RESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Neurospora is a quintessential tip-growing organism, which is well known for packaging and longitudinal transport of tip-building blocks. Thus far, however, little attention has been paid to the co-essential process of reclamation, that is-taking apart of upstream, older structural elements, otherwise known as "autophagy". We are not yet prepared to set out the chemistry of that elaborate process, but its morphological start alone is worthy of attention. Carbon starvation triggers significant autophagic changes, beginning with prolific vacuolation along the plasma membrane, and eventual filling of 70% (or more) of cytoplasmic volume. Additionally, the Neurospora plasma membrane elaborates a variety of phagophores which themselves often look lytic. These have either dual enclosing membranes, like the familiar autophagosomes, can be doubled and have four wrapping membranes, or can be compounded with multiple membrane layers. These reclamation processes must be accommodated by the mechanism of tip growth.
Asunto(s)
Neurospora crassa , Neurospora crassa/metabolismo , Autofagia , Membrana Celular/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present literature review summarizes information about the diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the ears caused by opportunistic fungi. The factors responsible for the increased frequency of opportunistic infections, among which mycosis is the leading one, are given. The exogenous and endogenous risk factors are described. The main pathogens of opportunistic mycotic infections of the ENT-organs are listed. Special attention is given to the mechanism underlying the development of anti-colonial immunity of the upper respiratory tract and the ears and the formation of the antifungal immunity of the macroorganism as a whole. The data on the pathogenetic factors of mycelial and yeast-like micromycetes are presented. The main variants of the pathogenetic mechanisms, such as adhesion, invasive growth, and penetration, behind the formation of the mycotic lesions are considered. These biological properties of the fungi contribute to their ability to cause a wide range of pathological changes - from the superficial lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the ENT organs to the deep invasive processes. The protective cellular and humoral immune reactions of a macroorganism that develop in response to the introduction of a pathogenic fungus are described. The review lists the main nosological forms of mycosis known to affect the ENT-organs with special reference to the leading role of the yeast-like fungi belonging to the genus Candida in the development of mycotic lesions of these biotopes (64.65%). The most pathogenic species, Candida albicans, prevails in the structure of the yeast-like fungi biome whereas the leading role in the development of mycosis of the ENT organs by micromycetes of mold belongs to the species Aspergillus niger.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Enfermedades del Oído , Micosis , Enfermedades Nasales , Infecciones Oportunistas , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida , Enfermedades del Oído/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades del Oído/microbiología , Hongos , Humanos , Micosis/diagnóstico , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Nasales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Nasales/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Oportunistas/tratamiento farmacológico , FaringeRESUMEN
Desde marzo de 2007 hasta marzo de 2011 se estudiaron prospectivamente 414 pacientes con onicodistrofias en un laboratorio privado de Esquel. La prevalencia de onicomicosis de pie fue del 78 %; la de mano, del 58 %. Los principales agentes etiológicos fueron Trichophyton rubrum, Candida spp. y Trichophyton mentagrophytes. El desarrollo de dermatofitos prevaleció en las onicopatías de pie y el de Candida spp. en las de uñas de mano (ambos, p < 0,05). En las onicomicosis candidiásicas predominaron especies diferentes a Candida albicans. Las onicomicosis fueron más frecuentes en los hombres que en las mujeres. A su vez, en los hombres hubo más aislamientos de T. rubrum en pies (p < 0,05) y mayor proporción de exámenes directos (ED) y cultivos positivos (ambos, p < 0,05). La correlación entre los resultados del ED y del cultivo fue del 68 %. El rédito de ambos métodos se asoció a un mayor tamaño de la lesión ungueal. El ED fue más efectivo en onicodistrofias que superaban los 5 años de evolución. La positividad del cultivo fue independiente de la cronicidad de la onicodistrofia.
Since March 2007 to March 2011, 414 patients with onychopathies were prospectively analyzed. Prevalence of the toenail and fingernail mycoses was 78 % and 58 %, respectively. The major etiological agents were Trichophyton rubrum, Candida spp. and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Dermatophytes were more frequently cultured from toenails, whereas Candida spp. from fingernails (both, p < 0.05). In candidal onychomycosis, species different from C. albicans were prevalent. A higher prevalence of toenail and fingernail mycoses, a predominance of T. rubrum in toenails (p < 0.05), and greater positivity in the direct examination (DE) and in culture (both, p < 0.05) were more frequently observed in men than in women. The correlation between DE and culture was 68 %. DE and culture yields were associated with a greater size lesion. DE was more effective in onycodystrophies with duration of more than 5 years. Culture positivity was independent of nail affection chronicity.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Micología/métodos , Onicomicosis , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Candida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Candida/aislamiento & purificación , Candidiasis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Candidiasis Cutánea/epidemiología , Candidiasis Cutánea/microbiología , Dedos/microbiología , Onicomicosis/diagnóstico , Onicomicosis/epidemiología , Onicomicosis/microbiología , Examen Físico , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/diagnóstico , Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/epidemiología , Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/microbiología , Dedos del Pie/microbiología , Trichophyton/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trichophyton/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Fungi populations were evaluated in large intestine from sheep raised in the North of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The samples were from 39 Santa Inês crossbred ewes and 30 lambs raised on Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania), both supplemented with mineral mixtures. The clinical specimens were directly collected from rectal ampoule with sterile swabs. The development of fungal mycelium was observed in all lamb samples and positive cultures were observed in 34 ewe specimens (87.2 percent). After microculture of 40 colonies from lambs, 34 isolates of the genus Aspergillus, three of Paecilomyces spp., one Acremonium sp., and one Trichoderma sp. were identified. Out of the 39 isolates from ewes, 15 Paecilomyces spp., 11 Aspergillus spp., 11 Malbranchea spp., and one Onychocola sp. were identified. The results showed the predominance of the genus Aspergillus in the lambs, while the genus Paecilomyces, Malbranchea, and Aspergillus were predominant, in ewes.
RESUMEN
Introducción. Las onicomicosis representan el 50% de las patologías ungueales, su incidencia se calcula en el 4% de la población mundial y es aún más elevada en las personas mayores de 50 años. Son causadas por tres grupos de hongos: dermatofitos, levaduras y hongos miceliales no dermatofitos (HFND). Objetivos. El objetivo es dar a conocer los resultados de exámenes micológicos de uñas en una muestra significativa de una parte de la población de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, donde se consignan además las características clínicas de las lesiones observadas, los agentes causales, los factores predisponentes y los principales diagnósticos diferenciales. Resultados. Se estudiaron 1753 lesiones en los pies y 353 onicodistrofias de manos. En las manos la alteración ungueal más frecuente fue la onicolisis (75%); en los pies, las más comunes fueron onicolisis (42%) y compromiso distal subungueal (37,7%). El 50,3% de los exámenes micológicos fue negativo. La correlación entre los exámenes microscópicos directos y los cultivos fue de 79,3%; el 31% de los exámenes directos evidenciaron dermatofitos o hifas hialinas que tuvieron cultivos negativos. Los aislamientos más frecuentes fueron: Trichophyton rubrum (419), Candida spp (140), HFND (94: Acremonium spp y Fusarium spp fueron responsables del 70%) y Trichophyton mentagrophytes (50). Conclusiones. La mitad de los exámenes micológicos de uñas fueron negativos. La mayor parte de las onicomicosis de los pies fue ocasionada por T. rubrum, en tanto que en las manos predominó Candida sp. El papel desempeñado por Candida y los HFND en la producción de onicodistrofias no es claro. No hubo ninguna lesión patognomónica de onicomicosis
Introduction. Approximately 50% of nail diseases are fungal infections, its incidence is 4% of human population and it is higher in persons older than 50 years old. Onychomycoses are caused by three groups of fungi: Dermatophytes, yeasts and nondermatophytes mycelial fungi (NDMF). Objectives. To report the results of mycological examinations of the nails of a representative sample of Buenos Aires city population; etiologic agents, clinical characteristics, risk factors and differential diagnosis were considered. Results. 1753 toenails studies and 353 fingernails examinations were performed. Onycholysis was the most frequent fingernail alteration, 75% of the cases, while onycholysis 42% and distal or lateral subungueal dystrophies were the most common lesions in the toenails. Negative mycological studies were detected in 50,3% of the studies and in 79,3% of the exams, the microscopicobservation agreed with the cultures results; 31% of the cases which presented dermatophytes or hyaline hyphae in the direct microscopic study, did not show any fungal growth in cultures. The fungal species more frequently identified were Trichophytonrubrum 419 cases, Candida spp 140, NDMF 94 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 50 patients. Acremonium spp and Fusariumspp were the etiologic agents of 70% of onychomycoses due to NDMF.Conclusions. 50% of mycologic studies were negative. The majority of toenails onychomycoses was due to T. rubrum and the most frequent etiologic agent of fingernails onychomycosis was Candida sp. The role of Candida sp and NDMF in the production of onychodistrophies is not clear. There was not any typical nail alteration of onychomycosis.