Curve analyses reveal altered knee, hip, and trunk kinematics during drop-jumps long after anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures may lead to knee dysfunctions later in life. Single-leg tasks are often evaluated, but bilateral movements may also be compromised. Our aim was to use curve analyses to examine double-leg drop-jump kinematics in ACL-reconstructed, ACL-deficient, and healthy-knee cohorts. METHODS: Subjects with unilateral ACL ruptures treated more than two decades ago (17-28years) conservatively with physiotherapy (ACLPT, n=26) or in combination with reconstructive surgery (ACLR, n=28) and healthy-knee controls (n=25) performed 40-cm drop-jumps. Three-dimensional knee, hip, and trunk kinematics were analyzed during Rebound, Flight, and Landing phases. Curves were time-normalized and compared between groups (injured and non-injured legs of ACLPT and ACLR vs. non-dominant and dominant legs of controls) and within groups (between legs) using functional analysis of variance methods. RESULTS: Compared to controls, ACL groups exhibited less knee and hip flexion on both legs during Rebound and greater knee external rotation on their injured leg at the start of Rebound and Landing. ACLR also showed less trunk flexion during Rebound. Between-leg differences were observed in ACLR only, with the injured leg more internally rotated at the hip. Overall, kinematic curves were similar between ACLR and ACLPT. However, compared to controls, deviations spanned a greater proportion of the drop-jump movement at the hip in ACLR and at the knee in ACLPT. CONCLUSIONS: Trunk and bilateral leg kinematics during double-leg drop-jumps are still compromised long after ACL-rupture care, independent of treatment. Curve analyses indicate the presence of distinct compensatory mechanisms in ACLPT and ACLR compared to controls.

One-leg hop kinematics 20 years following anterior cruciate ligament rupture: Data revisited using functional data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite interventions, anterior cruciate ligament ruptures can cause long-term deficits. To assist in identifying and treating deficiencies, 3D-motion analysis is used for objectivizing data. Conventional statistics are commonly employed to analyze kinematics, reducing continuous data series to discrete variables. Conversely, functional data analysis considers the entire data series. METHODS: Here, we employ functional data analysis to examine and compare the entire time-domain of knee-kinematic curves from one-leg hops between and within three groups. All subjects (n=95) were part of a long-term follow-up study involving anterior cruciate ligament ruptures treated ~20 years ago conservatively with physiotherapy only or with reconstructive surgery and physiotherapy, and matched knee-healthy controls. FINDINGS: Between-group differences (injured leg, treated groups; non-dominant leg, controls) were identified during the take-off and landing phases, and in the sagittal (flexion/extension) rather than coronal (abduction/adduction) and transverse (internal/external) planes. Overall, surgical and control groups demonstrated comparable knee-kinematic curves. However, compared to controls, the physiotherapy-only group exhibited less flexion during the take-off (0-55% of the normalized phase) and landing (44-73%) phase. Between-leg differences were absent in controls and the surgically treated group, but observed during the flight (4-22%, injured leg>flexion) and the landing (57-85%, injured leg