Precise reconstruction of the aortic valve using glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium in new formula: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The current study presents a novel and precise surgical technique for complete reconstruction of the aortic valve using glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium in a patient with aortic valve disease and endocarditis. The technique aims to provide a more effective and reproducible method for aortic valve repair, with the goal of improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with aortic valve disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old Iranian male with aortic valve disease and endocarditis underwent aortic valve reconstruction surgery. Preoperative echocardiography showed a degenerative aortic valve with severe regurgitation, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and specific aortic root dimensions. The surgical technique involved precise measurements and calculations to design the size and shape of the new aortic valve cusps using autologous pericardium, with the goal of optimizing coaptation and function. The surgeon calculated the intercommissural distance based on the aortic annulus diameter to determine cusp size and shape. He tailored the pericardial cusps to have a height equal to 80% of the coaptation margin length. Detailed suturing techniques were used to ensure proper alignment and coaptation of the new cusps. Intraoperative evaluation of the valve function using suction and transesophageal echocardiography showed good coaptation and minimal residual regurgitation. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient had a well-functioning aortic valve with only trivial leak and was in satisfactory clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: Glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium is a validated leaflet alternative, and the causes of its failure are late annular dilatation and other technique breakdowns. Current evidence reveals that aortic valve reconstruction with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium is associated with many advantages with the potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Further clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term durability and efficacy of this approach.

Effect of Dextrose Cross-Linked Glutaraldehyde Hydrogel on Wound Healing Activity.

Dextrose cross-linked glutaraldehyde hydrogels are effective and promising drug delivery candidates. The addition of chitosan with dextrose resulted in the polymerization of material which resulted in the production of a gel-like structure that was highly viscous and had gelling properties. A swelling and absorption assay was conducted on the hydrogel. The dextrose cross-linked hydrogel has a higher absorption potential for distilled water followed by PBS and the least absorption was observed in the ethanol. Dextrose cross-linked hydrogel favors solubility in distilled water as compared to other solvents. The amoxicillin release by the dextrose cross-linked hydrogel was then tested. The result from drug release demonstrates that the dextrose cross-linked hydrogel released more than 55% of the amoxicillin in 2 hours and the remaining portion of the drug remaining. Therefore, it has a slow drug-release property, and it can be used for further wound-healing studies.

Starch Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Hydrogel for Drug Release Properties.

In this study, we synthesized and characterized a novel starch glutaraldehyde cross-linked hydrogel for drug release. The hydrogel exhibited excellent properties such as absorption capacity and drug release. By optimizing the cross-linking reaction using varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde and reaction time, we obtained a hydrogel with a three-dimensional network structure, superior swelling properties, and mechanical strength. The results revealed doxycycline sustained and controlled drug release over a prolonged period, which could be adjusted by altering the cross-linking density of the hydrogel. Overall, the starch glutaraldehyde cross-linked hydrogel shows great promise as a drug delivery system with controlled release properties, applicable in pharmaceuticals and tissue engineering.

Polyethylene Glycol Cross-Linked Hydrogel for Drug Absorption Properties.

Three-dimensional polymeric networks called hydrogels have drawn a lot of interest in a variety of biomedical applications because of their distinctive qualities, like high water content and biocompatibility. Hydrogels can be strengthened mechanically and become more stable via cross-linking. In this study, we described the synthesis and characterization of a cross-linked hydrogel made of polyethylene glycol (PEG) capable of absorbing drug. The hydrogel was created by using a polymerization procedure to cross-link PEG chains. In order to allay this worry, we added particular functional groups to the hydrogel matrix that had a strong affinity for glutaraldehyde. These functional groups made it easier for excess glutaraldehyde to be absorbed and sequestered inside the hydrogel, lowering its cytotoxic potential. After incubation with the hydrogel, the residual glutaraldehyde concentration in solution was measured in order to assess the glutaraldehyde absorption potential.

Measurement and analysis of ionic leakage profiles in refrigerated human red blood cells using dielectrophoresis and inductively coupled mass spectroscopy.

Human red blood cells (RBCs) undergo ionic leakage through passive diffusion during refrigerated storage, affecting their quality and health. We investigated the dynamics of ionic leakage in human RBCs over a 20-day refrigerated storage period using extracellular ion quantification and dielectrophoresis (DEP). Four type O- human blood donors were examined to assess the relationship between extracellular ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+), RBC cytoplasm conductivity, and membrane conductance. A consistent negative correlation between RBC cytoplasm conductivity and membrane conductance, termed the "ionic leakage profile" (ILP), was observed across the 20-day storage period. Specifically, we noted a gradual decline in DEP-measured RBC cytoplasm conductivity alongside an increase in membrane conductance. Further examination of the electrical origins of this ILP using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed a relative decrease in extracellular Na+ concentration and an increase in K+ concentration over the storage period. Correlation of these extracellular ion concentrations with DEP-measured RBC electrical properties demonstrated a direct link between changes in the cytoplasmic and membrane domains and the leakage and transport of K+ and Na+ ions across the cell membrane. Our analysis suggests that the inverse correlation between RBC cytoplasm and membrane conductance is primarily driven by the passive diffusion of K+ from the cytoplasm and the concurrent diffusion of Na+ from the extracellular buffer into the membrane, resulting in a conductive reduction in the cytoplasmic domain and a subsequent increase in the membrane. The ILP's consistent negative trend across all donors suggests that it could serve as a metric for quantifying blood bank storage age, predicting the quality and health of refrigerated RBCs.

Optimization of immobilized urease enzyme on porous polymer for enhancing the stability, reusability and enzymatic kinetics using response surface methodology.

The study examines the immobilization of the urease enzyme on a range of High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) materials, assessing characteristics, efficiency, and performance. It also investigates the impact of polyHIPE type, quantity, incubation time, and various parameters on the process and enzyme activity. Surface morphology and functional groups of polyHIPE materials were determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses, revealing significant alterations after modification with polyglutaraldehyde (PGA). The maximum immobilization efficiency of 95% was achieved by adding PGA to polyHIPE materials with an incubation period of 15 h. The optimized conditions for immobilized enzyme using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) were as follows: temperature (40.8 °C), pH (7.1) and NaCl concentration (0.007 g/L). Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme demonstrated remarkable reusability, retaining 75% of its initial activity after six cycles, and sustained shelf-life stability, retaining over 40% activity after 10 days at room temperature. Kinetic analyses revealed that immobilized urease exhibited higher affinity for the substrate, but lower rate of substrate conversion compared to the free enzyme. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing urease immobilization processes and enhancing urease stability and activity, with potential applications in various fields, including biotechnology and biocatalysis.

Long-term disinfectant exposure on intestinal immunity and microbiome variation of grass carp.

The gut microbiome is crucial in maintaining fish health homeostasis. Disinfectants can kill important pathogens and disinfect fish eggs, yet their effect on the immune pathways and intestinal microbiome in healthy fish remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of two disinfectants on the transcriptome profiles, immunological response, and gut microbiota dynamics of grass carp over a four-week trial. In particular, aquatic water was disinfected with 80 µg/L glutaraldehyde or 50 µg/L povidone-iodine. We found that glutaraldehyde and povidone-iodine induced gut antioxidant system and depressed the function of grass carp digestive enzymes. The results of the 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing identified a reduction in the diversity of grass carp gut microbiota following the disinfectant treatment. Moreover, transcriptome profiling revealed that disinfectant exposure altered the immune-related pathways of grass carp and inhibited the expression of inflammation and tight junction related genes. Finally, the histopathological observation and apoptosis detection results suggested that the long-term diet of disinfectant destroyed intestinal structural integrity and promoted apoptosis. In conclusion, long-term exposure to disinfectants was observed to reduce oxidation resistance, suppress the immune response, dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, and resulted in increasing the apoptosis in intestinal of grass carp.

Aspergillus oryzae ß-D-galactosidase immobilization on glutaraldehyde pre-activated amino-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica: Performance, characteristics, and application in the preparation of sesaminol.

Aspergillus oryzae ß-D-galactosidase (ß-Gal) efficiently hydrolyzes sesaminol triglucoside into sesaminol, which has higher biological activity. However, ß-Gal is difficult to be separate from the reaction mixture and limited by stability. To resolve these problems, ß-Gal was immobilized on amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles mesoporous silica pre-activated with glutaraldehyde (Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal), which was used for the first time to prepare sesaminol. Under the optimal conditions, the immobilization yield and recovered activity of ß-Gal were 57.9 ± 0.3 % and 46.5 ± 0.9 %, and the enzymatic loading was 843 ± 21 Uenzyme/gsupport. The construction of Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal was confirmed by various characterization methods, and the results indicated it was suitable for heterogeneous enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal was readily separable under magnetic action and displayed improved activity in extreme pH and temperature conditions. After 45 days of storage at 4 °C, the activity of Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal remained at 92.3 ± 2.8 %, which was 1.29 times than that of free enzyme, and its activity remained above 85 % after 10 cycles. Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal displayed higher affinity and catalytic efficiency. The half-life was 1.41 longer than free enzymes at 55.0 °C. Fe3O4@mSiO2-ß-Gal was employed as a catalyst to prepare sesaminol, achieving a 96.7 % conversion yield of sesaminol. The excellent stability and catalytic efficiency provide broad benefits and potential for biocatalytic industry applications.

Efficiency of Virucidal Disinfectants on Wood Surfaces in Animal Husbandry.

The aim of this study was to test the inactivation of viruses on germ carriers of different types of wood using a disinfectant in order to assess the biosafety of wood as a building material in animal husbandry. The laboratory disinfectant efficacy tests were based on German testing guidelines and current European standards. Five different types of wood germ carriers, i.e., spruce (Picea abies), pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus sp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), were inoculated with enveloped or non-enveloped viruses and then treated with one of three different disinfectants. The results revealed that intact, fine-sawn timber with a low roughness depth can be effectively inactivated. Peracetic acid proved to be the most effective disinfectant across all tests. Regardless of the pathogen and the type of wood, a concentration of 0.1% of the pure substance at a temperature of 10 °C and an exposure time of one hour can be recommended. At a temperature of -10 °C, a concentration of 0.75% is recommended. The basic chemicals formic acid and glutaraldehyde demonstrated only limited effectiveness overall. The synergistic effects of various wood components on the inactivation of viruses offer potential for further investigation. Disinfectant tests should also be conclusively verified in field trials to ensure that the results from standardised laboratory tests can be transferred to real stable conditions.

Carbomer Hydrogels with Microencapsulated α-Tocopherol: Focus on the Biocompatibility of the Microcapsules, Topical Application Attributes, and In Vitro Release Study.

The microencapsulation of α-tocopherol based on the complex coacervation of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) without harmful crosslinkers can provide biocompatible carriers that protect it from photodegradation and air oxidation. In this study, the influence of the microcapsule wall composition on carrier performance, compatibility with a high-water-content vehicle for topical application, and release of α-tocopherol were investigated. Although the absence of aldehyde crosslinkers decreased the encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol (~70%), the variation in the LMWC/SLES mass ratio (2:1 or 1:1) had no significant effect on the moisture content and microcapsule size. The prepared microcapsule-loaded carbomer hydrogels were soft semisolids with pseudoplastic flow behavior. The integrity of microcapsules embedded in the hydrogel was confirmed by light microscopy. The microcapsules reduced the pH, apparent viscosity, and hysteresis area of the hydrogels, while increasing their spreading ability on a flat inert surface and dispersion rate in artificial sweat. The in vitro release of α-tocopherol from crosslinker-free microcapsule-loaded hydrogels was diffusion-controlled. The release profile was influenced by the LMWC/SLES mass ratio, apparent viscosity, type of synthetic membrane, and acceptor medium composition. Better data quality for the model-independent analysis was achieved when a cellulose nitrate membrane and ethyl alcohol 60% w/w as acceptor medium were used.

Assessment of dimensional stability of novel VPES impression material at different time intervals with standard disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: Vinyl polyether silicone (VPES) is a novel impression biomaterial made of a combination of vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) and polyether (PE). Thus, it is significant to assess its properties and behaviour under varied disinfectant test conditions. This study aimed to assess the dimensional stability of novel VPES impression material after immersion in standard disinfectants for different time intervals. METHODS: Elastomeric impression material used -medium body regular set (Monophase) [Exa'lence GC America]. A total of 84 Specimens were fabricated using stainless steel die and ring (ADA specification 19). These samples were distributed into a control group (n=12) and a test group (n=72). The test group was divided into 3 groups, based on the type of disinfectant used - Group-A- 2% Glutaraldehyde, Group-B- 0. 5% Sodium hypochlorite and Group-C- 2% Chlorhexidine each test group was further divided into 2 subgroups (n=12/subgroup) based on time intervals for which each sample was immersed in the disinfectants - subgroup-1- 10 mins and Subgroup 2- 30 mins. After the impression material was set, it was removed from the ring and then it was washed in water for 15 seconds. Control group measurements were made immediately on a stereomicroscope and other samples were immersed in the three disinfection solutions for 10 mins and 30 mins to check the dimensional stability by measuring the distance between the lines generated by the stainless steel die on the samples using a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. RESULTS: The distance measured in the control group was 4397.2078 µm and 4396.1571 µm; for the test group Group-A- 2% Glutaraldehyde was 4396.4075 µm and 4394.5992 µm; Group-B- 0. 5% Sodium hypochlorite was 4394.5453 µm and 4389.4711 µm Group-C- 2% Chlorhexidine was 4395.2953 µm and 4387.1703 µm respectively for 10 mins and 30 mins. Percentage dimensional change was in the range of 0.02 - 0.25 for all the groups for 10 mins and 30 mins. CONCLUSIONS: 2 % Glutaraldehyde is the most suitable disinfectant for VPES elastomeric impression material in terms of dimensional stability and shows minimum dimensional changes as compared to that of 2% Chlorhexidine and 0.5% Sodium hypochlorite.

Comparative Analysis of Olive-Derived Phenolic Compounds' Pro-Melanogenesis Effects on B16F10 Cells and Epidermal Human Melanocytes.

Olive leaf contains plenty of phenolic compounds, among which oleuropein (OP) is the main component and belongs to the group of secoiridoids. Additionally, phenolic compounds such as oleocanthal (OL) and oleacein (OC), which share a structural similarity with OP and two aldehyde groups, are also present in olive leaves. These compounds have been studied for several health benefits, such as anti-cancer and antioxidant effects. However, their impact on the skin remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of these three compounds on melanogenesis using B16F10 cells and human epidermal cells. Thousands of gene expressions were measured by global gene expression profiling with B16F10 cells. We found that glutaraldehyde compounds derived from olive leaves have a potential effect on the activation of the melanogenesis pathway and inducing differentiation in B16F10 cells. Accordingly, the pro-melanogenesis effect was investigated by means of melanin quantification, mRNA, and protein expression using human epidermal melanocytes (HEM). This study suggests that secoiridoid and its derivates have an impact on skin protection by promoting melanin production in both human and mouse cell lines.

Characterization of individual spores of two biological insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, in response to glutaraldehyde using single-cell optical approaches.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) are the most widely used microbial insecticides. Both encounter unfavorable environmental factors and pesticides in the field. Here, the responses of Bt and Ls spores to glutaraldehyde were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast imaging at the single-cell level. Bt spores were more sensitive to glutaraldehyde than Ls spores under prolonged exposure: <1.0% of Bt spores were viable after 10 min of 0.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde treatment, compared to ~ 20% of Ls spores. The Raman spectra of glutaraldehyde-treated Bt and Ls spores were almost identical to those of untreated spores; however, the germination process of individual spores was significantly altered. The time to onset of germination, the period of rapid Ca2+-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (CaDPA) release, and the period of cortex hydrolysis of treated Bt spores were significantly longer than those of untreated spores, with dodecylamine germination being particularly affected. Similarly, the germination of treated Ls spores was significantly prolonged, although the prolongation was less than that of Bt spores. Although the interiors of Bt and Ls spores were undamaged and CaDPA did not leak, proteins and structures involved in spore germination could be severely damaged, resulting in slower and significantly prolonged germination. This study provides insights into the impact of glutaraldehyde on bacterial spores at the single cell level and the variability in spore response to glutaraldehyde across species and populations.

Exploring the Model of Cefazolin Released from Jellyfish Gelatin-Based Hydrogels as Affected by Glutaraldehyde.

Due to its excellent biocompatibility and ease of biodegradation, jellyfish gelatin has gained attention as a hydrogel. However, hydrogel produced from jellyfish gelatin has not yet been sufficiently characterized. Therefore, this research aims to produce a jellyfish gelatin-based hydrogel. The gelatin produced from desalted jellyfish by-products varied with the part of the specimen and extraction time. Hydrogels with gelatin: glutaraldehyde ratios of 10:0.25, 10:0.50, and 10:1.00 (v/v) were characterized, and their cefazolin release ability was determined. The optimal conditions for gelatin extraction and chosen for the development of jellyfish hydrogels (JGel) included the use of the umbrella part of desalted jellyfish by-products extracted for 24 h (WU24), which yielded the highest gel strength (460.02 g), viscosity (24.45 cP), gelling temperature (12.70 °C), and melting temperature (22.48 °C). The quantities of collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain A, collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain, and collagen alpha-2(IX) chain in WU24 may influence its gel properties. Increasing the glutaraldehyde content in JGel increased the gel fraction by decreasing the space between the protein chains and gel swelling, as glutaraldehyde binds with lateral amino acid residues and produces a stronger network. At 8 h, more than 80% of the cefazolin in JGel (10:0.25) was released, which was higher than that released from bovine hydrogel (52.81%) and fish hydrogel (54.04%). This research is the first report focused on the production of JGel using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent.

Glutaraldehyde-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Case Report and Safety Standards.

Glutaraldehyde (GA), a potent disinfectant and sterilizing agent extensively used in healthcare settings, has garnered attention for its association with contact dermatitis. This occupational skin condition, often induced by repeated exposure to GA, poses significant challenges to the well-being of healthcare professionals and patients alike. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures against GA-induced contact dermatitis is essential for promoting a safe and healthy working environment in healthcare facilities. A 28-year-old female presented with a severe burning sensation and dark brown patches in the lower chin region, one day following root canal treatment. Based on the characteristic appearance of patches and the typical burning sensation associated with an allergic reaction, a diagnosis of acute contact dermatitis was made. Patch testing by an expert dermatologist confirmed that the patient was allergic to GA. GA, a popular commercial germicidal product, is widely used as a cold sterilizing agent for operative dental instruments. The patient developed a reaction as the endodontic files used during the root canal procedure were cold sterilized with 2% GA. The lesion experienced significant improvement and ultimately healed following the administration of corticosteroids and antihistamines. This report concerns a case of GA-induced contact dermatitis. As GA is being used more widely, particularly in dental clinics, this case was of interest and is reported in the safety interest of patients and clinicians.

Chemical bonding of cross-linked glutaraldehyde/chitosan on the surface of a titanium wire to prepare a robust biocompatible SPME fiber for analysis of phytohormones in plants.

A robust biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber, so-called Ti/APTS/GA/CS, was prepared by chemical bonding of cross-linked glutaraldehyde-chitosan to the surface of a titanium wire using APTS. The fiber was applied for sampling of phytohormones in plant tissues, followed by HPLC-UV analysis. The structure and morphology of the fiber coating was investigated by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD, and TGA techniques. A Box-Behnken design was implemented to optimize the experimental variables. The calibration graphs were linear over a wide linear range (0.5-200 µg L-1) with LODs over the range of 0.01-0.06 µg L-1. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were found to be 1.3-6.3% and 4.3-7.3%, respectively. The matrix effect values ranged from 86.5% to 111.7%, indicating that the complex sample matrices had an insignificant effect on the determination of phytohormones. The fiber was successfully employed for the direct-immersion SPME (DI-SPME-HPLC) analysis of the phytohormones in cucumber, tomato, date palm, and calendula samples.

Cyanophycin modifications for applications in tissue scaffolding.

Cyanophycin (CGP) is a polypeptide consisting of amino acids-aspartic acid in the backbone and arginine in the side chain. Owing to its resemblance to cell adhesive motifs in the body, it can be considered suitable for use in biomedical applications as a novel component to facilitate cell attachment and tissue regeneration. Although it has vast potential applications, starting with nutrition, through drug delivery and tissue engineering to the production of value-added chemicals and biomaterials, CGP has not been brought to the industry yet. To develop scaffolds using CGP powder produced by bacteria, its properties (e.g., biocompatibility, morphology, biodegradability, and mechanical strength) should be tailored in terms of the requirements of the targeted tissue. Crosslinking commonly stands for a primary modification method for renovating biomaterial features to these extents. Herein, we aimed to crosslink CGP for the first time and present a comparative study of different methods of CGP crosslinking including chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods by utilizing glutaraldehyde (GTA), UV exposure, genipin, 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Crosslinking efficacy varied among the samples crosslinked via the different crosslinking methods. All crosslinked CGP were non-cytotoxic to L929 cells, except for the groups with higher GTA concentrations. We conclude that CGP is a promising candidate for scaffolding purposes to be used as part of a composite with other biomaterials to maintain the integrity of scaffolds. The initiative study demonstrated the unknown characteristics of crosslinked CGP, even though its feasibility for biomedical applications should be confirmed by further examinations. KEY POINTS: • Cyanophycin was crosslinked by 5 different methods • Crosslinked cyanophycin is non-cytotoxic to L929 cells • Crosslinked cyanophycin is a promising new material for scaffolding purposes.

Removal of Cr(VI) by glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan encapsulating microscale zero-valent iron: Synthesis, mechanism, and longevity.

Microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) has shown great potential for groundwater Cr(VI) remediation. However, low Cr(VI) removal capacity caused by passivation restricted the wide use of mZVI. We prepared mZVI/GCS by encapsulating mZVI in a porous glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan matrix, and the formation of the passivation layer was alleviated by reducing the contact between zero-valent iron particles. The average pore diameter of mZVI/GCS was 8.775 nm, which confirmed the mesoporous characteristic of this material. Results of batch experiments demonstrated that mZVI/GCS exhibited high Cr(VI) removal efficiency in a wide range of pH (2-10) and temperature (5-35°C). Common groundwater coexisting ions slightly affected mZVI/GCS. The material showed great reusability, and the average Cr(VI) removal efficiency was 90.41% during eight cycles. In this study, we also conducted kinetics and isotherms analysis. Pseudo-second-order model was the most matched kinetics model. The Cr(VI) adsorption process was fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models, and the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of mZVI/GCS reached 243.63 mg/g, which is higher than the adsorption capacities of materials reported in most of the previous studies. Notably, the column capacity for Cr(VI) removal of a mZVI/GCS-packed column was 6.4 times higher than that of a mZVI-packed column in a 50-day experiment. Therefore, mZVI/GCS with a porous structure effectively relieved passivation problems of mZVI and showed practical application prospects as groundwater Cr(VI) remediation material with practical application prospects.

Chitosan coated biomass waste-based magnetic hydrogel beads for the removal of methylene blue.

Due to developing technology and increasing population, human needs have increased, and textile activities have gained momentum. Many synthetic dyestuffs are used to meet the needs in this field. In this study, a cheap, useful, innovative, environmentally friendly and sustainable adsorbent was developed for the removal of Methylene Blue(MB), which is one of the dyes that is harmful to the environment. In the cultivation of fruit trees, in addition to the product, very high amounts of by-products/waste (garbage, branches, bark, leaves, etc.) are produced. In this direction, fig tree wastes were immobilized with chitosan, made magnetic, and MB adsorption on the developed adsorbent was examined in a batch system. Glutaraldehyde was used as crosslinker. Characterization of synthesized glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan-coated magnetic vegetable waste composite beads (g-CMBW) was carried out by SEM, EDX, FTIR and XRD. In the study, the effects of temperature (25-55 °C), pH (3.0-8.0), initial MB concentration (10-250mg/L), contact time (5-360min) and the amount of adsorbent (2-10 g/L) on MB adsorption with g-CMBW were examined. The optimum conditions obtained were determined as pH 6.0, temperature 25 °C, adsorbent amount 6 g/L, and contact time 120 min. The maximum adsorption capacity in MB removal using g-CMBW composite beads was calculated as 103.1 mg/g according to the Langmuir isotherm model. The temperature studies showed that the adsorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature, showing that the system was exothermic. In light of these results, it was determined that there are new promising adsorbents of natural origin, with higher adsorption capacity, lower cost, and alternatives to commercially used adsorbents in the removal of MB from aqueous media.

In this study, we developed a renewable magnetic composite bead as a low-cost pioneer based on a new sustainable biopolymer using chitosan and plant waste. The novelty of this work is based on the development of a new composite adsorbent that can be synthesized in a fast, simple, and environmentally friendly method, not requiring expensive reagents or complex equipment. Another innovation is that methylene blue, a common micropollutant, can be easily removed from polluted water using simple biowaste-based adsorbents by adopting appropriate procedures. It exhibited higher micropollutant adsorption performance compared to most other adsorbents. These results showed that it could be a very effective adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous media.

Synergistic impact of natural gums and crosslinkers on the properties of oilseed meals based biopolymeric films.

The waste material utilization from available agricultural resources can be beneficial in the field of economic, social, and environmental well-being. One of the main industrial crops used to manufacture oil from oilseeds worldwide is agricultural waste, such as the cake made from oilseeds. In this study, de-oiled cakes are used to create biopolymeric films. Three widely accessible oilseed meals viz. flaxseed, soybean, and mustard were gathered, ground, and sieved. A film forming suspension of defatted meals along with natural gums (acacia and xanthan gum) and crosslinkers (citric acid and glutaraldehyde) were formed. The suspension was cast into petri dishes and dried to produce smooth and even films. The physical, functional, color, thermal and morphological properties of the oilseed meals-gums crosslinked biopolymeric film were evaluated and statistical analysis was performed. The solubility was found to be decreased and tensile strength was increased with the addition of citric acid and increase in tensile strength. There was significant difference observed in the values of elongation at break after addition of citric acid as crosslinker. The research shows how oilseed meals enriched with natural gum and crosslinkers may be converted into biopolymeric films, which can then be used in food packaging to lessen reliance on petroleum-based, non-biodegradable plastics.