Tissue chips as headway model and incitement technology.

Tissue on a chip or organ-on-chip (OOC) is a technology that's dignified to form a transformation in drug discovery through the use of advanced platforms. These are 3D in-vitro cell culture models that mimic micro-environment of human organs or tissues on artificial microstructures built on a portable microfluidic chip without involving sacrificial humans or animals. This review article aims to offer readers a thorough and insightful understanding of technology. It begins with an in-depth understanding of chip design and instrumentation, underlining its pivotal role and the imperative need for its development in the modern scientific landscape. The review article explores into the myriad applications of OOC technology, showcasing its transformative impact on fields such as radiobiology, drug discovery and screening, and its pioneering use in space research. In addition to highlighting these diverse applications, the article provides a critical analysis of the current challenges that OOC technology faces. It examines both the biological and technical limitations that hinder its progress and efficacy and discusses the potential advancements and innovations that could drive the OOC technology forward. Through this comprehensive review, readers will gain a deep appreciation of the significance, capabilities, and evolving landscape of OOC technology.

An affordable, field-deployable detecting system for cyanide ion - Investigating applications in real time uses.

A highly efficient system that incorporates the instantaneous visualization of the cyanide ion in water was synthesized by keeping the fluorophore system (electron donor) as a julolidine-coumarin conjugate and changing the electron acceptor unit. The probes exhibit a notable color change in normal and UV light. The probe interaction modalities are based on the ICT process. With a detection limit in the nM range, it may preferentially react with cyanide, which is less than the tolerable level of 1.9 µM. According to 1H NMR data, the probes detect cyanide ions by nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism. Furthermore, current probe successfully determines real resources, including cyanide containing cassava powder, sprouted potatoes and various water samples. Besides the test strips, an electronic Arduino device was also employed to detect the cyanide ion. As such, the developed probes exhibit outstanding practical application with respect to the cyanide ion.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for measurement of pH using as sensor red cabbage anthocyanins and gum arabic.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPADpH) for determining the pH levels in foods. Anthocyanins from red cabbage aqueous extract (RCAE) were used as its analytical sensor. Whatman No. 1 filter paper was the most suitable for the device due to its porosity and fiber organization, which allows for maximum color intensity and minimal color heterogeneity of the RCAE in the detection zone of the µPADpH. To ensure the color stability of the RCAE for commercial use of the µPADpH, gum arabic was added. The geometric design of the µPADpH, including the channel length and separation zone diameter, was systematically optimized using colored food. The validation showed that the µPADpH did not differ from the pH meter when analyzing natural foods. However, certain additives in processed foods were found to increase the pH values.

Accuracy study of Angiotensin 1-7 composite index test to predict pulmonary fibrosis and guide treatment.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary fibrosis can develop after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The hypothesis is we are able to measure phenotypes that lie at the origin of ARDS severity and fibrosis development. The aim is an accuracy study of prognostic circulating biomarkers. METHODS: A longitudinal study followed COVID-related ARDS patients with medical imaging, pulmonary function tests and biomarker analysis, generating 444 laboratory data. Comparison to controls used non-parametrical statistics; p < 0·05 was considered significant. Cut-offs were obtained through receiver operating curve. Contingency tables revealed predictive values. Odds ratio was calculated through logistic regression. RESULTS: Angiotensin 1-7 beneath 138 pg/mL defined Angiotensin imbalance phenotype. Hyper-inflammatory phenotype showed a composite index test above 34, based on high Angiotensin 1-7, C-Reactive Protein, Ferritin and Transforming Growth Factor-ß. Analytical study showed conformity to predefined goals. Clinical performance gave a positive predictive value of 95 % (95 % confidence interval, 82 %-99 %), and a negative predictive value of 100 % (95 % confidence interval, 65 %-100 %). Those severe ARDS phenotypes represented 34 (Odds 95 % confidence interval, 3-355) times higher risk for pulmonary fibrosis development (p < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: Angiotensin 1-7 composite index is an early and objective predictor of ARDS evolving to pulmonary fibrosis. It may guide therapeutic decisions in targeted phenotypes.

Self-powered strain sensing devices with wireless transmission: DIW-printed conductive hydrogel electrodes featuring stretchable and self-healing properties.

With rapid advancements in health and human-computer interaction, wearable electronic skins (e-skins) designed for application on the human body provide a platform for real-time detection of physiological signals. Wearable strain sensors, integral functional units within e-skins, can be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology to broaden the applications for human body monitoring. A significant challenge lies in the reliance of most existing wearable strain sensors on rigid external power supplies, limiting their practical flexibility. In this study, we present an innovative strategy to fabricate glutaraldehyde (GA)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive hydrogels through multiple hydrogen bonding systems. Combining the advantageous rheological properties of the precursor solution and the high specific surface area after freeze-thaw cycling, we have created a self-powered sensing system prepared by large-area printing using direct ink writing (DIW) printing. The resulting conductive hydrogel exhibits commendable mechanical properties (411 KPa), impressive stretchability (580 %), and robust self-healing capabilities (>98.3 %). The strain sensor, derived from the conductive hydrogel, demonstrates a gauge factor (GF) of 2.5 within a stretching range of 0-580 %. Additionally, the resultant supercapacitor displays a peak energy density of 0.131 mWh/cm3 at a power density of 3.6 mW/cm3. Benefiting from its elevated strain response and remarkable power density features, this self-powered strain sensing system enables the real-time monitoring of human joint motion. The incorporation of a 5G transmission module enhances its capabilities for remote data monitoring, thereby contributing to the progress of wireless tracking technologies for self-powered electronic skin.

Paper-based multicolor sensor for on-site quantitative detection of organophosphate pesticides based on acetylcholinesterase-mediated paper-based Au3+-etching of gold nanobipyramids and CIELab color space.

On-site quantitative detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) is crucial for safeguarding food and public safety. This study presents a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated paper-based Au3+-etching of gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs) system. The system employs a long-term storable AuNBPs-deposited nylon membrane embedded within a portable and temperature-controlled paper-based analytical device. This system, coupled with a colorimeter-based quantitative method, enables the development of a practical paper-based multicolor sensor (PMS) for on-site quantitative detection of three common OPs (paraoxon, dichlorvos, and trichlorfon). In the absence of OPs, AChE hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine to thiocholine, which reduces Au3+ to Au+. The presence of OPs inhibits AChE activity, thereby preserving Au3+ to etch AuNBPs on nylon membranes, accompanied by multicolor changes. These color changes can be simply quantified by measuring the a∗ parameter of the CIELab color space using a portable colorimeter. Under optimal conditions, the PMS displayed eight OPs-corresponding color changes with a minimum detectable concentration of 1.0-10 µg/L (visual observation) and limits of detection of 0.8-7.2 µg/L (colorimeter) and 0.2-3.4 µg/L (UV-vis spectrometry). The PMS successfully determined the OPs in vegetable and rice samples with recoveries of 89.0-109 % and RSDs (n = 5) of <6 %. These results were consistent with those obtained using the HPLC-MS method. The PMS demonstrates excellent portability, AuNBPs stability, detection sensitivity, and reproducibility, making it a promising tool for the on-site quantitative detection of OPs residues in food. Furthermore, the paper-based etching system coupled with the colorimeter-based quantitative method provides a valuable reference to develop practical PMSs for various targets in diverse fields.

Interface-rich porous Fe-doped hcp-PtBi/fcc-Pt heterostructured nanoplates enhanced the CC bond cleavage of C3 alcohols electrooxidation.

Efficient CC bond cleavage and the complete oxidation of alcohols are key to improving the efficiency of renewable energy utilization. Herein, we successfully prepare porous Fe-doped hexagonal close-packed (hcp)-PtBi/face-centered cubic (fcc)-Pt heterostructured nanoplates with abundant grain/phase interfaces (h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs) via a simple solvothermal method. The open porous structure, abundant grain/phase interface and stacking fault defects, and the synergistic effect between intermetallic hcp-PtBi and fcc-Pt make h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs an effective electrocatalyst for the glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) in direct glycerol fuel cells (DGFCs). Notably, the h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs exhibit an excellent mass activity of 7.6 A mgPt-1 for GOR, 4.75-fold higher than that of commercial Pt black in an alkaline medium. Moreover, the h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs achieve higher power density (125.8 mW cm-2) than commercial Pt/C (81.8 mW cm-2) in a single DGFC. The h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs can also effectively catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of 1-propanol (17.1 A mgPt-1), 1,2-propanediol (7.2 A mgPt-1), and 1,3-propanediol (5.2 A mgPt-1). The in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectra further reveal that the CC bond of glycerol, 1-propanol, 1,2-propanediol, and 1,3-propanediol was dissociated for the complete oxidation by the h-PtBi/f-Pt@Fe1.7 PNPs. This study provides a new class of porous Pt-based heterostructure nanoplates and insight into the intrinsic activity of different C3 alcohols.

Interfacial modulation strategy using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets for wearable supercapacitors: Solution engineering.

Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) hold great promise as electrochemically active materials. However, their application in MOF nanocomposite electrodes in solution engineering is limited by structural self-stacking and imperfect conductive pathways. In this study, we used meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) with off-domain π-bonds to reconstitute Zn-TCPP (ZMOF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) through an interfacial modulation strategy involving electrostatic coupling and hydrogen bonding, creating a conductive composite with a nanosheet structure. The negatively charged PSS and ZMOF formed a three-dimensional interconnected conductive network with excellent interfaces. The positively charged PEDOT, fine tuned with the lamellar structure, established strong π-π stacking interactions between the porphyrin and thiophene rings. ZMOF also induced changes in the PEDOT chain structure, weakening PSS entanglement and enhancing charge-transport properties. The specific capacitance of the prepared supercapacitor was as high as 967.8 F g-1. Flexible supercapacitors produced on a large scale using dispensing printing technology exhibited an energy density of 1.85 µWh cm-2 and a power density of 7.08 µW cm-2. This interfacial modulation strategy also exhibited excellent wearable properties, with 96 % capacitance retention at a 180° bending angle and stable cycling performance. This study presented a significant advancement in the functionalization of 2D materials, highlighting their potential for device-grade capacitive architectures.

Effects of systemic ventricular assist in failing Fontan patients: a theoretical analysis using a computational model.

Mechanical circulatory support is a potential treatment for failing Fontan patients. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis using a computational model to clarify the effects of systemic ventricular assist device (VAD) in failing Fontan patients. Cardiac chambers and vascular systems were described using the time-varying elastance model and modified Windkessel model, respectively. A VAD was simulated as a nonlinear function. In systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction and atrioventricular valve regurgitation models, systemic VAD increased the cardiac index and decreased the central venous pressure (CVP). However, in the high pulmonary vascular resistance model, CVP became extremely high above 15 mmHg to maintain the cardiac index when the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) was above 5 Wood units m2. In Fontan patients with ventricular dysfunction or atrioventricular valve regurgitation, systemic VAD efficiently improves the hemodynamics. In Fontan patients with PVRI of > 5 Wood units m2, systemic VAD seems ineffective.

Nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using high speed rotation-type passive sampling device in Korean coastal waters.

Measuring the concentration of PAHs in the freely dissolved phase is crucial for assessing ecological impacts in the marine environment. However, various environmental conditions make short-term monitoring challenging. This study used an optimized High Speed Rotation-Type Passive Sampling Device (HSR-PSD) equipped with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) to conduct the first nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved PAHs in Korean coastal waters. The HSR-PSD enabled faster short-term monitoring by measuring Cfree of PAHs within 12 h and was less affected by environmental conditions compared to conventional PSDs. Σ15PAH concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 9.4 ng/L, with significantly higher levels on the western coast. Anthropogenic activities and oceanic conditions affected Cfree distribution in coastal areas. Based on Cfree, the estimated PAH levels in bivalves and fish were aligned with reported tissue concentrations, exhibiting low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the HSR-PSD with LLDPE is a suitable tool for nationwide short-term monitoring.

Performance of consumer wrist-worn type sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The use of sleep tracking devices is increasing as people become more aware of the importance of sleep and interested in monitoring their patterns. With many devices on the market, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing sleep-scoring data from consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices with polysomnography to validate the accuracy of devices. METHODS: We retrieved studies from the databases of SCOPUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and KoreaMed, and OVID Medline up to March 2024. We compared personal data about participants and information on objective sleep parameters. RESULTS: From 24 studies, data of 798 patient using Fitbit, Jawbone, myCadian watch, WHOOP strap, Garmin, Basis B1, Zulu Watch, Huami Arc, E4 wristband, Fatigue Science Readiband, Apple Watch, or Xiaomi Mi Band 5 were analyzed. There were significant differences in total sleep time {mean difference (MD) -16.854, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-26.332; -7.375]}, sleep efficiency (MD -4.691, 95% CI [-7.079; -2.302]), sleep latency (MD 2.574, 95% CI [0.606; 4.542]), and wake after sleep onset (MD 13.255, 95% CI [4.522; 21.988]) between all consumer sleep tracking devices and polysomnography. In subgroup analysis, there was no significant difference of wake after sleep onset between Fitbit and polysomnography. There was also no significant difference sleep latency between other devices and polysomnography. Fitbit measured sleep latency longer than other devices, and other devices measured wake after sleep onset longer. Based on Begg and Egger's test, there was no publication bias in total sleep time and sleep efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Wrist-worn sleep tracking devices, while popular, are not as reliable as polysomnography in measuring key sleep parameters like total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency. Physicians and consumers should be aware of their limitations and interpret results carefully, though they can still be useful for tracking general sleep patterns. Further improvements and clinical studies are needed to enhance their accuracy.

Device therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a new era.

Even with significant advancements in the treatment modalities for patients with heart failure (HF), the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with HF are still high. Various therapeutic interventions, including cardiac resynchronization therapy, Implantable Cardiovascular-Defibrillators, and left ventricular assist devices, are used for HF management. Currently, more research and developments are required to identify different treatment modalities to reduce hospitalization rates and improve the quality of life of patients with HF. In relation to this, various non-valvular catheter-based therapies have been recently developed for managing chronic HF. These devices target the pathophysiological processes involved in HF development including neurohumoral activation, congestion, and left ventricular remodeling. The present review article aimed to discuss the major transcatheter devices used in managing chronic HF. The rationale and current clinical developmental stages of these interventions will also be addressed in this review.

Successful Treatment of Recurrent Extensively Drug-Resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis Bacteremia Secondary to Ventricular Assist Device-Associated Infection.

Elizabethkingia anophelis is an emerging pathogen increasingly implicated in health care-associated infections. Here, we report a case of recurrent ventricular assist device-associated infection caused by multidrug-resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis and describe the clinical course, treatment challenges, and ultimate case resolution. Our results demonstrate that standard clinical methodologies for determining trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole minimum inhibitory concentration, including VITEK2 and gradient diffusion tests, may be unsuitable for Elizabethkingia anophelis as they result in false-negative susceptibility results. The discrepancy between antimicrobial susceptibility testing reported here highlights the importance of investigating and validating the applicability of standard clinical antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation when treating emerging pathogens such as Elizabethkingia anophelis.

A Computational Study on Effects of PID Temperature Target and RF Frequency for PID-Controlled Nonablative RF Cosmetic Systems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Commonly adopted in cosmetic dermatology, nonablative radiofrequency (RF) devices convert high-frequency electromagnetic energy into thermal energy to induce a wound-healing response in skin tissue. However, differences in the electrical properties of different skin layers raise questions about the impact of different RF frequencies and target temperatures on treatment effectiveness. This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA)-based computational study aimed at simulating and optimizing the effects of a proportional integral derivative (PID)-controlled RF cosmetic devices under different combinations of these two parameters during treatment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3D physical model for the application of a nonablative RF device was constructed using COMSOL, which included the human tissue and RF electrodes, electromagnetic and thermal boundary conditions, as well as the PID controller. FEA was performed for each of the twelve models with parameter combinations of three RF frequencies (0.1, 0.5, and 1 MHz) and three PID-controlled target temperatures (60°C, 65°C, and 70°C) plus one group without PID control. Treatment effectiveness was quantitatively assessed using the integration of tissue thermal damage fraction, i.e., thermal damage volume. RESULTS: In the earlier stage of heating (0-10 s), higher RF frequency resulted in a larger thermal damage volume. At 10 s, among models with a temperature target of 70°C, there is a 6.04% difference between the thermal damage volume at RF frequencies of 1.0 and 0.1 MHz. In the later stage of heating(11-80 s), the impact of RF frequency decreases. The difference in thermal damage volume caused by higher temperature targets is more significant, at 80 s, among models with an RF frequency of 1.0 MHz, the 70°C model produces 1.15 and 1.36 times more tissue thermal damage than the 65°C and 60°C models. CONCLUSION: PID controller has ensured treatment safety and uniformity, in exchange for some efficiency. Among 12 parameter combinations, the one with a temperature of 70°C and RF frequency of 1.0 MHz achieved the highest thermal damage volume, which could potentially result in the best esthetic effect. Considering users' different susceptibility to heat, engineers or physicians can select better temperature targets and RF frequencies to bring the desired cosmetic results based on thermal damage volume curves from this study.

Influence of physical activity measurement on the association between Life's Essential 8 and incident cardiovascular disease in older women.

Objective: The American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8) metric includes self-reported physical activity as one of the metrics for assessing cardiovascular health. Self-reported physical activity is prone to misclassification, whereas accelerometer measures are less biased. We examined associations of LE8 and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) using self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity. Methods: Participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 4,243; mean age = 79 ± 7 years) with no CVD history completed the WHI physical activity questionnaire and the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire prior to wearing a hip-worn accelerometer for up to seven days in 2012-2014. LE8 components (physical activity, diet, sleep, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, and glucose) were scored according to guidelines. Scores were created using five physical activity measures: WHI questionnaire (LE8WHI), CHAMPS (LE8CHAMPS), accelerometer-measured physical activity (LE8A), and sample quantiles of accelerometer-measured physical activity (LE8AQ) and daily steps (LE8STEPS). Hazard ratios (HR) for physician-adjudicated CVD were estimated using Cox regression. Results: 707 incident CVD events occurred over an average 7.5 years. Multivariable HRs (95 % CI) comparing women in the highest vs. lowest quartiles of LE8 scores were: LE8WHI = 0.53 (0.43-0.67), LE8CHAMPS = 0.47 (0.38-0.60), LE8A = 0.44 (0.36-0.56), LE8AQ = 0.44 (0.35-0.55), and LE8STEPS = 0.45 (0.35-0.57). Conclusions: The LE8-incident CVD association varies by physical activity measurement, however all methods showed reduced risk. Device-measures of physical activity may be more accurate in the LE8, but when impractical to implement, also support use of self-reported measures.

Advancements in Nanowire-Based Devices for Neuromorphic Computing: A Review.

Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the highly interconnected and energy-efficient way the human brain processes information, has emerged as a promising technology for post-Moore's law era. This emerging technology can emulate the structures and the functions of the human brain and is expected to overcome the fundamental limitation of the current von Neumann computing architecture. Neuromorphic devices stand out as the key components of future electronic systems, exhibiting potential in shaping the landscape of neuromorphic computing. Especially, nanowire (NW)-based neuromorphic devices, with their advantages of high integration, high-speed computing, and low power consumption, have recently emerged as candidates for neuromorphic computing technology. Here, a critical overview of the current development and relevant research in the field of NW-based neuromorphic devices are provided. Neuromorphic devices based on different NW materials are comprehensively discussed, including Ag NW-based, organic NW-based, metal oxide NW-based, and semiconductor NW-based devices. Finally, as a foresight perspective, the potentials and the challenges of these NW-based neuromorphic devices for use as future brain-like electronics are discussed.

Three-dimensional semiquantitative evaluation of reactive emphysema in magnesium implant models.

BACKGROUND: Magnesium alloys have great potentials as bioabsorbable implants, whereas the difficulty in evaluating hydrogen gas produced in the degradation process has hindered their research and development. In this study, we investigated the possibility of industrial microfocus X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) for the precise evaluation of subcutaneous emphysematous changes in a rabbit implantation model. METHODS: Magnesium plates with/without porous venting were implanted under skin defects on the backs of rabbits. The graft sites were examined by industrial micro-CT after sacrificing. The captured images were reconstructed three-dimensionally for volumetric analyses. The tissues of the graft site were also examined in the traditional histological investigation. RESULTS: We were able to image and numerate the shape and volume of subcutaneous emphysema using industrial micro-CT. The volume of emphysema was suppressed by pores punched in samples, and this trend increased as the number of pores increased. In the traditional histological examination, inflammatory changes were observed, but the emphysema could not be measured quantitatively. CONCLUSIONS: Industrial micro-CT imaging makes it possible to visualize and evaluate magnesium-induced subcutaneous emphysema in animal experiment. This cross-border technology has the potential to be widely applied to other life science fields.

Patient reported outcome and experience measures among patients with central venous access devices: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Patients receiving treatment for solid tumours and haematological malignancies, among other acute and chronic health conditions, are highly dependent upon central venous access devices (CVADs) for administering chemotherapy and other complex therapies; thus, CVADs can meaningfully impact their health outcomes and experiences. This systematic review aimed to identify and critique patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) and patient-reported experience measure (PREM) instruments related to CVADs. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken, commencing with an electronic search of health databases (April 2022). Studies were eligible if they used a self-reporting instrument (questionnaire) to quantitatively measure patient-reported outcomes and experiences related to CVADs (English only). Using a piloted data-extraction tool, two authors independently identified studies for full review, data extraction, and quality assessment. Data were synthesised narratively. RESULTS: The search yielded 875 titles, of which 41 met the inclusion and no exclusion criteria. Of these, 31 reported results of purpose-built questionnaires; a further six reported results of generic measures used for CVADs; four included both purpose-built and generic measures. Overall study quality was low; only two studies evaluated both content validity and internal consistency. In total, 155 unique PROM items (across 27 studies) were extracted which encompassed five domains (e.g., 'Instrumental activities of daily living'; 'Pain and discomfort'). Similarly, 184 unique PREMs (from 31 studies) included 13 domains (e.g., 'Shared decision-making'; 'Education'). CONCLUSION: Increasingly, research and quality improvement studies about CVADs are incorporating PROM and PREM. These measures are largely purpose-built, however, and their validity and reliability have not been sufficiently established for use. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Prospectively submitted to the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) 05 July 2020.