Occupational Justice-Colonial Business as Usual? Indigenous Observations From Aotearoa New Zealand: La justice occupationnelle : sous régime colonial comme d'habitude? Observations d'autochtones d'Aotearoa en Nouvelle-Zélande.

BACKGROUND.: Western ideologies and systems of occupation and justice are implicated in the colonization of indigenous peoples worldwide. Yet, colonialism, racism, and privilege are minimally acknowledged and examined within occupational therapy and occupational science literature, as evidenced in uncritical development of notions of "occupational justice." PURPOSE.: First, to open a discussion of how and why theories and approaches to justice have developed as they have in Aotearoa New Zealand. Second, to further a burgeoning field of Indigenous perspectives and critiques of colonial theorizing within the profession, while highlighting local Indigenous justice frameworks including Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Matike Mai Aotearoa. KEY ISSUES.: Colonialism is minimally examined in occupational justice approaches and promotion. IMPLICATIONS.: Honest examination of colonialism alongside Indigenous justice frameworks can advance critical praxes of decolonising occupation and re-connect occupation with justice and equity.

Study of Colombia North Wiwa El Encanto Amerindians HLA- genes: Pacific Islanders relatedness.

We have studied Wiwa/Sanja Amerindians HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and DQB1 allele frequencies and extended haplotypes in 52 unrelated individuals from "El Encanto" town at Guanachaca riverside. High frequency alleles were in general present in other Amerindian populations. Also, three extended haplotypes and eight ones were respectively both "new found" and already described in Amerindians from North, Central and South America, including Lakota-Sioux, Mayas, Teeneks, Quechua and Aymaras. Analyses of HLA-A*24:02 and -C*01:02 Wiwa high frequency alleles suggested a specific relatedness with another Amerindian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups (these two particular alleles bearing in high frequencies); they include New Zealand Maoris, Taiwanese, Japanese, Papua New Guinea, and Samoans among others. This may indicate that selective forces are maintaining these two alleles high frequency within this wide American/Pacific area.

Posthumous reproduction: a consideration of the medical, ethical, cultural, psychosocial and legal perspectives in the New Zealand context.

This paper describes the development of New Zealand policy on posthumous reproduction in assisted human reproduction. It outlines five perspectives: medical, ethical, cultural, psychosocial and legal and shows the multidisciplinary approach taken by the National Ethics Committee. It is argued that each of these perspectives has important contributions to make to the multidisciplinary approach. The guidelines determined by the Committee are outlined, along with the processes used in arriving at these.

Community and justice: the challenges of bicultural partnership to policy on assisted reproductive technology.

Listening to other cultures offers challenges to our fundamental assumptions and worldviews. In New Zealand public policy on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is being worked out in a society committed to the development of bicultural partnership honouring the Treaty of Waitangi, a treaty with the indigenous people. Strong claims to the cultural significance of genetic heritage by Maori have made apparent to non-Maori (Pakeha) their own assumptions. These claims also resist reductive understandings of genetics. In this paper I review, as a Pakeha ethicist, initiatives taken in New Zealand, and the impact of bicultural development on public policy on ART. I also discuss some of the issues this raises for western bioethics as it relates to non-western approaches and include reference to the significance of genetic heritage as it is affecting guidelines for donor insemination and surrogacy.

Formulating a "do not resuscitate" policy for a psychogeriatric service: need for consultation with Maori.

The authors discuss the need for Do Not Resuscitate policies in psychogeriatric wards, the process of consulting Maori when formulating such policies and some legal considerations when applying do not resuscitate policies. The reasons for the need to consult with Maori when developing mental health services for the elderly are emphasised.

Ethics in a bicultural context -- a report from New Zealand.

The distinctiveness of Bioethics in New Zealand stems in part from a renewal of emphasis on Maori rights, based on the Treaty of Waitangi, the foundation document of the New Zealand state. Increasingly, committees dealing with health research ethics and with the ethics of assisted reproductive technology have to incorporate Maori values and perspectives.