in young children. This study showed that many children could not complete DDK tasks correctly and provided additional support for the notion that other aspects of DDK performance, including accuracy and regularity, may yield more useful diagnostic indications than timed DDK rates alone.

Longitudinal patterns of polysubstance use throughout adolescence: association with adult substance use and psychosocial outcomes controlling for preadolescent risk factors in a male cohort.

PURPOSE: Inconsistent reports raise the question of the extent to which poor adult outcomes are associated with adolescent polysubstance use (PSU: alcohol, marijuana, other illicit drugs) above and beyond earlier risk factors. METHODS: Early adulthood substance-related and psychosocial outcomes were examined in association with age 13 to 17 developmental patterns of PSU in boys from urban, low SES neighborhoods (N = 926). Three classes obtained by latent growth modeling described low/non-users (N = 565, 61.0%), lower risk PSU (later onset, occasional use, 2 ≤ substances; N = 223, 24.1%), and higher risk PSU (earlier onset, frequent use, 3 ≥ substances; N = 138, 14.9%). Preadolescent individual, familial and social predictors of adolescent PSU patterns were used as covariates. RESULTS: Adolescent PSU contributed to both age-24 substance-related outcomes (frequency of alcohol, drug use, and getting drunk, risky behaviors under influence, and use-related problems) and psychosocial outcomes (no high school diploma, professional or financial strain, ASP symptoms, criminal record) over and above preadolescent risk factors. Controlling for preadolescent risk factors, adolescent PSU made a more important contribution to adult substance use outcomes (increasing the risk by about 110%) than to psychosocial outcomes (16.8% risk increase). PSU classes showed poorer adjustment for all age-24 substance use, and for various psychosocial outcomes than low/non-users. Higher risk polysubstance users also reported poorer outcomes than their lower risk peers for most substance use outcomes, and for professional or financial strain and criminal record. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the contribution of adolescent PSU in a dose-response fashion, over and above preadolescent risk factors, on both homotypic and heterotypic outcomes in early adulthood.

Developmental Patterns of Gambling Participation and Substance use Throughout Adolescence in a Population Birth Cohort.

This study investigated adolescents' single and co-occurring developmental patterns of gambling participation and substance use and their association with gambling and substance use-related issues at age 17, controlling for confounders. Multiple assessments from age 12 to 17 were conducted in a population-based cohort (N=1594, 51.2% boys). Latent growth modeling was used to analyze developmental patterns and Generalized linear models to examine their association with age-17 gambling and substance use-related problems, types and variety of activities, and substance abuse. Results revealed six developmental patterns, including Low- or Non-substance Users or Gamblers (24.2% sample), two trajectory-classes of Later-Onset Increasing (to a moderate level) substance users, either with or without gambling participation (7.8% and 45.5%, respectively), two trajectory-classes of Early-Onset Increasing (to a higher level) substance users, either with or without gambling participation (6.2% and 12.7%, respectively), and a smaller trajectory-class of Slow-Increasing Substance Users and Early-Onset Gamblers, declining to non-gambling after age 13 (3.6%). Gambling participation and substance use did not appear to influence each other with regard to their onset and course throughout adolescence, and to age-17 types and variety of gambling activities or substances used, problems related to gambling participation or substance use, or substance abuse. These findings are consistent with the addictive syndrome model and with both common and individualized approaches to prevention and treatment for adolescent gamblers or substance users.

Collocation Use in EFL Learners' Writing Across Multiple Language Proficiencies: A Corpus-Driven Study.

The investigation of learners' interlanguage could greatly contribute to the teaching of English as a foreign language and the development of teaching materials. The present study investigates the collocational profiles of large-scale written production by English learners with varied L1 backgrounds and different proficiency levels. Using the British National Corpus as reference corpus, learners' collocation use was extracted by corpus query language and further identified by t-score via Python programming language. The collocation list consists of 2,501 make/take + noun (the direct object) collocations. Findings show that proficient learners tend to use collocations containing more semantically complicated and abstract noun elements for varied communication tasks. Moreover, advanced learners are inclined to use collocations comprised of more difficult and longer noun elements.

Effects of genetic components of plant development on yield-related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under stress-free conditions.

The dynamics of plant development not only has an impact on ecological adaptation but also contributes to the realization of genetically determined yield potentials in various environments. Dissecting the genetic determinants of plant development becomes urgent due to the global climate change, which can seriously affect and even disrupt the locally adapted developmental patterns. In order to determine the role plant developmental loci played in local adaptation and yield formation, a panel of 188 winter and facultative wheat cultivars from diverse geographic locations were characterized with the 15K Illumina Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) chip and functional markers of several plant developmental genes and included into a multiseason field experiment. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted on five consecutive developmental phases spanning from the first node appearance to full heading together with various grain yield-related parameters. The panel was balanced for the PPD-D1 photoperiod response gene, which facilitated the analyses in the two subsets of photoperiod-insensitive and -sensitive genotypes in addition to the complete panel. PPD-D1 was the single highest source, explaining 12.1%-19.0% of the phenotypic variation in the successive developmental phases. In addition, 21 minor developmental loci were identified, each one explaining only small portions of the variance, but, together, their effects amounted to 16.6%-50.6% of phenotypic variance. Eight loci (2A_27, 2A_727, 4A_570, 5B_315, 5B_520, 6A_26, 7A_1-(VRN-A3), and 7B_732) were independent of PPD-D1. Seven loci were only detectable in the PPD-D1-insensitive genetic background (1A_539, 1B_487, 2D_649, 4A_9, 5A_584-(VRN-A1), 5B_571-(VRN-B1), and 7B_3-(VRN-B3)), and six loci were only detectable in the sensitive background, specifically 2A_740, 2D_25, 3A_579, 3B_414, 7A_218, 7A_689, and 7B_538. The combination of PPD-D1 insensitivity and sensitivity with the extremities of early or late alleles in the corresponding minor developmental loci resulted in significantly altered and distinct plant developmental patterns with detectable outcomes on some yield-related traits. This study examines the possible significance of the above results in ecological adaptation.

Alcohol, Marijuana and Other Illicit Drugs Use Throughout Adolescence: Co-occurring Courses and Preadolescent Risk-Factors.

This study examined developmental patterns of co-occurrent alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs use during adolescence and the associated preadolescent risk factors in a longitudinal sample of 926 boys from low-socioeconomic, urban neighborhoods. Latent growth mixture modeling revealed six developmental patterns: non-/low-alcohol and non-illicit drug users (61% sample) and five polysubstance user-groups varying in severity based on onset, frequency and type of substances used. In comparisons with non-/low-users, several preadolescent risk factors were associated with increasing severity of polysubstance use. Higher sensation-seeking and lower anxiety were associated with all user-groups. Low self-esteem and family-related risk factors differentiated all user-groups from later-onset users. Higher impulsivity and school problems characterized early-onset and frequent polysubstance users. Impulsive sensation-seekers with lower anxiety and self-esteem cumulated a larger number and higher severity of risk factors and were at risk of early-onset frequent polysubstance use, emphasising the importance of indicated prevention for these high-risk boys.

In school and out of school digital use and the development of children's self-regulation and social skills.

More needs to be known about the benefits and risks to the development of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills in ubiquitous digital environments at school and at home. Nine to 12-year-old students (n = 186) in a 1:1 digital programme serving low SES and culturally diverse communities rated their self-regulation and social skills for both non-digital and digital contexts. Downward trends in self-regulation and related personality dimensions were found. Social skills were more variable. Students had heightened awareness of needing to self-regulate in digital contexts, rating their self-regulation lower than in non-digital contexts. High frequencies and durations of fun activities at home (e.g., posting photos or blogs, chatting, and games) were associated with lower ratings. But fun activities were associated with higher ratings of social skills in digital contexts. High levels of parental monitoring were related to higher ratings of self-regulation. These patterns reflect school-wide norms and practices (students are socialized as digital citizens) as well as more general features of socialization at home. We conclude that self-regulation and social skills are sensitive to contexts over the primary school years. Digital tools may be particularly 'impulsogenic', and students need context-specific self-regulatory strategies, but the tools create opportunities to develop valued social skills under specific conditions.

Neurodevelopmental profiles of preschool-age children in Flint, Michigan: a latent profile analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Children in Flint, Michigan, have experienced myriad sociodemographic adversities exacerbated by the Flint water crisis. To help inform child-focused prevention and intervention efforts, we aimed to describe patterns of neurodevelopmental outcomes among preschoolers who experienced the Flint water crisis before age 2 years. METHOD: Participants were 170 preschoolers who completed a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment battery, including directly administered measures of cognitive and executive functioning and maternal-report of adaptive skills and behavioral problems. We used latent profile analysis to derive subgroups. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the predictors of profile memberships, including child sex and maternal/family-level factors selected from an array of measured exposures using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. RESULTS: Three latent profiles were identified: Profile 1-relative weakness in all domains (50%); Profile 2-normative functioning in all domains (34.1%); and Profile 3-relative strengths in executive function and behavior (15.9%). Profile 1 showed lower scores across cognitive and behavioral domains. Profile 2 demonstrated abilities within the normal range across domains. Profile 3 showed relative strength in executive functioning with few behavior problems, despite lower cognitive performance. Children across all profiles showed adaptive behavior in the adequate range. Child sex and maternal IQ were significant predictors of profile membership. CONCLUSIONS: Children in Flint demonstrated diverse patterns of development in the face of sociodemographic and environmental adversities. Comprehensive screening and neurodevelopmental profiling of children in this at-risk population are needed to identify areas of needs and inform appropriate service delivery.

Structural development of cortical lobes during the first 6 months of life in infant macaques.

This study mapped the developmental trajectories of cortical regions in comparison to overall brain growth in typically developing, socially-housed infant macaques. Volumetric changes of cortical brain regions were examined longitudinally between 2-24 weeks of age (equivalent to the first 2 years in humans) in 21 male rhesus macaques. Growth of the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal cortices (visual and auditory) was examined using MRI and age-specific infant macaque brain atlases developed by our group. Results indicate that cortical volumetric development follows a cubic growth curve, but maturational timelines and growth rates are region-specific. Total intracranial volume (ICV) increased significantly during the first 5 months of life, leveling off thereafter. Prefrontal and temporal visual cortices showed fast volume increases during the first 16 weeks, followed by a plateau, and significant growth again between 20-24 weeks. Volume of the frontal and temporal auditory cortices increased substantially between 2-24 weeks. The parietal cortex showed a significant volume increase during the first 4 months, whereas the volume of the occipital lobe increased between 2-12 weeks and plateaued thereafter. These developmental trajectories show similarities to cortical growth in human infants, providing foundational information necessary to build nonhuman primate (NHP) models of human neurodevelopmental disorders.

Evolution of volatile compounds during the development of Muscat grape 'Shine Muscat' (Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera).

This study investigated the evolution of both free and bound volatile compounds in 'Shine Muscat' grape from post-fruit set to post-maturity and limiting factors of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. C6 compounds and terpenes were the main free and bound volatile compounds, respectively. At pre-softening, volatile compounds concentrations were mainly regulated by expansion dilution, and terpene concentrations decreased significantly, which resulted in the minimum terpene concentrations occurred at softening. The volatile compounds were mainly regulated by metabolic synthesis at post-softening, and the production of C6 compounds, terpenes and esters largely began at 10, 12 weeks post-flowering and maturity stages, respectively. In the LOX pathway, LOX, alcohol dehydrogenase and the substrate alcohols were the limiting factors. The aroma maturity stages occurred at 15.4 weeks post-flowering. Finally, the developmental patterns of the volatile compounds in grape were summarized considering previous results in neutral and non-Muscat aromatic varieties.

Two isoforms of Pepck in Sarcophaga bullata and their distinct expression profiles through development, diapause, and in response to stresses of cold and starvation.

Pepck is a metabolic enzyme that participates in gluconeogenesis through the conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenol pyruvate. Numerous transcriptomic studies have identified Pepck as a potential key player during diapause and various stresses responses. Here, we describe expression patterns of both cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of Pepck throughout development, during diapause, and in response to starvation and cold shock in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata. We cloned full-length transcripts for both Pepck isoforms and observed that expression of both genes varied throughout development. Diapausing pupae have the highest relative expression of both isoforms, suggesting participation in the anticipatory production of sugars and sugar alcohols that occurs during this overwintering stage. In response to acute stress, the cytosolic isoform was upregulated whereas the mitochondrial variant remained unchanged. Cytosolic Pepck was strongly upregulated after 2 h recovery from cold shock and returned to baseline levels within 8 h. In response to 24 h of starvation, the cytosolic isoform was similarly upregulated and returned to control levels after 24 h of recovery. Acute stress is known to incur a metabolic cost, and Pepck could be a key player in this response. Although it remains unclear why there is such a dramatic divergence in the expression of the two isoforms, the distinction suggests specific roles for the two isoforms that depend on the developmental status of the fly and the stress conditions to which it is exposed.

Persistence of Effects of VLBW/PT Birth Status and Maternal Emotional Availability (EA) on Child EA Trajectories.

Few studies have examined the longitudinal impact of birth status on the infant-mother relationship and on children's socio-emotional development. In the present study we investigated developmental patterns of such relationships [using the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales] in fullterm and VLBW/PT infants from infancy to emerging school age. Our objectives were to: (a) model the developmental trajectories of EA dimensions (maternal sensitivity, structuring, non-hostility; child responsiveness, involvement) in a VLBW/PT and fullterm sample, (b) identify potential effects of VLBW/PT status on these trajectories, and (c) determine whether the effects of VLBW/PT status on children's socio-emotional development (child EA) remained after accounting for the effect of maternal EA. Child-mother dyads (n = 109) were observed in home-based interactions (face-to-face and free play) when children were 6, 12, 18, and 57-months-old in fullterm (37-41 weeks, >2500 g; n = 48) and healthy VLBW/PT (26-32 weeks gestation, birth weight 800-1500 g, corrected for gestational age; n = 61) children. Developmental trajectories of maternal and child EA were assessed using multilevel growth modeling in Mplus. Results indicated that, even after controlling for maternal EA, there was a persistent negative effect of VLBW/PT birth status on child EA trajectories. Both initially and over time, VLBW/PT infants lagged behind their fullterm counterparts on levels of responsiveness and involvement with mothers. There was also a persistent positive effect of maternal EA (sensitivity and structuring) on child EA trajectories. Higher average levels of maternal sensitivity and structuring across time were also associated with higher and persistent levels of child responsiveness and involvement of their mothers. Importantly, results held after modeling both effects together, and after controlling for maternal education and child gender. Our results have implications for VLBW/PT children's development, the parent-child relationship, and integrating family level factors and relationship dimensions in early prevention and intervention programs.

[Sustainable development of the three economic patterns in China: The application of genuine progress indicator in the sustainability assessment of six typical cities.] / 中国"三大经济模式"的可持续发展­­ä»¥çœŸå®žå‘å±•æŒ‡æ ‡å¯¹6ä¸ªå ¸åž‹åŸŽå¸‚çš„å¯æŒç»­æ€§è¯„ä¼°ä¸ºä¾‹.

Three economic patterns, i.e., Zhujiang Model, Wenzhou Model and Sunan Model, were all generated in the developed areas of China. Sustainability assessment of those areas plays an important role in guiding future development of the economy of China. Genuine progress indicator (GPI) was adopted in this study to evaluate the sustainability of 6 typical cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou) of the three economic patterns from 1995 to 2012. During the study period, the values of GDP for the six cities had experienced exponential growth, while the values of GPI started to increase since 2005 after a relatively constant period between 1995 and 2005. The gap between GPI and GDP had been widening from a historical perspective. Zhujiang Model made great progress in economic growth, however, the economic, social, and environmental costs were evident. It should tackle income inequality, traffic jam, and environmental pollution to reach sustainability. The development of Wenzhou Model slowed down in the late pe-riod, with inadequate potential to develop. Its income inequality was tough, social and economic development was slow, and the economic development pattern needed to be urgently changed. Sunan Model had a higher value of GPI and the potential to reach sustainability, with remarkable growth of economy, median level of the GPI costs, and steady improvement of social development, although its natural resources were depleted. Three economic patterns should focus on the three dimensions of sustainability (economy, environment, and society), and Zhujiang Model and Wenzhou Model needed to be more active to search for transition of their development.