Influence of incubation temperature, maternal effects, and paternity on quality of olive ridley hatchlings (Lepidochelys olivacea) from a mass-nesting beach in the Mexican Pacific.

Future climate change scenarios project that the increase in surface temperatures will affect ocean temperatures, inducing shifts in marine biodiversity. Sea turtles are species that are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change because temperature is a factor that influences embryonic development. We collected clutches of olive ridley turtles from a mass-nesting beach in the Mexican Pacific, which were incubated in ex situ conditions. When the hatchlings emerged, we measured the body condition index-which evaluates the weight-length relationship-and swim thrust, both were considered traits associated with fitness, termed "fitness proxies," and evaluated the effects of incubation temperature, maternal effects, and paternity on these fitness proxies. The body condition index was correlated positively and significantly with the arribada month and temperature during the last third of the incubation period but showed an inverse relationship with the maternal effect. While swim thrust was positively correlated with the maternal effect and the arribada month, there was an inverse relationship with incubation temperature during the first third of the period. Paternity, whether single or multiple, did not have a significant effect on either fitness proxies; however, it may have effects on the average fitness of a population of hatchlings. These results underscore the need to expand research on the sublethal effects of high incubation temperatures on the adaptation and survival of sea turtles, particularly in scenarios of rapid climate change.

Anidación de la tortuga marina Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudinata: Cheloniidae) en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Honduras (2011-2021) / Nesting of olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudinata: Cheloniidae) in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Honduras (2011-2021)

Introducción: El Campamento Tortuguero de Cedeño ha sido el sitio menos investigado del Golfo de Fonseca, donde se protege a la tortuga golfina en Honduras desde 1975. Objetivo: Evaluar la anidación de la tortuga Golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) durante la temporada de veda entre el 2011 y 2021 en Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Métodos: Entre 2011 a 2021, se llevó a cabo el monitoreo diario de las actividades de anidación durante la veda del 1 al 25 de septiembre. Los patrullajes se realizaron entre las 6:00-18:00 h, y las 18:00-5:00 h. Se registró el número total de tortugas que anidaban y se recogieron sus huevos, que se transportaron al criadero, donde se tabularon los resultados de las puestas y las crías. Resultados: Se registró un total 1 065 tortugas de L. olivacea, 95 051 huevos recolectados, 1 065 nidos marcados en tres playas que fueron reubicados en viveros artificiales y una eclosión exitosa de 62 747 neonatos. La playa Las Doradas fue el sitio con el mayor número de tortugas anidadoras, seguido de Los Delgaditos y por último Cedeño. El promedio de la frecuencia de anidación fue de 96 nidos. Del 2011 al 2021 el esfuerzo de recolección de los nidos aumentó en un 91.6 %, pasando de 84 a 161 nidos. El número de personas patrullando se asoció con la cantidad de nidos detectados en las playas. Conclusión: Los esfuerzos de monitoreo y conservación para la especie han indicado que ha habido un incremento en la anidación de L. olivacea en las tres playas, con un mayor incremento en Playa Las Doradas. Este escenario comprueba la funcionalidad de la veda en esta zona.

Introduction: The Cedeño Turtle Camp has been the least researched site in the Fonseca Gulf, where Olive Ridley Turtles in Honduras have been protected since 1975. Objective: To evaluate the nesting of Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the closed season from 2011 to 2021 in Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño, Choluteca, Honduras. Methods: From 2011 to 2021, daily monitoring of nesting activities was conducted during the closed season from the 1st to 25th of September. Patrols were conducted between 6:00-18:00 h, and 18:00-5:00 h. The total number of nesting turtles was recorded, and their eggs were collected and transported to the hatchery, where clutch and hatchling performance were tabulated. Results: A total of 1 065 L. olivacea turtles were recorded, 95 051 eggs collected, 1 065 nests marked on three beaches that were relocated in artificial hatcheries and a successful hatching of 62 747 hatchlings. Las Doradas beach was the site with the highest number of nesting turtles, followed by Los Delgaditos and lastly Cedeño. The average nesting frequency was 96 nests. From 2011 to 2021 the nest collection effort increased by 91.6 %, from 84 to 161 nests. The number of people patrolling was associated with the number of nests detected on the beaches. Conclusion: Monitoring and conservation efforts for L. olivacea in the Campamento Tortuguero Cedeño show a positive trend in nesting with a greater increase in Playa Las Doradas. This scenario proves the functionality of the closed season in this area.

With a pinch of salt: metagenomic insights into Namib Desert salt pan microbial mats and halites reveal functionally adapted and competitive communities.

IMPORTANCE: The hyperarid Namib Desert is one of the oldest deserts on Earth. It contains multiple clusters of playas which are saline-rich springs surrounded by halite evaporites. Playas are of great ecological importance, and their indigenous (poly)extremophilic microorganisms are potentially involved in the precipitation of minerals such as carbonates and sulfates and have been of great biotechnological importance. While there has been a considerable amount of microbial ecology research performed on various Namib Desert edaphic microbiomes, little is known about the microbial communities inhabiting its multiple playas. In this work, we provide a comprehensive taxonomic and functional potential characterization of the microbial, including viral, communities of sediment mats and halites from two distant salt pans of the Namib Desert, contributing toward a better understanding of the ecology of this biome.

Pachyoliva columellaris G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 (Olividae, Caenogastropoda) in Peru: tidal migrations and population density

The gastropod Pachyoliva columellaris (formerly Olivella columellaris) is particularly common on many sandy beaches in North Peru. In the studied region north of Paita, Piura province, the species reaches densities of over 80,000 individuals per beach meter. The snails perform tidal migrations throughout the lunar cycle although tidal amplitudes differ four-fold between neap and spring tide. Not all animals complete their tidal migrations, and significant numbers remain above the water line at low tide. Throughout the tidal cycle, the proportion of small individuals is increased near the water line whereas large animals dominate in lower beach zones. I conclude that the sandy beaches north of Paita are well-suited for further studies of P. columellaris and the mechanisms underlying tidal migrations in invertebrates.

El gasterópodo Pachyoliva columellaris (antes Olivella columellaris) es particularmente común en las playas arenosas del norte de Perú. En la región estudiada al norte de Paita, provincia de Piura, la especie alcanza densidades de más de 80.000 individuos por metro de playa. Los caracoles realizan migraciones mareales durante todo el ciclo lunar, aunque las amplitudes de marea difieren cuatro veces entre la marea muerta y la marea viva. No todos los animales completan sus migraciones mareales y un número significativo permanece por encima del nivel del agua en marea baja. Durante todo el ciclo de marea, la proporción de individuos pequeños aumenta cerca del nivel del agua, mientras que los animales grandes dominan en las zonas bajas de la playa. Concluyo que las playas arenosas al norte de Paita son apropiadas para estudios adicionales de P. columellaris y los mecanismos de las migraciones de marea en invertebrados.

Anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican olympic beach volleyball team / Perfil antropométrico y composición corporal de la selección olímpica mexicana de voleibol de playa

SUMMARY: The present research corresponds to a cross-sectional descriptive study in the anthropometric field, which allows coaches to develop standards to identify talent and optimize training in the discipline of beach volleyball. Its objective was to define the anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican Olympic beach volleyball teams in both sexes. The participants were couples one and two of Mexico in both sexes (defined by FIVB ranking), 4 women and 4 men with average age of 30.25±6.85 and 27.25±7.36 years. The technique used was Heath-Carter´s somatotype method and the anthropometric profile restricted ISAK protocol. Among the findings resulting from the research, unification can be observed in the male morphological characteristics (triceps skinfold, front thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, circumference of relaxed and contracted arm, waist, hip, femur diameter and BMI), as for the somatotype, both sexes of Mexican couples are positioned in mesomorphs-balanced. In relation to other studies consulted, balance in somatotype and muscular development is observed with high performance teams. Weight and height, as well as age, are important variables for the selection of talent and future optimal performance in world and professional volleyball.

La presente investigación corresponde a un estudio descriptivo transversal en el campo antropométrico, que permite a los entrenadores desarrollar estándares para identificar talentos y optimizar el entrenamiento en la disciplina de voleibol de playa. Su objetivo fue definir el perfil antropométrico y la composición corporal de las selecciones olímpicas mexicanas de voleibol de playa en ambos géneros. Los participantes fueron las parejas uno y dos de México en ambos géneros (definidos por ranking Fédération Internationale de Volleyball), 4 mujeres y 4 hombres con edad promedio de 30.25±6.85 y 27.25±7.36 años. La técnica utilizada fue el método del somatotipo de Heath-Carter y el protoolo ISAK del perfil antropométrico restringido. Entre los hallazgos resultantes de la investigación, se puede observar una unificación en las carácteristicas morfológicas masculinas (pliegue cuatáneotricipital, pliegue cutáneo anterior del muslo, pliegue citáneo de la pantorrila, circunferencia del brazo relajado y contraído, cintura, cadera, diámetro del fémur e IMC), en cuanto al somatotipo, ambos sexos de las parejas mexicanas se posicionan en mesomorfos-equilibrados. En relación a otros estudios consultados, se observa equilibrio en somatotipo y desarrollo muscular con equipos de alto rendimiento. El peso y la altura, así como la edad, son variables importantes para la selección del talento y en el futuro desempeño óptimo en el voleibol mundial y profesional.

A field study of the surface disturbance effects of animals and motor vehicles on aeolian sediment emission from a silty playa surface.

Dry playa surfaces can be extremely vulnerable to disturbance which breaks their surface crusts resulting in increased aeolian sand and dust emissions. Trampling by livestock and motor vehicles is an important source of this disturbance. The Hamoun Lakes in the Sistan region of Iran are a major source area of dust storms which are causing damage to infrastructure and communities. This study performed portable wind tunnel tests of controlled surface disturbance by animals (cow, sheep) and motor vehicles (automobile, motorcycle) on a silty playa surface of Hamoun Saberi lake. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different levels of trampling and disturbed surfaces by both vehicles and livestock on dust emission at wind speeds of 6 and 12 m s-1. A significant increase of sediment emission was found with increased number of passes of vehicles and livestock and the degree of surface disturbance, more so at the high wind speed (12 m s-1). No significant differences were observed between a 10-20% disturbance level and an undisturbed surface, but statistically significant differences became apparent when disturbances reached 50-60% to 90-100% compared to undisturbed surfaces. Greater emission rates were reached by disturbances provided by automobile and cow compared to motorcycle and sheep, indicating greater trampling effects of automobile and cow likely related to greater weight and larger footprint. The automobile was the most surface-destructive of the four anthropogenic disturbances, providing emission in a lower number of passes compared to the motorcycle, cow and sheep. Better management of vehicle and livestock allocation on playas subject to disturbance, such as the Hamoun Lakes, will be a useful strategy to reduce disturbance and the frequency and intensity of dust storms.

The effect of water resources on spatial and temporal change of soil salinity in Izdkhast playa, Fars Province, Iran.

In the south of Fars Province in Iran, there are several closed basins where the salinity of water and soil resources is one of the main problems. Therefore, to manage the water and soil resources of these basins, identifying the source of salinity and its expansion in playa is necessary. Thus, the Izad-Khast pit in the south of Fars Province of Iran was selected as one of these basins for research. To achieve the goal, 16 soil samples were randomly taken from the basin, and their EC was determined. Landsat 8 image was selected according to sampling day, and ten salinity indices were extracted from it. Then, the best index was determined by the relationship between salinity indices and ground EC using linear regression. Using the determined index and linear equation derived from linear regression and Landsat 7 and 8 images, salinity maps were obtained in three periods 2010, 2015, and 2020. Then, using maps of the three mentioned intervals and the CA-Markov method, soil salinity prediction maps were extracted for 2025 and 2030. Based on the research results, salinity index S2 = (Blue - R)/(Blue + R) provided the best results. Salinity maps derived from this index show that the highest level is related to the area with no salinity or low salinity, and high degrees of salinity are concentrated in some parts of the hills and in some areas of the plain, respectively, which determines the origin of salts. The results also showed that the kappa coefficient of CA-Markov is 0.7282, which shows the high ability of the model to predict soil salinity, in which the distance factor from gypsum and salt minerals is the most critical predictor factor. According to the forecasts, from 2020 to 2025, about 1 km2 and then from 2025 to 2030, about 1.6 km2 will be added to the saline lands.

New records of Harpacticoids (Crustacea, Copepoda) from a coastal system of northern Colombia

Three species of harpacticoids are herein recorded from the zooplankton of Rodadero beach, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. Samples were collected from the littoral zone, mainly at inshore areas covered by mangrove vegetation and in an adjacent oyster bank. One of them, Laophonte cornuta Philippi, 1840 is new to the Colombian harpacticoid fauna, the other two species: Distioculus minor (Scott T., 1894) and Microsetella norvegica (Boeck, 1865) are new reports to the Magdalena department. This is the first illustrated record confirming their presence in Colombia and Magdalena, northern Colombia. Comparative morphological comments and illustrations of these species are also provided to document this report.

Se registran tres especies de harpacticoides en el zooplancton de playa Rodadero, Santa Marta, Magdalena, norte de Colombia. Se recolectaron muestras en la zona litoral, principalmente en áreas costeras de manglar y en un banco de ostras. Una de ellas, Laophonte cornuta Philippi, 1840 es nueva para la fauna de harpacticoides de Colombia; las otras dos especies: Distioculus minor (Scott T., 1894) y Microsetella norvegica (Boeck 1865) son nuevos reportes para el departamento del Magdalena. Este es el primer registro ilustrado que confirma su presencia en Colombia y Magdalena. Se proporcionan comentarios morfológicos comparativos e ilustraciones de estas especies.

Seasonal deposition of marine debris on an important marine turtle nesting beach in Costa Rica.

Marine debris pollution poses a threat for wildlife and can negatively impact the economy of communities whose livelihoods depend on tourism. Playa Norte, in northeastern Costa Rica, is an important nesting ground for four marine turtle species identified as vulnerable or endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is highly polluted but has low human occupancy. We conducted accumulation rate surveys following a standardized marine debris protocol from March 2016 to January 2018. Macro-debris was categorized by size and material type. Of the 191,030 debris items retrieved during the two-year study period, 96.2% of them were plastic. Debris accumulation was higher during the dry season (January - September). This study contributes towards understanding the drivers of marine debris pollution in critical wildlife nesting habitats; and informs managers and the local community on possible strategies to prevent and reduce marine pollution, thereby aiding in tourism derived economies.

Fatores determinantes para a excelência no vôlei de praia: o caso de uma dupla de elite / Determining factors for excellence in beach volleyball: the case of an elite pai / Factores determinantes de laexcelenciaenel voleibol de playa: el caso de una pareja de élite

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os fatores determinantes na aquisição, desenvolvimento e manutenção da excelência no Vôlei de Praia (VP) a partir da percepção de uma dupla de atletas de elite e seu técnico. Trata-se de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa dos resultados que se utilizou da entrevista e análise documental para recolha dos dados. Sobre os fatores determinantes da excelência no VP destacaram-se nos fatores primários, o aspecto psicológico, verificado nos elementos disciplina, força de vontade, motivação e foco, seguido pelo tempo de parceria e da preparação física iniciada (prática deliberada). Enquanto nos fatores secundários, o apoio, técnico, infraestrutura, qualidade de material esportivo e financeiro. Conclui-se que a junção dos fatores primários e secundários descritos acima foi essencial para aquisição, desenvolvimento emanutenção da excelência no VP.

The objective of this study was to know the determining factors in the acquisition, development and maintenance of excellence in Beach Volleyball (VP) from the perception of a pair of elite athletes and theircoach. This is a case study with a qualitative approach to the results that used the interview and document analysis for data collection. Regarding the determining factors of excellence in the VP, the psychological aspect stood out in the primary factors,verified in the elements discipline, willpower, motivation and focus, followed by the partnership time and the physical preparation started (deliberate practice). While in secondary factors, support, technical, infrastructure, quality of sports and financial equipment. It is concluded that the combination of the primary and secondary factors described above was essential for the acquisition, development and maintenance of excellence in PV.

El propósito de este estudio fue conocer los factores determinantes en la adquisición, desarrollo y mantenimiento de la excelencia en el Voleibol de Playa (VP) a partir de la percepción de una pareja de deportistas de élite y su entrenador. Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cualitativo de los resultados que utilizó la entrevista y el análisis de documentos para la recolección de datos. En cuanto a los determinantes de la excelencia en la PV, el aspecto psicológico se destacó en los factores primarios, verificado en los elementos disciplina, fuerza de voluntad, motivación y enfoque, seguido del tiempo de compañerismo y la preparación física iniciada (práctica deliberada). Mientras que en factores secundarios, soporte, técnico, infraestructura, calidad del equipamiento deportivo y financiero. Se concluye que la combinación de los factores primarios y secundarios descritos anteriormente fue fundamental para la adquisición, desarrollo y mantenimiento de la excelencia en el VP.

Isotopic and hydrochemical evidence for the source and mechanism of groundwater salinization in Kashan Plain aquifer in Iran.

Groundwater salinization and interaction between Playa Lake and regional groundwater were investigated using multi-chemo-isotopic evidences. Forty groundwater and 26 Kashan Playa Lake (KPL) water samples were collected and analyzed for their geochemical compositions. The evolution of hydrochemical facies in Kashan Plain Aquifer (KPA) to KPL is Ca-HCO3 (19%), Mix Ca-Cl (9%), Ca-Cl (17%), and Mix Na-Cl and Na-Cl (55%). Also, the Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram (HFE-D) proposed cation exchange as the main process of salinization in KPA. Based on the binary hydrogeochemical diagrams of (Na+/Cl-)/Cl-, (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/HCO3- + SO42-, and Cl/Br, dissolution of halite and gypsum in the Miocene marlstone in the KPA is the main source of salinity. The δ18O of water in aquifer and playa water samples varies from -10.03 to 7.03‰ (VSMOW) with an average of -6.95‰ and -60.73 to 25.08‰ with average of -45.82‰ for δ2H. Based on the results, the relation between δ18O and δ2H, and δ18O and Br, approves discharge of saline water from KPA to KPL. Likewise, the isotopic composition of δ34SO4, varies from 5.95 to 22.55‰ CDT in KPA, and 5.95 to 9.99 ‰ CDT in KPL. Also, the relations between δ18O-δ34SSO4 and Cl-δ34S were non-linear, indicating that sulfur concentration in KPA and KPL changed due to sulfide oxidation and sulfate reduction in the freshwater and deep brines in the aquifer and mixed during the over-pumping in the KPA. Oxidation of sulfide minerals in the mineralized region in the western part of the aquifer (recharge zone) may have been the source of sulfur leached by seasonal runoff. Water-rock interaction, ion exchange, and hydraulic gradient have been the dominating factors in changing the water chemistry between aquifer and playa leading to saline groundwater discharged to the playa.

Two new alkali-sink specialist species of Paruroctonus Werner 1934 (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae) from central California.

Herein we describe two new species of Paruroctonus (Werner 1934) from California: Paruroctonussoda sp. nov. from the Soda Lake playa at the center of the Carrizo Plain in San Luis Obispo county and Paruroctonusconclusus sp. nov. from the Koehn Lake playa in the Mojave Desert of Kern County. They can be differentiated from other Paruroctonus by a combination of morphological features including deeply scalloped pedipalp fingers in males, specific patterns of fuscous pigmentation, unique setal counts, and unique morphometric ratios. They can also be separated from one another by the latter three characters. Photographs of a large selection of live scorpions are provided, including detailed images and figures of many morphological features. Their distributions, habitats, and ecologies are discussed; and important steps towards their conservation are described.

Fases típicas del voleibol de playa en el sexo masculino. Valores de referencia en la iniciación / Fases típicas do vôlei de praia masculino. Valores de referência na iniciação / Typical phases of beach volleyball male sex. Reference values at the initiation

RESUMEN Actualmente, es cada vez más importante estudiar la actividad competitiva en los procesos de preparación deportiva. En voleibol de playa, desde las categorías de iniciación, los entrenadores deben centrar la preparación en aspectos de rendimiento propios y determinantes para obtener el máximo resultado competitivo. Para ello, es importante modelar el entrenamiento en un contexto lo más cercano posible a la realidad del juego en cada categoría. Sin embargo, apenas se conocen los valores de referencia de la categoría de iniciación de base en Cuba. Los estudios actuales se dirigen fundamentalmente al más alto nivel de competición. En tal sentido, el conocimiento de los valores de rendimiento relativos a las fases típicas del juego y las situaciones especiales en esta modalidad, resultan vitales para un entrenamiento preciso desde la etapa de iniciación. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de las Fases Típicas del Juego (FTJ) del voleibol de playa, categoría 11-12 años, sexo masculino, en el campeonato provincial de Villa Clara en 2019, como valores de referencia de la etapa de iniciación. Se utilizaron métodos como la observación estructurada, revisión documental, estadístico-matemático y talleres metodológicos como técnicas de investigación. Se determinó la frecuencia de aparición de dichas fases, su incidencia y efectividad en el juego, importantes elementos que constituyen valores referenciales para los entrenadores en su proceso de planificación y modelación del entrenamiento en este nivel de competición.

RESUMO Hoje em dia, é cada vez mais importante estudar a atividade competitiva nos processos de preparação esportiva. No vôlei de praia, a partir das categorias de iniciação, os treinadores devem concentrar a preparação nos aspectos de desempenho que são determinantes para obter o máximo resultado competitivo. Para isso, é importante modelar o treinamento em um contexto o mais próximo possível da realidade do jogo em cada categoria. No entanto, os valores de referência para a categoria de iniciação básica em Cuba são pouco conhecidos. Os estudos atuais são destinados principalmente ao mais alto nível de competição. Neste sentido, o conhecimento dos valores de desempenho relacionados com as fases típicas do jogo e as situações especiais nesta modalidade são vitais para um treinamento preciso desde a fase de iniciação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o comportamento das Fases Típicas do Jogo (FTJ) do vôlei de praia, 11-12 anos, categoria masculina, no campeonato provincial de Villa Clara em 2019, como valores de referência da fase de iniciação. Métodos como observação estruturada, revisão documental, oficinas de matemática estatística e metodológica foram utilizados como técnicas de pesquisa. A frequência da ocorrência dessas fases, sua incidência e eficácia no jogo foram determinadas, elementos importantes que constituem valores de referência para os treinadores em seu processo de planejamento e modelagem de treinamentos neste nível de competição.

ABSTRACT Currently, the study of competitive activity is becoming increasingly important in the sport preparation process. Since the initiation categories in the beach volleyball, coaches should focus their preparation on the performance of own and decisive aspects to obtain the maximum competitive result. For this, it is important to model the training in a context as close as possible to the reality of the game in each category. However, hardly they known the reference values of the initiation category in Cuba. Studies primarily aimed at the highest level of competition. In this sense, the knowledge of the performance values related to the typical phases of the game and the special situations in this modality are vital for a precise training since the initiation phase. This research aimed to determine the behavior of the Game Typical Phases (FTJ in Spanish) in the beach volleyball, category 11-12 years old, male sex in the Provincial championship of Villa Clara in 2019, as reference values in the initiation stage. There were used methods such as structured observation, documentary review, the statistical - mathematical, and methodological workshops as research technique. It was determined the frequency of appearance of these phases, their incidence and effectiveness in the game, important elements that constitute referential values for the coaches in their planning and modeling process of the training of the players at this competition level.

Content validity of scenes from declarative tactical knowledge test for attack situation in beach volleyball - DTKAT-BV / Validação de conteúdo do teste de conhecimento tático declarativo para a situação de ataque no voleibol de praia ­ TCTDA-VP / Validación de contenido del test de conocimiento táctico declarativo para la situación de ataque en voleibol de playa ­ TCTDA-VP

The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes (AU).

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa (AU).

Genomic Characterization of a Prophage, Smhb1, That Infects Salinivibrio kushneri BNH Isolated from a Namib Desert Saline Spring.

Recent years have seen the classification and reclassification of many viruses related to the model enterobacterial phage P2. Here, we report the identification of a prophage (Smhb1) that infects Salinivibrio kushneri BNH isolated from a Namib Desert salt pan (playa). Analysis of the genome revealed that it showed the greatest similarity to P2-like phages that infect Vibrio species and showed no relation to any of the previously described Salinivibrio-infecting phages. Despite being distantly related to these Vibrio infecting phages and sharing the same modular gene arrangement as seen in most P2-like viruses, the nucleotide identity to its closest relatives suggest that, for now, Smhb1 is the lone member of the Peduovirus genus Playavirus. Although host range testing was not extensive and no secondary host could be identified for Smhb1, genomic evidence suggests that the phage is capable of infecting other Salinivibrio species, including Salinivibrio proteolyticus DV isolated from the same playa. Taken together, the analysis presented here demonstrates how adaptable the P2 phage model can be.

Urban Areas Create Refugia for Odonates in a Semi-Arid Region.

In western Texas, most wetlands are fed from precipitation runoff, making them sensitive to drought regimes, anthropogenic land-use activities in their surrounding watersheds, and the interactive effect between these two factors. We surveyed adult odonates in 133 wetlands (49 in grassland settings, 56 in cropland, and 28 in urban areas) in western Texas from 2003-2020; 33 species were recorded. Most species were widespread generalists, but urban wetlands had the highest species richness, as well as the most unique species of any of the three wetland types. Non-metric, multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that the odonate community in urban wetlands was distinctly different in composition than the odonates in non-urban wetlands. Urban wetlands were smaller in surface area than the other wetland types, but because they were fed from more consistently available urban runoff rather than seasonal precipitation, they had longer hydroperiods, particularly during a multi-year drought when wetlands in other land-cover contexts were dry. This anthropogenically enhanced water supply was associated with higher odonate richness despite presumably impaired water quality, indicating that consistent and prolonged presence of water in this semi-arid region was more important than the presence of native land cover within which the wetland existed. Compared to wetlands in the regional grassland landscape matrix, wetlands in agricultural and urban areas differed in hydroperiod, and presumably also in water quality; these effects translated to differences in the regional odonate assemblage by surrounding land-use type, with the highest richness at urban playas. Odonates in human environments may thus benefit through the creation of a more reliably available wetland habitat in an otherwise dry region.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre foto protección en bañistas de ocho playas de Lima / Knowledge and practices of photoprotection in bathers of eight beaches of Lima

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN : La radiación ultravioleta solar puede resultar perjudicial para la salud y provocar desde quemaduras hasta enfermedades como el cáncer, por ello, el cuidado frente a la alta radiación solar es importante. OBJETIVOS : El objetivo general del presente estudio fue determinar si existe asociación entre los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre foto protecciónen los bañistas peruanos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio trasversal analítico con 380 bañistas peruanos en ocho playas de Lima. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario donde se recopiló información de los conocimientos y las prácticas de foto protección. Los conocimientos se categorizaron en altos y bajos, y las prácticas en adecuadas e inadecuadas. Para el análisis se empleó la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y el modelo de regresión de Poisson ajustado por la edad, sexo, nivel educativo y estado civil. RESULTADOS : Se encontró que la práctica de protección adecuada más frecuente fue el uso de foto protector(63%) y la menos frecuente fue el uso adecuado de manga larga y pantalón largo (9,7%). También se evidenció una relación entre los conocimientos altos y tres prácticas fundamentales: uso de foto protector, sombrilla y lentes de sol. CONCLUSIONES : En la muestra de bañistas peruanos, los participantes reportaronde manera general prácticas de foto proteccióndeficientes; además, el poseer conocimientos acerca de la protección solar no aseguró una práctica adecuada de todas las medidas de foto protección.

Abstract INTRODUCTION : Ultraviolet rays can have damaging health effects and cause from sunburn all the way up to diseases such as cancer. Thus, precautionary measures against intense solar radiation are important. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between photoprotection knowledge and practices in Peruvianbeach-goers. MATERIALS AND METHODS : An analytical cross-sectional study comparing survey and observational data obtained from 380 Peruvians at eight beaches in Lima was conducted. The participants answered a questionnaire where knowledge was categorized into high and low, and reported practices were dichotomized as appropriate and inappropriate. For variable analysis, Chi square test of Pearson and Poisson regression model adjusted for age, sex, education level and marital status were used. RESULTS : It was found that the most common reported appropriate practice of photoprotection was the use of sunscreen (63%) and the least frequent was the appropriate use of a long sleeve t-shirt and long pants (9.7%). It was also evident that there is a significant relationship between high knowledge and three core practices, including use of sunscreen, beach umbrellas and sunglasses. CONCLUSIONS : In this sample of Peruvian beach-goers, participants generally reported poor photoprotection practices; furthermore, knowledge about sun protection did not assure the practice of all photoprotection measures.

Content validity of scenes from declarative tactical knowledge test for attack situation in beach volleyball - DTKAT-BV / Validação de conteúdo do teste de conhecimento tático declarativo para a situação de ataque no voleibol de praia ­ TCTDA-VP / Validación de contenido del test de conocimiento táctico declarativo para la situación de ataque en voleibol de playa ­ TCTDA-VP

The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes.

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia.

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa.

The protection of Salicornia rubra from ultraviolet radiation by betacyanins and phenolic compounds.

Salicornia rubra is a commonly occurring annual species of the salt playas of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States. In such habitats, plants experience high levels of ultraviolet radiation, which could potentially damage DNA. As a member of the Amaranthaceae (Caryophyllales), S. rubra shoots typically contain high concentrations of the red-violet pigments called betacyanins, which are ultraviolet-absorbing compounds. Nevertheless, some specimens of S. rubra are green even when growing with full exposure to the sun. We, therefore, tested several hypotheses regarding the causes of variation among S. rubra plants in betacyanin concentration and the role of betacyanins in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. We measured ultraviolet radiation absorption and the concentrations of betacyanins and phenolic compounds of the cell sap expressed from red and green plants growing in full sun, as well as plants grown under various levels of shade. We found that while betacyanin concentrations were predictable from plant color (red plants contained more betacyanins than green plants), the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation was determined primarily by the concentration of phenolic compounds, which was determined by the level of exposure to the sun. Therefore, the DNA of green plants growing in full sun appears to be at no greater risk than the DNA of red plants.

Vertical Distribution of Soil Free-living Nematode in a Playa Habitat in the North-Western Negev Desert, Israel.

In order to investigate the vertical distribution of soil nematode community under a playa area in the Nizzana inter-sand dune area in the north-western Negev Desert of Israel, soil samples were collected from 0 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 40, and 40 - 50 cm depths in the playa and loessial plain area (as control) during the dry and wet seasons. Each of soil samples was determined for soil moisture, organic matter concentration, electrical conductivity, and nematode community structure and biodiversity. The results revealed that soil moisture, organic matter, electrical conductivity, total nematode abundance and trophic groups were significantly influenced by sampling positions (P < 0.0001) and depths (P < 0.05) and significant interaction effect of position and depth (P < 0.05) was also found. Total number of nematodes in the playa area ranged from 1 to 15 individuals per 100 g dry soil, whereas they ranged from 60 to 631 individuals per 100 g dry soil in the loessial plain area. The greatest nematode number was found in 0 - 10 cm soil depth and the lowest nematode number was found in 40 - 50 cm soil depth. Total number of nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites and omnivores-predators were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the loessial plain area than that in the playa area in all sampling depths under the dry and wet seasons. Total thirteen genera were found in the playa area, with Acrobeloides as the dominant genus, whereas there were fifty-five genera, with Acrobeles as the dominant genus in the loessial plain area. Nematode ecological indices, such as fungivores/bacterivores ratio (F/B), nematode channel ratio (NCR), trophic diversity (T), Shannon Index (H'), genus dominance (λ), species richness (SR), maturity index (MI), modified maturity index (MMI), Enrichment Index (EI) and Structure Index (SI) were significantly (P < 0.01) differentiated between sampling locations. As conclusion, soil free-living nematode inhabited mostly the upper soil layers (0 - 20 cm) and the number of nematode had gradually decreasing trend with soil depths increasing in the playa area. Moreover, each soil layer had a little nematode abundance and community diversity in the playa area in contrast to loessial plain area during the dry and wet seasons. Sampling sites and depths significantly effected on soil properties, nematode abundance and trophic groups, but nematode ecological indices were affected only by sampling sites.