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Abstract The assessment of the comparative effect of biosal (phytopesticide), deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) were made against two fodder pests, Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi by filter paper impregnation method. The activity of total protein contents, GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase) were affected in Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda cyhalothrin. The activity of total protein contents in H. modestus was 31.053%, 4.607%, and 24.575%, against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of total protein contents was observed as 24.202%, 15.25%, and 56.036% against deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and biosal, respectively in H. ocimumi. The activity of GOT was observed as 98.675% for biosal 33.95% for deltamethrin and 83.619% for lambda-cyhalothrin in H. modestus. The GOT activity was estimated in H. ocimumi as 78.831%, 47.645%, and 71.287% against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The efficacy of GPT enzyme against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin was calculated as 89.26%, 73.07%, and 47.58%, respectively in H. modestus. The H. ocimumi showed GPT activity as 77.58% for biosal, 68.84% for deltamethrin, and 52.67% for lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.
Resumo A avaliação do efeito comparativo do biosal (fitopesticida), deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina (piretróides) foi feita contra duas pragas forrageiras, Hermolaus modestus e Hermolaus ocimumi, pelo método de impregnação com papel de filtro. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total, GPT (transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica) e GOT (oxaloacetato transaminase glutâmico) foram afetados em Hermolaus modestus e Hermolaus ocimumi contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda cialotrina. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total em H. modestus foi 31.053%, 4.607% e 24.575%, contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total foi observada como 24.202%, 15.25% e 56,036% contra deltametrina, lambda-cialotrina e biosal, respectivamente em H. ocimumi. A atividade do GOT foi observada em 98.675% para o biosal, 33,95% para a deltametrina e 83.619% para a lambda-cialotrina em H. modestus. A atividade do GOT foi estimada em H. ocimumi como 78.831%, 47.645% e 71.287% contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente. A eficácia da enzima GPT contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina foi calculada como 89.26%, 73.07% e 47.58%, respectivamente em H. modestus. A H. ocimumi apresentou atividade GPT de 77.58% para biosal, 68.84% para deltametrina e 52.67% para lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente.
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Abstract The assessment of the comparative effect of biosal (phytopesticide), deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) were made against two fodder pests, Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi by filter paper impregnation method. The activity of total protein contents, GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase) were affected in Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda cyhalothrin. The activity of total protein contents in H. modestus was 31.053%, 4.607%, and 24.575%, against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of total protein contents was observed as 24.202%, 15.25%, and 56.036% against deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and biosal, respectively in H. ocimumi. The activity of GOT was observed as 98.675% for biosal 33.95% for deltamethrin and 83.619% for lambda-cyhalothrin in H. modestus. The GOT activity was estimated in H. ocimumi as 78.831%, 47.645%, and 71.287% against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The efficacy of GPT enzyme against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin was calculated as 89.26%, 73.07%, and 47.58%, respectively in H. modestus. The H. ocimumi showed GPT activity as 77.58% for biosal, 68.84% for deltamethrin, and 52.67% for lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.
Resumo A avaliação do efeito comparativo do biosal (fitopesticida), deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina (piretróides) foi feita contra duas pragas forrageiras, Hermolaus modestus e Hermolaus ocimumi, pelo método de impregnação com papel de filtro. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total, GPT (transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica) e GOT (oxaloacetato transaminase glutâmico) foram afetados em Hermolaus modestus e Hermolaus ocimumi contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda cialotrina. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total em H. modestus foi 31.053%, 4.607% e 24.575%, contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente. A atividade do conteúdo de proteína total foi observada como 24.202%, 15.25% e 56,036% contra deltametrina, lambda-cialotrina e biosal, respectivamente em H. ocimumi. A atividade do GOT foi observada em 98.675% para o biosal, 33,95% para a deltametrina e 83.619% para a lambda-cialotrina em H. modestus. A atividade do GOT foi estimada em H. ocimumi como 78.831%, 47.645% e 71.287% contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente. A eficácia da enzima GPT contra biosal, deltametrina e lambda-cialotrina foi calculada como 89.26%, 73.07% e 47.58%, respectivamente em H. modestus. A H. ocimumi apresentou atividade GPT de 77.58% para biosal, 68.84% para deltametrina e 52.67% para lambda-cialotrina, respectivamente.
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Animales , Piretrinas , Insecticidas , Heterópteros , Alanina Transaminasa , Alimentación Animal , NitrilosRESUMEN
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Paracetamol does not cause toxic effects if given in therapeutic doses, namely below 4 g per day. Use of paracetamol at a dose of more than 4 g per day can result in hepatotoxicity. This study aims to compare the hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of soursop stem bark (<i>A. muricata</i>) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprised of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. Total 27 white male rats were induced hepatotoxicity with 1350 mg of paracetamol on the 7th day, except for normal control (K0) which was given aquadest. The tested animals received akuades as the negative control (K-) 11.34 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt., of Hepa-Q as the positive control (K+), ethanol extract stem bark <i>Annona muricata</i> at a dose of 150 mg kg<sup>1</sup> BB (P1), 300 mg kg<sup>1</sup> BB (P2) and 600 mg kg<sup>1</sup> BB (P3). <b>Results:</b> There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of soursop (<i>A. muricata</i>) stem bark. The best treatment for reducing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats induced by paracetamol was the administration of ethanol extract of <i>A. muricata</i> stem bark at a dose of 600 mg kg<sup>1</sup> BB. <b>Conclusion:</b> Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all ethanol extract of <i>Annona muricata</i> L. stem bark (EEAMSB) doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol-induced rats.
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Annona , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Etanol , Acetaminofén/toxicidad , Alanina Transaminasa , Corteza de la Planta , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Aspartato AminotransferasasRESUMEN
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to improve stress resistance in plants. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of GABA on the nutritional quality and regulatory mechanisms of edamame. Therefore, we analyzed the flavonoid and amino acid (AA) metabolism and the effects of GABA on the nutrient content of edamame seeds through physiological and metabolomic analyses. Exogenous GABA increased endogenous GABA metabolism and GABA transaminase activity and enhanced the oxoglutarate content, which entered into nitrogen metabolism and increased the activity and expression of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes, to accumulate AAs and bioactive peptides. Meanwhile, exogenous GABA induced the metabolism of flavonoids, including total flavonoids, anthocyanins, 6''-o-malonyglycitin, glycitin, ononin, cyanin, and ginkgetin, by increasing the activity and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes. This is the first study to reveal that GABA effectively improves the nutritional quality of edamame through the accumulation of AAs, bioactive peptides, isoflavones, anthocyanins, sugars, and organic acids.
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Background: Amiodarone belongs to Class-III anti-arrhythmic drugs. It is one of the most effective anti-arrhythmic drugs used to treat or prevent several types of arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and wide complex tachycardia, but unfortunately carries a high toxicity profile. Also, side effects of amiodarone involving various organs can be life-threatening. Materials & methods: This was an observational study carried out for six months i.e from April to September. The study included patients who are on amiodarone for greater than or equal to six months. The required data was collected in-person from the case sheets, treatment charts, and by interviewing the patients. The data for 67 patients was documented in suitable data collection form for analysis. Results: From our study data, it was noted that amiodarone was used for 3 different indications-atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia. Among 67 patients enrolled, 38 had no side-effects. Side-effects data in the rest grouped basing on the organ system affected: 9 patients had renal effects, 6 patients had ophthalmic effects, 4 patients had endocrine effects, and 5 patients had hepatic effects. Conclusion: From our study, it is concluded that amiodarone is a safe and effective anti-arrhythmic drug at lower doses i.e. 200-1100 mg/week. When treated in lower doses of 1400-2800 mg/week, many side effects have been incident. Although these effects are mild and develop only after prolonged usage of the drug, it should be used judiciously.
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Cervical cancer is the second most lethal cancer in Indonesia, behind breast cancer. One of the reasons cancer cells are difficult to treat is that the immune system is sometimes unable to recognise them as foreign. Cytokinin therapy is carried out so that the immune system can strengthen its response to cancer cells, with the aim of slowing or stopping the development of malignant cells. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, also known as andaliman, is an Indonesian herb and a member of the Rutaceae family. It is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The current study aimed to investigate the histological changes and changes in the expression of cytokines, such as IL-10, IL1ß, VEGFR1, and TGFß1, associated with andaliman treatment. Sample tissues and serums extracted from cervical cancer rat models were used. Rats were divided into five groups: a control group (C-), cancer model group (C+), cancer with a dose of Z. acanthopodium methanolic extract (ZAM) 100 mg/body weight (BW) ZAM (ZAM100), cancer with a dose of ZAM 200 mg/BW ZAM (ZAM200), and cancer with a dose of ZAM 400 mg/BW ZAM (ZAM400). Treatment lasted for 1 month. Blood samples were prepared for ELISA analysis, and cervical tissue was stained for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against IL-10, IL-1ß, VEGFR1, and TGFß1. Administration of ZAM had no significant effect on rat body weight and cervical organs (p > 0.05). However, it impacted haematological parameters in rats with cervical cancer (p < 0.05). Elevated malondialdehyde levels may be linked to superoxide dismutase deficiency in tumour tissue. ZAM significantly decreased the expression of IL1ß, TGFß1, and VEGFR1 (p < 0.01), while it increased the expression of IL-10. Therefore, ZAM may be a potential target for molecular cytokine therapy for cervical cancer.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem globally. Northeast India is home to indigenous tribes with different ethnicity and high rates of drug abuse and HIV infection. The study was designed to estimate the burden of HBV infection across various spectrums of liver diseases from this region. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes play a role in the chronicity of disease, response to treatment and its progression. As very limited data are available from this region, we tried to elucidate the role of HBV genotypes, HBV mutants and their phylogenetic analysis. METHOD: We designed a prospective multicentric study, and included 7464 liver disease cases, 7432 blood donors and 650 health care workers, who were screened for HBV infection. HBV DNA positive patients were genotyped and subjected to surface protein, precore and core mutation and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of HBV infection with respect to different types of liver diseases, blood donors and health care workers was 9.9% (1550/15,546). 49.5% (768/1550) cases were found to be HBV DNA positive. The most common genotype was found to be genotype D 74.2% (570/768), followed by genotype C 6.5% (50/768), A 4.4% (34/768) and I 0.9% (7/768). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high hepatitis B burden in Northeast India, reflecting lacunae in health care needs of the region. Also, the different genotype distribution and presence of mutations may translate into different rates of liver disease progression, prognosis and ultimately, clinical significance. However, further prospective cohort study from Northeast India is warranted, to elucidate the clinical significance of multiple genotypes and mutation in this unique population.
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The present research work was carried out to determine the bioaccumulation of manganese and chromium in the gills, intestine, muscles, skin and bones, as well as its acute toxicity and effects on hematological and biochemical parameters in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Adult carps were exposed for 96 h to manganese sulphate and chromium chloride solution, a sub lethal concentration was used in the experiment. Bioaccumulation was highest in the gills followed by intestine > muscles > skin > bones. The concentration of hematocrit (HCT) (37.3 ± 0.36), hemoglobin (HGB) (9.0 ± 0.04), Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (3.7 ± 0.025), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (121.2 ± 0.36), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (41.3 ± 0.3) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (41.06 ± 0.072) was significantly higher at 96 h (P < 0.01) after exposure to manganese and chromium, while the concentration of platelets (PLT) (16.8 ± 0.12) and white blood cells (WBCs) (62.7 ± 0.11) was lower at 96 h of exposure. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (40.6 ± 0.4), Blood Urea (13 ± 0.1), serum triglycerides (231.21 ± 0.04), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (39 ± 0.07), serum Alkaline PO4 (242 ± 0.2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (1239 ± 13.21), and serum Uric Acid (4.81 ± 0.33) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) at 96 h of exposure. The highest concentration of serum cholesterol (339 ± 0.09), serum reatinine (0.9 ± 0.01), low density lipid (240 ± 0.2) was observed at 24 h. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (19 ± 0.13), and serum albumin were at the highest level at 72 h (3.19 ± 0.07) (P < 0.01) post exposure.
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BACKGROUND: A Chlorella sp. (CLC) has a health supplement in health effects including an ability to treat cancer. The Chlorella sp. Ability to reduce acetaminophen-induced liver injury is still unknown. The hepatoprotective function of CLC was determined in an APAP-induced liver injury mouse model. METHODS: Male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control, APAP, APAP + Sm (silymarin) and APAP + CLC (0.2%, 0.5% and 1%) groups. The glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), Albumin, and BUN plasma activities were detected using blood biochemistry assay. The hepatic tissue GOT, GPT, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also detected. Lipid peroxidation, MDA, protein expression levels were examined. RESULTS: The results showed that the 1% CLC supplementation group and Silymarin (Sm) could significantly alleviate increased serum GOT, GPT and BUN, and the decreased serum Albumin. At the same time, the increased hepatic tissue GOT and GPT activities were alleviated as well as MDA. Enhanced SOD and CAT protein expression levels were increased in APAP-induced liver injury. Lipofuscin and hepatic veins cups disappeared in the Sm and 1% CLC supplementation groups shown with H&E staining. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, CLC probably could develop hepatoprotective products against chemical-induced liver damage.
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Anabas testudineus (Bloch) was exposed to 0.71â¯mg/L and 1.42â¯mg/L (25 and 50% of LC50 value respectively) naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), for 21 days. Blood biochemical parameters and erythrocytic morphological alterations were assessed to describe the naphthalene toxicity. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT (576.7 ± 11.79 and 608.9 ± 12.08 U/L, respectively) and alkaline phosphatase, ALP (12.9 ± 0.69 and 13.4⯱â¯0.64 U/L, respectively) activities under two doses compared with control. Protein and albumin (ALB) content in blood decreased significantly, in comparison with control value in the tune of 22.67⯱â¯1.04 and 23.97⯱â¯1.24â¯g/dl, respectively and 10.7⯱â¯0.79 and 11.1⯱â¯0.67â¯g/dl, respectively. Erythrocytes showed varied symptomatic morphological changes under naphthalene exposure, which included severe denaturation, swelling in cells, appearance of sickle and tear drop cells, and cellular vacuolation. In particularly, the changes were more prominent under higher naphthalene exposure. Following the results, it has been able to establish that GPT, ALP, protein and ALB, and the morphological manifestations of erythrocytes would be good tools of biomarker in monitoring toxicological paradigm, especially to naphthalene exposure in aquatic bodies.
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Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Peces/sangre , Naftalenos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Animales , Eritrocitos/patología , Proteínas de Peces/sangre , Albúmina Sérica/análisisRESUMEN
In the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), the patient is generally directly given Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (Obat Anti Tuberculosis/OAT) without examining Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) to see whether or not there is liver damage before treatment. Because of the side effects by OAT, it is important to know how the condition of the liver function of TB patients who consume OAT in Kendari City General Hospital (Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah/RSUD) Kota Kendari by looking at SGOT and SGPT levels in order to provide maximum treatment to TB patients. The method of this research was descriptive analysis with cross sectional approach. The sample is all patients had previously been diagnosed with TB by a doctor based on medical records by in RSUD Kota Kendari after 1-2 months OAT treatment without any sign of liver injury before. Examination of SGOT and SGPT levels was performed on all samples in the Laboratory of RSUD Kota Kendari using clinical chemistry analyzer. The results of this study showed that 20% patients with TB had elevated levels of SGPT and SGOT with average SGOT is 51 U/L and SGPT is 42.5. The Inference of this study that there is an increase in SGOT and SGPT levels in patients who consume OAT 1-2 months in RSUD Kota Kendari. Elevated levels of SGPT and SGOT due to Anti Tuberculosis (OAT) drugs did not occur in all patients and only increased in 3 people, but qualitatively the effect of administering anti-tuberculosis drugs significantly increased levels of SGPT and SGPT. Thus, monitoring of liver physiology remains recommended especially for elderly patients.
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Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a complex or polygenic disorder, which is characterized by increased levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) and deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin over an elongated period in the liver and peripheral tissues. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) is a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic moiety in the field of drug discovery, which provides various opportunities in exploring this moiety as an antidiabetic agent. In the past few years, various novel synthetic approaches had been undertaken to synthesize different derivatives to explore them as more potent antidiabetic agents with devoid of side effects (i.e., edema, weight gain, and bladder cancer) of clinically used TZD (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone). In this review, an effort has been made to summarize the up to date research work of various synthetic strategies for TZD derivatives as well as their biological significance and clinical studies of TZDs in combination with other category as antidiabetic agents. This review also highlights the structure-activity relationships and the molecular docking studies to convey the interaction of various synthesized novel derivatives with its receptor site.
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BACKGROUND: Krill (Euphausia superba) represent the largest animal biomass on earth, and are a rich source of high-quality protein with essential amino acids. Krill-derived peptides are renowned for their antioxidant activities. Hence, these peptides may have protective effects against oxidative stress. Alcoholic liver disease is a prevalent cause of death worldwide. The present study explores the hepatoprotective effects of krill peptide hydrolysate fractions against ethanol-induced liver damage in BALB/c mice. METHODS: Hydrolysis was carried out by mimicking the gastrointestinal digestion environment and the filtrate was fractionated based on molecular weight (<1 kDa, 1-3 kDa, and >3 kDa). The 1-3 kDa fraction (KPF), which indicated the highest antioxidant effect, was further investigated for its effect on weight and survival rate increase in mice and its influence on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and liver cholesterol levels. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured, followed by Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. Histopathology studies were conducted to assess hepatic tissue damage. RESULTS: KPF enhanced the weight and survival rate of mice while reducing serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and liver cholesterol levels. Moreover, KPF upregulated SOD, CAT, and GPx in liver tissues, while downregulating tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 mRNA expression. KPF further increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and suppressed ethanol-induced apoptotic proteins in the liver. Histopathology of KPF-treated mice showed less hepatic tissue damage compared to ethanol-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrolysates and bioactive peptides prepared from krill can be employed as functional foods to enhance liver function and health. Further investigations of KPF could lead to the development of functional foods.
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Euphausiacea/química , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas/prevención & control , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Etanol/toxicidad , Alimentos Funcionales , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Péptidos/farmacología , Hidrolisados de Proteína/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
It is critical to regulate the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) due to its effect on promoting malignant phenotypes and limiting the efficiency of cancer therapy. In this study, we demonstrated that marchantin M (Mar-M, a naturally occurring bisbibenzyl) suppressed pro-inflammatory SASP components which were elevated in chemotherapy-resistant cells. Mar-M treatment attenuated the pro-tumorigenic effects of SASP and enhanced survival in drug-resistant mouse models. No toxicity was detected on normal fibroblast cells or in animals following this treatment. Inactivation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by Mar-M significantly accounted for its suppression on the components of SASP. Furthermore, inhibition of SASP by Mar-M contributed to a synergistic effect during co-treatment with doxorubicin to lower toxicity and enhance antitumor efficacy. Thus, chemotherapy-driven pro-inflammatory activity, seen to contribute to drug-resistance, is an important target for Mar-M. By decreasing SASP, Mar-M may be a potential approach to overcome tumor malignancy.
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The current study investigated the renoprotective effects of stevia, angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker and calcium (Ca2+) channel blocker in gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat models. Six groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats of eight weeks old were taken for the experiment: sham control, nephrotoxicity, treatment with amlodipine (4â¯mg/kg/day); stevia (200â¯mg/kg/day); losartan (15â¯mg/kg/day) and valsartan (5â¯mg/kg/day), accordingly. The blood sample was taken for the assessment of renal and hepatic-functional variables like serum creatinine, blood urea, BUN and SGPT, SGOT, and total serum bilirubin. Hematological parameters were also examined. Histological examination has been done on kidneys and liver. Alterations of the body weight and the organ's weight were documented. Treatment with stevia and valsartan significantly decreased serum creatinine levels. A reduction of liver enzymes, and total serum bilirubin levels were observed in all the treatment groups. Treatment with valsartan and amlodipine, remarkably and stevia, mildly reduced the renal tissue damage, inflammation, and tubular necrosis. However, the present study demonstrated that losartan treatment aggravated kidney damage by increasing protein cast, calcification, tubular necrosis, and injury. This comparison indicated that both stevia and valsartan have beneficial renoprotective effect and valsartan offers a better treatment option in renal damage over losartan.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: Laminarin, mainly found in the fronds of Laminaria, has antimicrobial characteristics and induces immune responses. However, there are no available information to show the laminarin effect on glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels in mice with leukemia in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty normal BALB/c mice were separated randomly into five groups. Group I mice received normal diet as control. Leukemia was generated in groups II-V using WEHI-3 cells: Group II mice received normal diet as positive control; group III, IV and V mice received laminarin at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml with ddH2O, respectively, by oral gavage every 2 days for 14 days (total of seven times). All mice were weighed during the treatment. After treatment, mice were sacrificed, blood was collected for determination of cell markers, liver and spleen samples were weighed, and spleens were used for phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity and cell proliferation using flow cytometric assay. RESULTS: Laminarin did not affect animal appearances, but increased the body weight at all doses. It reduced the weight of liver at 2.5 and 5 mg/ml and of spleen at 5 mg/ml. Laminarin increased CD3 (2.5 mg/ml) and CD19 (1 and 5 mg/ml) cell populations but reduced CD11b (5 mg/ml) cell populations, however, these did not affect Mac-3 marker level. Laminarin at 1 mg/ml increased phagocytosis by macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cell, but did not affect those from the peritoneal cavity. Laminarin increased NK cell cytotoxic activity at all doses and at a target ratio of 25:1 and 50:1. Laminarin did not affect B-cell proliferation, but at 5 mg/ml significantly reduced T-cell proliferation. Laminarin restored glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (2.5 and 5 mg/ml) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (2.5 mg/ml) levels. Based on these results, we suggest that laminarin can promote immune responses and protect against liver injury.
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Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Glucanos/administración & dosificación , Leucemia/dietoterapia , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Celular/genética , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Leucemia/sangre , Leucemia/inmunología , Leucemia/patología , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Laminarin, a typical component of fungal cell walls, has been shown to induce immune responses in both adult and larval locusts. We investigated the effects of laminarin on immune response and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in normal mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six normal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and treatments were provided by gavage. Group I mice acted as normal control; mice of groups II-IV received laminarin at different doses (100 µl at 1, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mouse in double-distilled water, respectively). All animals were treated for 14 days and were weighed, blood was collected for determination of cell markers, liver and spleen samples were weighed. Spleens were used for phagocytosis and determination of natural killer (NK) cell activity and cell proliferation by flow cytometric assay. RESULTS: Laminarin reduced the body weights and weights of liver and spleen. Laminarin increased CD3, CD19 and Mac-3 cell populations at 2.5 and 5 mg/mouse, however, these did not affect CD11b marker levels. Laminarin (1 and 5 mg/mouse) reduced macrophage phagocytosis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not affect phagocytosis by macrophages from the peritoneal cavity. At an effector:target ratio of 50:1, laminarin reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity at all levels, but at a ratio of 25:1, only at 1 mg treatment. Laminarin did not affect T-cell and B-cell proliferation. Laminarin increased the level of GPT and reduced that of LDH at all doses, indicating laminarin can protect against liver injury. Laminarin is worthy of investigation in future experiments on improving immune responses.
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Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Glucanos/farmacología , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , FagocitosisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although there are many clinical studies in which the beneficial effect of glutamine formulation on mucositis induced by chemo/radiotherapy was evaluated, the results are sometimes conflicting with the report of clinical deterioration. Then, we hypothesized that chemotherapy may increase the incidence of hyperammonemia without comparable change of major parameters of hepatic/renal disorder. METHODS: To verify our hypothesis, we examined the increase in blood ammonia level with 1-h intravenous infusion of alanyl-glutamine on day 1-4 after cisplatin (CDDP) administration in rats and assessed the correlation with hepatic/renal parameters. RESULTS: Hepatic parameters (glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT] and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [GPT]) with CDDP did not change until day 3 and only GOT increased on day 4. Renal parameters (plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen) with CDDP continuously increased up to day 4. Alanyl-glutamine infusion significantly elevated blood ammonia level of CDDP rats with the peak on day 3, although the same dose did not change that of control rats. CONCLUSION: These results indicates that CDDP enhances the increase in blood ammonia level by glutamine supplementation without correlating with primary parameters for hepatic/renal dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Amoníaco/sangre , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Dipéptidos/farmacología , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Creatinina/sangre , Ácido Glutámico/sangre , Glutamina/sangre , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
The present study was conducted with the objectives of determining the chemical composition and nutritional value of vegetable waste (VW) of households and the marketplace for their suitability as ruminant feed. The crude protein, total digestible nutrients and extent of rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) of VW of households were 140.0â¯g kg-1, 0.668 and 0.855, respectively; while those of the marketplace were 169.0â¯g kg-1, 0.633 and 0.80, respectively. The levels of chromium and lead in each respectively, was 13.27 and 1.53â¯ng kg-1DM; and 31.01 and 5.71â¯ng kg-1DM. The total aflatoxins in VW of households was 3.08⯵g kg-1DM, and undetectable in VW from the marketplace. Considering the chemical composition and safety parameters studied, VW could preliminary be considered as animal feed. The feeding of processed marketplace VW (VWP) at 275â¯g kg-1DM of a diet or 0.76% of live weight (LW) to growing bulls, replacing 50% of a concentrate mixture as supplement to a Napier silage diet for a period of 34 days reduced the total DM intake (0.0276â¯vs 0.0343 LW) without any significant (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) changes in DM or protein digestibility. Blood urea levels (19.5â¯vs 23.67â¯mg dl-1), and serum creatinine levels (1.37â¯vs 1.08â¯mg dl-1) differed significantly (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) between the two groups but were within normal physiological ranges. Therefore, it may be concluded that the level of incorporation of VWP would be less than 50% replacement of the concentrate in the diet. Further research is required to determine optimum inclusion levels in ruminant diets.
RESUMEN
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is a secreted pleiotropic protein that is mainly produced by the liver. We have previously shown that LECT2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases. Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-GalN)-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure. Here we found that this hepatic injury was alleviated in LECT2-deficient mice. The levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, which mediate this hepatitis, had significantly decreased in these mice, with the decrease in IFN-γ production notably greater than that in TNF-α. We therefore analyzed IFN-γ-producing cells in liver mononuclear cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed significantly reduced IFN-γ production in hepatic NK and NKT cells in LECT2-deficient mice compared with in wild-type mice. We also demonstrated a decrease in IFN-γ production in LECT2-deficient mice after systemic administration of recombinant IL-12, which is known to induce IFN-γ in NK and NKT cells. These results indicate that a decrease of IFN-γ production in NK and NKT cells was involved in the alleviation of LPS/d-GalN-induced liver injury in LECT2-deficient mice.