Mechanisms underlying the relations between parents' perfectionistic tendencies and young children's mathematical abilities.

BACKGROUND: Parents' high academic expectations are positively associated with young children's mathematical abilities. However, minimal attention has been devoted to whether, and how, different ways of conveying the performance targets would result in different outcomes. AIMS: The current study investigated whether and how parents' perfectionistic strivings and concerns were associated with young children's mathematical abilities through home mathematical activities, children's approach motivation to learn mathematics, and children's avoidance motivation to learn mathematics. SAMPLE: Participants included 211 kindergarteners in Hong Kong and their parents. METHODS: Data were collected through individual child tests and parent questionnaires. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling revealed that parents' perfectionistic strivings had a direct positive link with children's mathematical abilities, an indirect link via approach motivation to learn mathematics, and an indirect link via home mathematical activities, and then approach motivation. Parents' perfectionistic concerns had a direct negative link with children's mathematical abilities, an indirect link via approach motivation to learn mathematics, and an indirect link via avoidance motivation to learn mathematics. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood practitioners are recommended to raise parents' awareness of how to communicate high-performance targets to children in a constructive manner.

Technology-Enhanced Learning and Its Association with Motivation to Learn Science from a Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Fostering technology-enhanced science learning in elementary schools is an ongoing challenge as young students are not always motivated to engage with science lessons. The use of technology, such as digital sensors and data recorders, has been found to result in higher engagement with science. However, the association between technology-enhanced science learning and students' motivation to learn, from a cross-cultural viewpoint, is still discussed among researchers. Thus, the goal of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the motivation to learn science of elementary school students from different countries and cultural backgrounds; (b) to identify phases of technology-enhanced science learning and their association with students' motivation. Applying the sequential mixed-methods research design, data were collected via questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and online observations. The study included seven experienced science teachers from the USA and Israel and 109 sixth-grade students: English speakers (N = 43), Arabic speakers (N = 26), and Hebrew speakers (N = 40). The findings indicated differences in students' internal motivation, in terms of "interest and enjoyment," "connection to daily-life," and "cross-cultural interactions," with medium ratings for "self-efficacy." The study identified and characterized two consecutive phases of technology-enhanced science learning-"divergence" and "convergence"-that can be associated with motivation to learn science. Overall, the study's results highlight the importance of seamlessly embedding technology to support cross-cultural learning of scientific practices.

Designing a methodological system for the development and support of gifted and motivated students.

The paper was intended to develop a new methodological system and test its impact on the development of motivation and giftedness among children. The experiment was conducted among 1,200 children from grades 3, 7, and 10 by researchers from the Daryn Republican Applied Research Center of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The teaching methodology involved: interactive technologies; developing projects with faculty members; and conducting electives in the exact sciences, humanities, natural sciences, and the creative arts. The experiment lasted 4 months. Before and after the experiment, all respondents were evaluated by their instructors according to the following four criteria: academic giftedness, creative giftedness, social giftedness, and intellectual giftedness. The overall result demonstrated an increase in the level of giftedness to above-average values. Motivation levels observed among respondents in grades 3, 7, and 10 were 1.71; 1.72, and 1.54, respectively. The level for this criterion also reached above-average values. This implies that this technique is effective. This technique can already be applied not only in special schools for gifted children, but also in general educational institutions to achieve better results.

How Does Collective Moral Judgment Induce Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors in Infrastructure Construction Projects: The Mediating Role of Machiavellianism.

The sustainable development of infrastructure construction projects heavily depends on favorable cooperation of all parties and ethical code of conduct, while Un-ethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) may undermine the mutual efforts and cause serious consequences. UPB has aroused wide interest of researchers, but what may trigger construction employees to engage in UPB at team-level has not been elucidated completely. With information asymmetry and huge uncertainty, the behaviors of employees in temporary project teams are marked by environmental and personal characters. The study discusses the influences of collective moral judgement focus on self (CMJS) and Machiavellianism on UPB. Through a moderated mediation analysis conducted on a set of survey data from Chinese construction projects, the empirical results of the two-level hierarchical linear model indicate that CMJS positively impacts UPB directly, and meanwhile Machiavellianism acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between CMJS and UPB. The findings also reveal that performance-avoidance goal orientation (PAGO) and motivation to learn (MTL) moderate and strengthen the relationship between Machiavellianism and UPB. The study offers practical suggestions for both project managers and policymakers of construction projects.

Psychometric Properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Comprehension / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Atribuciones Causales para la Comprensión Lectora / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala Atribuições de Causas para a Compreensão de Leitura

Causal attributions, achievement goals, and self-efficacy comprise the motivational dimension of self-regulated learning. Due to the absence of scales to assess the causal attributions of Brazilian middle school students, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Com-prehension. The study involved three samples: one of the expert judges and two composed of students. Evidence of content validity was found through theo-retical and practical representativeness and the intel-ligibility of the scale items. The associations between the attributional causes and psychological dimensions proved validity based on the scale's internal structure. The effects identified in the comparisons between the scale and achievement goals, and the scale and self-efficacy indicated validity based on the relationship with other variables. This instrument can be recom-mended for use by professionals in psychology and education. We also suggest the performance of further studies with the scale.

Las atribuciones causales, los objetivos de logro y la autoeficacia constituyen la dimensión motivacional del aprendizaje autorregulado. Debido a la ausencia de escalas para evaluar las atribuciones causales de estudiantes brasileños de enseñanza fundamental, en este estudio investigamos las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Atribuciones Causales para la Comprensión Lectora. Este análisis involucró tres muestras: una de jueces expertos y dos formadas por estudiantes. Se encontró evidencia de validez de contenido a través de la representatividad teórica y práctica, y por medio de la inteligibilidad de los ítems de la escala. Los resultados de las asociaciones entre las causas atribucionales y las dimensiones psicológicas proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna. Los efectos identificados en las comparaciones entre la escala y metas de logro, y la escala y autoeficacia, indicaron evidencia de validez basada en la relación con otras variables. Este instrumento puede ser recomendado para su uso por profesionales en psicología y educación. También se sugiere la realización de más estudios con la escala

Atribuições causais, metas de realização e autoeficácia constituem a dimensão motivacional da aprendizagem autorregulada. Devido à ausência de escalas para avaliar as atribuições causais de estudantes brasileiros do ensino fundamental, neste estudo investigamos as propriedades psicométricas da Escala Atribuições de Causas para a Compreensão de Leitura. Este estudo envolveu três amostras: uma amostra de juízes especialistas e duas amostras compostas por estudantes. Encontrouse evidência de validade de conteúdo através da represen-tatividade teórica e prática e por meio da inteligibilidade dos itens da escala. Os resultados das associações entre as causas atribuídas e as dimensões psicológicas forneceram evidências de validade com base na estru-tura interna. Os efeitos identificados nas comparações entre a escala e os objetivos de realização, e a escala e autoeficácia indicaram evidências de validade com base na relação com outras variáveis. Recomendamos que este instrumento seja utilizado por profissionais da psicologia e da educação. Outros estudos com a escala também são sugeridos.

Inter-relationships between perception of educational environment and learning processes within medical undergraduate psychiatry teaching: a mediational analysis.

Amongst medical undergraduates, the perception of educational environment (EE) has been associated with academic achievement and positive attitude toward the course. Nonetheless, there are sparse data on how it influences various learning processes and outcomes especially within psychiatry training. Consistent with situativity and self-determination learning theories, we hypothesized that a positive perception of the EE within psychiatry postings will be beneficial for the learning process, specifically pertaining to greater motivation to learn, better engagement, allowing them to feel more equipped, and greater appreciation of the subject. The DREEM (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure) was administered to fourth-year medical undergraduate students from the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, undergoing psychiatry rotations from 2015 to 2019. The students also completed five additional items evaluating the specific learning processes (motivation to learn, engagement, equipping, and appreciation of the subject) and overall rating of the posting. We examined the relationship between DREEM domains and learning processes using correlation analysis. We explored learning processes as mediators of the relationship between total DREEM scores and overall rating of the posting. Altogether, 1343 (response rate 89.5%) medical undergraduates participated in the study. The overall DREEM score was 157.01 ± 15.86. Overall DREEM and subdomain scores were significantly correlated with several learning processes (r = 0.354 to 0.558, all p < .001). Motivation and engagement were significant mediators of the relationship between total DREEM scores and overall rating of the psychiatry posting. Our results highlighted that a positive perception of EE was associated with the specific learning processes that mediated the overall rating of the posting. In the context of relevant learning theories and our study findings, improvement of the EE within undergraduate psychiatry training can potentially enhance overall learning experience through better motivation and engagement of our learners.

Adolescent social skills, perception of social support and motivation to learn: the impact on school performance / Habilidades sociais, percepção de apoio social e motivação para aprender: o impacto no rendimento escolar / Habilidades sociales de los adolescentes, percepción del apoyo social y motivación para aprender: el impacto en el rendimiento escolar

The aim of this study was to verify whether the School Performance variable can be explained by the Adolescent Social Skills (ASS), Motivation to Learn and Perception of Social Support constructs in groups of students that were with and without an age/grade discrepancy in Elementary School and in Acceleration classes. This study also aimed to compare the constructs in the groups. Participants were 500 students from public schools, aged 15 to 18 years, divided into two groups according to the school progression. The Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents, the Learning Motivation in Elementary Education Scale, the Social Support Appraisals Scale and the Class Council Maps of the participating institutions were used. For the data analysis, Multiple Linear Regression was performed and Student's t-test. The results showed that Adolescent Social Skills, Motivation to Learn and the Perception of Social Support better explained the school performance of the regular progression students. When comparing the groups, the regular progression students presented higher mean scores in Empathy, Self-Control, Civility, Assertiveness, Social Development and in the overall total of the ASS scale. The same occurred when comparing the means of Perception of Social Support and Motivation to Learn of students with and without age/grade discrepancy. The data obtained can contribute to preventive intervention actions for academic competences and social skills, aiming at improving school performance and maintaining regular progression. (AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se a variável Rendimento Escolar pode ser explicada pelos construtos Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes (HSA), Motivação para Aprender e Percepção de Apoio Social nos grupos de alunos que estão no fluxo regular e em defasagem de idade/ano no Ensino Fundamental e em classes de Aceleração. Foi também objetivo desse estudo comparar os construtos nos grupos. Participaram 500 alunos de escolas públicas, com idades variando de 15 a 18 anos e divididos em dois grupos conforme o fluxo escolar. Utilizou-se o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes, Escala de Motivação para Aprender no Ensino Fundamental, Escala de Percepção de Apoio Social e os Mapas de Conselhos de Classe das instituições participantes. Para a análise dos dados, foi realizada a Regressão Linear Múltipla e o teste t de Student. Os resultados apontaram que as Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes (HSA), a Motivação para Aprender (MA) e a Percepção de Apoio Social (PAS) explicam mais do rendimento escolar dos estudantes em fluxo regular. Na comparação entre os grupos, os alunos em fluxo regular apresentaram médias mais altas em Empatia, Autocontrole, Civilidade, Assertividade, Desenvoltura social e no total geral da escala de HSA. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparadas as médias de Percepção de Apoio Social e Motivação para Aprender de alunos com e sem distorção de idade/ano. Os dados obtidos podem contribuir com ações preventivas de intervenção para competências acadêmicas e habilidades sociais, objetivando a melhoria do rendimento escolar e a manutenção do fluxo regular. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si la variable Rendimiento Escolar puede explicarse por los constructos Habilidades Sociales de los Adolescentes (HSA), Motivación para Aprender (MA) y Percepción de Apoyo Social (PAS) en grupos de estudiantes que se encuentran con y sin retraso de edad/año en la escuela primaria y en las clases de aceleración. La finalidad de este estudio también fue comparar los constructos en los grupos. Participaron 500 estudiantes de escuelas públicas, de 15 a 18 años que fueron divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo con el flujo escolar. Se utilizaron el Inventario de HSA, la MA en la Escuela Primaria, la PAS, los Mapas del Consejo de Clase de las instituciones participantes y los datos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple. Para el análisis de datos, se realizaron regresión lineal múltiple y prueba t de Student. Los resultados mostraron que HSA, MA y PAS explican más sobre el rendimiento escolar de los estudiantes en el flujo regular. Al comparar los grupos, los estudiantes en flujo regular tuvieron promedios más altos en Empatía, Autocontrol, Civilidad, Asertividad, Desarrollo Social y en el total general de la escala HSA. Lo mismo ocurrió al comparar los medios de PAS y la MA de los estudiantes con y sin distorsión de edad/año. Los datos obtenidos pueden contribuir a las acciones de intervención preventiva para las competencias académicas y habilidades sociales, con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento escolar y mantener el flujo regular. (AU)

Motivation Scale for Learning with the use of DICT (EMA - TDIC) / Escala de Motivação para Aprender com o uso das TDIC (EMA - TDIC) / Escala de Motivación para Aprender con el uso de las TICs (EMA - TDIC)

The motivation to learn, as a socio-affective component, has been investigated as a facilitating phenomenon for the permanence of young people in formal education. The aim of this study was to seek evidence of content and the internal structure of the items that make up an instrument to identify the motivational quality for learning with the use of DICT (EMA - TDIC), with its scope being students in high school and higher education. Participants in this study were 822 students, who responded collectively to the scale. Descriptive and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) analysis of the items were performed. The CFA results corroborated the structural model established in the EFA, that is, the three-dimensional structure was confirmed: Controlled Motivation, Autonomous Motivation and Demotivation. New studies are underway, aiming to expand the psychometric evidence of the instrument, increasing the possibilities of making this questionnaire useful in educational contexts (AU).

A motivação para aprender, como componente socioafetivo, tem sido investigada como um fenômeno facilitador para a permanência dos jovens na educação formal. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências de conteúdo e da estrutura interna dos itens integrantes de um instrumento para identificar a qualidade motivacional para aprender com o uso das TDIC (EMA - TDIC), sendo seu âmbito de aplicação os estudantes dos ensinos médio e superior. Participaram neste estudo 822 estudantes que responderam coletivamente à escala. Realizou-se análises descritivas e fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) dos itens. Os resultados da AFC corroboraram o modelo estrutural instituído na AFE, isto é, confirmou-se a estrutura de três dimensões: Motivação Controlada, Motivação Autônoma e Desmotivação. Novos estudos estão em andamento, visando ampliar as evidências psicométricas do instrumento, aumentando as possibilidades de rentabilização desse questionário nos contextos educativos (AU).

La motivación para aprender, como componente socio-afectivo, ha sido investigada como un fenómeno facilitador para la permanencia de los jóvenes en la educación formal. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de contenido y de estructura interna de los ítems que conforman un instrumento para identificar la calidad motivacional para aprender con el uso de las TICs (EMA - TDIC), para los estudiantes de secundaria y preparatoria. En este estudio participaron 822 estudiantes que respondieron colectivamente a la escala. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC) de los ítems. Los resultados del AFC corroboraron el modelo estructural establecido en el AFE, es decir, se confirmó la estructura tridimensional: Motivación Controlada, Motivación Autónoma y Desmotivación. Se están realizando nuevos estudios, con el objetivo de ampliar la evidencia psicométrica del instrumento, aumentando las posibilidades de rentabilizar este cuestionario en contextos educativos (AU).

Implications of motivation in the application of technologists' learning strategies / Implicações da motivação na aplicação das estratégias de aprendizagem de tecnólogos / Implicaciones de la motivación en la aplicación de estrategias de aprendizaje de los tecnólogos

This study aimed to investigate the association between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for the use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies in technologists. Possible differences in both constructs in terms of sex and course were also analyzed. Participants were 96 students from two technological courses at a public education institution in the state of São Paulo. The Motivation to Learn Scale for University Students and the Scale for Learning Strategies for University Students were used. The results showed the prevalence of intrinsic motivation and metacognitive strategies. The motivational orientations were positively related to cognitive and metacognitive strategies. There were no differences regarding gender, or the course attended. New studies should broaden the knowledge about the characteristics of this public, whose course curricula are directed toward inclusion in the labor market and include practical activities as a reality (AU).

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a associação existente entre a motivação intrínseca e extrínseca para o uso das estratégias de aprendizagem cognitivas e metacognitivas em tecnólogos. Foram analisadas também as possíveis diferenças em ambos os construtos em face do sexo e do curso. Participaram 96 estudantes de dois cursos tecnológicos de uma instituição de ensino pública do interior paulista. Foram utilizadas a Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Universitários e a Escala de Estratégias de Aprendizagem em Universitários. Os resultados apontaram a prevalência da motivação intrínseca e das estratégias metacognitivas e que as orientações motivacionais se relacionaram positivamente com as estratégias cognitivas e metacognitivas. Não houve diferenças em relação ao sexo e ao curso frequentado. Novos estudos devem ampliar os conhecimentos quanto às características desse público que em seus cursos tem objetividade dos seus currículos para a inserção no mercado de trabalho e as atividades práticas como uma realidade (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca para el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje cognitivo y metacognitivo en tecnólogos. También se analizaron las posibles diferencias en ambos constructos en cuanto a sexo y curso. Participaron 96 estudiantes de dos cursos tecnológicos de una institución de educación pública de la provincia de São Paulo. Se utilizó la Escala de Motivación para Aprender para Estudiantes Universitarios y la Escala de Estrategias de Aprendizaje para Estudiantes Universitarios. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de la motivación intrínseca y las estrategias metacognitivas y que las orientaciones motivacionales se relacionaron positivamente con las estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas. No hubo diferencias con respecto al género y al año de escolarización. Nuevos estudios deben ampliar el conocimiento sobre las características de este público, cuyos planes de estudio se orientan para la inserción en el mercado laboral e incluyen las actividades prácticas como una realidad (AU).

Student motivation to learn: is self-belief the key to transition and first year performance in an undergraduate health professions program?

BACKGROUND: Student motivation to learn has been undervalued to date though has been identified as an area influencing student success and retention at university. The transition into university has been highlighted as a key period affecting student outcomes as well as well-being. Early identification of those students at risk may assist the transition for many students moving into higher education. Previous research has identified the Motivation and Engagement Scale - University/College (MES-UC) as a valid instrument for measuring motivation to learn in physiotherapy students. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between a student's motivation to learn on entry into an undergraduate physiotherapy program and their performance through first year. The relationship of admissions scores, to motivation to learn on entry, were also considered, to determine any link between these measures. METHODS: An observational longitudinal study was conducted on one cohort of undergraduate physiotherapy students commencing their studies in 2015 with a response rate of 67%. Correlations were performed between admission variables and Year 1 MES-UC scoring; and between Year 1 MES-UC scoring and subsequent academic performance across first year, taking into consideration gender and age. RESULTS: Self-belief was identified as the key dimension of motivation influencing student success in the transition into university. Results identified the link between self-belief scores on entry and academic performance in first year, including grade point average and performance in six of nine courses. Courses where there was no significant relationship were identified as curriculum areas where students may be less motivated. There was a relationship between the admissions interview and MES-UC scoring, demonstrating a link between non-cognitive selection measures and student motivation to learn on entry into the program. CONCLUSION: Motivation to learn and specifically self-belief with learning, may be influential in the transition into higher education. Undertaking measures of academic motivation may be useful to determine student engagement with curriculum, through identifying any link between student self-belief and performance in specific courses. Changes to curriculum based on student motivation as well as targeting early those students with reduced self-belief may improve student success, psychosocial wellbeing and retention.

Motivação para Leitura e Lição de Casa no Ensino Fundamental / Motivation to Read and Homework in Elementary School

RESUMO Este estudo caracterizou a motivação para a leitura e os hábitos e estratégias para a realização da lição de casa de um grupo de estudantes do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de duas cidades de São Paulo e da Bahia. Explorou também a relação entre os construtos motivação e hábitos e estratégias para a realização da lição de casa e as diferenças em cada construto em razão do ano escolar. Os 545 participantes, entre 6 e 17 anos, preencheram um questionário de identificação e duas escalas do tipo Likert. A motivação extrínseca autônoma e as estratégias favoráveis à aprendizagem predominaram. As correlações entre os construtos alvo variaram de nulas a moderadas. A qualidade da motivação e os hábitos desfavoráveis à aprendizagem diferiram significativamente ao longo dos anos escolares, especialmente nos alunos paulistas.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify reading motivation and homework strategies and habits of a group of students from the 2nd to the 5th grade of Elementary School from two cities of São Paulo e Bahia. It also explored the relation between the motivation and habits/strategies constructs and the differences in each construct throughout the school grades. The 545 participants, aged 6 to 17 years, completed an identification questionnaire and two Likert scales. Autonomous extrinsic motivation and homework strategies which promote learning predominated. Correlations between the target constructs ranged from zero to moderate. Motivational quality and homework strategies differed significantly along the school years, especially for students from São Paulo.

Exploring undergraduate students' attitudes towards interprofessional learning, motivation-to-learn, and perceived impact of learning conflict resolution skills.

Conflict resolution skills are important for all healthcare professionals as conflict and mis-communication can have detrimental effects on decision-making, potentially impacting significantly on patient care, morbidity, and mortality. Interprofessional learning (IPL) has been found to increase collaboration and improve collegial relationships and hence may be an appropriate way to increase conflict resolution skills among healthcare graduates. This study examined transference of conflict resolution skills, motivation-to-learn, and attitudes to IPL of medical (n = 52) and nursing (n = 74) undergraduate students who undertook an IPL conflict resolution program. Results indicated that motivation-to-learn, attitudes to IPL, and transfer of conflict resolution skills were significantly related to each other, even when controlling for other variables, such as age and gender. When comparing the two groups, undergraduate nursing students were found to have statistically higher motivation-to-learn and transference of conflict resolution skills, and reported a more positive attitude to IPL than medical students. Some of these differences may be attributed to lack of clinical placements for medical students in the first half of their degree at their university, giving them less opportunity to apply the conflict resolution skills taught, as well as less contextual relevance. This may potentially affect their motivation-to-learn and attitude to IPL thus impacting on how they perceive the relevance of learning conflict resolution skills. Without the contextual relevancy of placements at the time of learning for medical students, the newly acquired conflict resolution skills are less likely to transfer to practice in an optimal fashion.

Motivação para ler e variáveis demográficas em estudantes paulistas / Motivation to read and demographic variables of students from São Paulo / Motivación para leer y variables demográficas en estudiantes de São Paulo

Este estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar a motivação para a leitura de um grupo de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e explorar eventuais diferenças entre eles, no que se refere a gênero, ano escolar e idade. Participaram 139 escolares, de ambos os gêneros, entre 10 e 16 anos (M = 12,60; DP = 1,56), do 6o ao 9o ano de uma escola pública do interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos, coletivamente, por meio de um questionário de identificação dos participantes e de uma escala de motivação para a leitura. Os resultados revelaram a preferência pela motivação extrínseca entre os estudantes. A pontuação das meninas foi significativamente mais alta nos fatores Motivação Intrínseca (MI) e Motivação Extrínseca por Regulação Externa (RE). Constatou-se também um decréscimo da motivação intrínseca com o avançar da escolaridade e pontuações médias significativamente menores dos alunos mais velhos na motivação intrínseca e nas formas mais autônomas da motivação extrínseca

This study aimed to characterize the motivation for reading of a group of elementary school students and to explore possible differences between them with regard to gender, age and school year. The sample was composed of one hundred and thirty nine students, of both sexes, between 10 and 16 years (M=12.60, SD=1.56), and from the sixth to the ninth grades of a public school in an inland city in the state of São Paulo. Data were obtained collectively through a questionnaire identifying participants and a scale of motivation for reading. The results revealed a preference for extrinsic motivation among students. Girls scored significantly higher in Intrinsic Motivation (MI) and in Extrinsic Motivation (external regulation). A decrease in intrinsic motivation with the advancement in school, as well as significantly lower mean scores of older students in intrinsic motivation and in more autonomous forms of extrinsic motivation were also observed

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la motivación para la lectura de un grupo de estudiantes de la escuela primaria y la exploración de las posibles diferencias entre ellos con respecto a género, edad y curso escolar. Ciento treinta y nueve estudiantes participaron, de ambos géneros, entre 10 y 16 años (M=12,60, SD=1,56), del sexto hasta el noveno año de una escuela pública en São Paulo. Los datos fueron recogidos colectivamente a través de un cuestionario de identificación de los participantes y una escala de motivación para la lectura. Los resultados revelaron una preferencia por la motivación extrínseca entre los estudiantes. La puntuación de las chicas fue significativamente mayor en los factores Motivación Intrínseca (MI) y Motivación Extrínseca por Regulación Externa (RE). También se observó una disminución en la motivación intrínseca con la educación y el avance de las puntuaciones medias significativamente más bajos de los estudiantes de más edad en la motivación intrínseca y las formas más autónomas de la motivación extrínseca

The Mediating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation to Learn on the Relationship between Student´s Autonomy Support and Vitality and Deep Learning.

Self-determination theory has shown that autonomy support in the classroom is associated with an increase of students' intrinsic motivation. Moreover, intrinsic motivation is related with positive outcomes. This study examines the relationships between autonomy support, intrinsic motivation to learn and two motivational consequences, deep learning and vitality. Specifically, the hypotheses were that autonomy support predicts the two types of consequences, and that autonomy support directly and indirectly predicts the vitality and the deep learning through intrinsic motivation to learn. Participants were 276 undergraduate students. The mean age was 21.80 years (SD = 2.94). Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between variables and delta method was used to analyze the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation to learn. Results indicated that student perception of autonomy support had a positive effect on deep learning and vitality (p < .001). In addition, these associations were mediated by intrinsic motivation to learn. These findings suggest that teachers are key elements in generating of autonomy support environment to promote intrinsic motivation, deep learning, and vitality in classroom. Educational implications are discussed.

[Evaluation of anger expression, school functioning and a level of anxiety in children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain].

Psychosocial conditions may have influence on the occurrence of functional abdominal pain. Anxiety, school-related difficulties and suppression of emotions negatively impact on the psychosocial condition of a child and could impede its treatment. AIM: The analysis of the psychosocial determinants of functioning of children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain. Meterial and methods: The study group comprised 58 patients (12 boys and 46 girls) from 9 to 17 years of age (av. 13.34±2.14 years) with functional abdominal pain, diagnosed according to the III Roman Criteria, and the control group of 58 healthy children in adequate age, of Bydgoszcz primary and secondary schools. The test method utilised The Anger Regulation and Expression Scale (SEG), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and Me and My School Questionnaire. RESULTS: Analysing the results of scale SEG between the group of children with functional abdominal pain and healthy children, significant differences were observed in the scale of external anger (p=0.045). There were no differences between the group of children with functional abdominal pain and the comparative one in terms of Me and My School Inventory scale (p> 0.05). In the group of healthy adolescents, the average of motivation differed significantly from the result of the adolescents with functional abdominal pain (p=0.031). There were no differences between the group of children and adolescents with abdominal pain and the healthy ones in terms of the performance in STAIC scales (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Healthy children compared to children with functional abdominal pain more openly express negative emotions, such as anger and irritation, which can cause reduced tendency to the somatization of symptoms. 2. Symptoms of young people with functional abdominal pain intensify reluctance to fulfill school duties and heighten fear of school, depending on the speed of activation of the autonomic nervous system.

Impact of pedagogical approaches on cognitive complexity and motivation to learn: Comparing nursing and engineering undergraduate students.

BACKGROUND: The changing higher education landscape is prompting nurses to rethink educational strategies. Looking beyond traditional professional boundaries may be beneficial. We compare nursing to engineering because engineering has similar accreditation outcome goals and different pedagogical approaches. PURPOSE: We compare students' cognitive complexity and motivation to learn to identify opportunities to share pedagogical approaches between nursing and engineering. METHOD: Cross-sectional data were collected from 1,167 freshmen through super senior students. Comparisons were made across years and between majors. FINDINGS: Overall nursing and engineering students advance in cognitive complexity while maintaining motivation for learning. Sophomores reported the lowest scores on many dimensions indicating that their experiences need review. The strong influence of the National Council Licensure Examination on nursing students may drive their classroom preferences. Increased intrinsic motivation, coupled with decreased extrinsic motivation, suggests that we are graduating burgeoning life-long learners equipped to maintain currency. DISCUSSION: The disciplines' strategies for incorporating real-world learning opportunities differ, yet the students similarly advance in cognitive complexity and maintain motivation to learn. Lessons can be exchanged across professional boundaries.

Criatividade, Motivação para Aprender, Ambiente Familiar e Superdotação: Um Estudo Comparativo / Creativity, Motivation to Learn, Family Environment, and Giftedness: A Comparative Study

RESUMO Este estudo comparou alunos superdotados e não superdotados em relação à percepção do clima de sala de aula para criatividade, do ambiente familiar e motivação para aprender. Participaram 107 alunos de 4a série do Ensino Fundamental. Entre eles, 41 frequentavam um programa de atendimento ao aluno superdotado. Três instrumentos foram empregados: Escala sobre Clima para a Criatividade em Sala de Aula, Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Alunos do Ensino Fundamental e Escalas de Qualidade de Interação Familiar. Diferenças entre os alunos superdotados e não superdotados foram observadas no que diz respeito à percepção do clima de sala de aula e à motivação para aprender. Ambos os grupos avaliaram satisfatoriamente o ambiente familiar.

ABSTRACT This study compared gifted and non-gifted students with respect to the perception of classroom climate for creativity, family environment, and motivation to learn. The 107 participants were 4th grade students. Among them, 41 attended a program for gifted students. Three instruments were administered: the Classroom Climate for Creativity Scale, the Evaluation of Elementary School Students’ Motivation to Learn Scale, and Quality of Family Interaction Scales. Differences between gifted and non-gifted students were noted regarding the perception of classroom climate for creativity and motivation to learn. Both groups evaluated positively the family environment.

Motivação para aprender: evidência de validade convergente entre duas medidas / Motivation to learn: evidence of convergent validity between two measures

Este trabalho teve como objetivo buscar evidência de validade convergente entre a Escala de Motivação para Aprendizagem em Universitários (EMAPRE-U) e a Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Alunos Universitários (EMA-U) e, também, verificar possíveis diferenças entre as variáveis sexo, idade, área do conhecimento e semestre do curso. Participaram da pesquisa 302 alunos de duas universidades particulares do interior do estado de São Paulo, com idades entre 17 e 48 anos (M=24,1 anos), sendo 214 (70,86%) do sexo feminino. Os estudantes frequentavam diferentes cursos de graduação e cursavam entre o 1º e o 9º semestres. A aplicação dos instrumentos foi coletiva e ocorreu em sala de aula. Os resultados indicaram correlações positivas e significativas da meta aprender e da meta performance-evitação com a motivação intrínseca. Ainda, correlações negativas da meta aprender e da meta performance-evitação com a motivação extrínseca. Também, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para as variáveis sexo, idade e área do conhecimento

This study aimed to look for evidence of convergent validity between the Motivation Scale for Learning of University Students (EMAPRE-U) and the Assessment Scale of Motivation to Learn of College Students (EMA-U), and also verify possible differences between the variables gender, age, area of knowledge and time of course. The participants were 302 students from two private universities in the countryside of Sao Paulo, aged between 17 and 48 years (M = 24.1 years) and 214 of them (70.86%) were females. The students attended different undergraduate courses between the 1st and 9th semesters. The application of the instruments was collective and occurred in the classroom. The results indicated significant positive correlations of the learning goal and the performance-avoidance goal with intrinsic motivation, as well as a negative correlation of the learning goal and the performance-avoidance goal with extrinsic motivation. Also, statistically significant differences were found for the variables gender, age and area of knowledge

Escala de avaliação da motivação para aprender de alunos do ensino fundamental (EMA) / Scale for evaluation of motivation to learn for elementary school students (SML)

Este estudo descreve os passos relativos à construção de uma escala para avaliar a motivação para aprender de alunos brasileiros do ensino fundamental e apresenta a análise preliminar de suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram das duas etapas, 771 estudantes de 2ª a 8ª séries do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas de Campinas, SP. O alpha de Cronbach foi de 0,80, indicando uma boa consistência interna do instrumento. Pela análise fatorial exploratória, obteve-se uma escala de dois fatores: motivação intrínseca (MI) e motivação extrínseca (ME) que explicaram, respectivamente, 17,68 por cento e 12,71 por cento da variância total. Discute-se a necessidade de se aprofundar estudos sobre a viabilidade de utilização da escala para diagnóstico, intervenção e prevenção de problemas motivacionais no contexto escolar.

This study describes the steps of constructing a motivation to learn scale for elementary school students and presents a preliminary analysis of its psychometric properties. It was carried out in two stages, employing 771 students from 2nd to 8th grade of elementary school level of public schools of Campinas, SP. The alpha of Cronbach was 0,80 indicating a good internal consistency of the scale. The exploratory factorial analysis identified two factors: intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM) explaining respectively 17,68 percent and 12,71 percent of the total variance. Data is discussed in terms of the need of deepening our knowledge regarding the viability of using the scale for diagnosis, intervention and prevention of motivational problems in the school context.