Rosa roxburghii fermented juice mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulation of intestinal flora and metabolites.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe pulmonary condition with high mortality and morbidity, lacking effective pharmacotherapeutic options. Rosa roxburghii Tratt, a unique fruit from southwestern China, is valued for its rich nutritional content and functional properties. Fermentation is known to enhance the nutritional value, flavor, and shelf life of foods. In this study, we investigated the effects of fermented Rosa roxburghii juice (RRFJ) on gut microbiota, metabolites, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the intestines, as well as its impact on lung tissue and intestine tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in murine models. The results showed that RRFJ modulated gut microbiota and metabolites, increased short-chain fatty acid levels, and consequently reduced lung tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in mice with ALI. These findings suggest that RRFJ has the potential to serve as a functional dietary adjunct in the management of acute lung injury, providing a scientific basis for its therapeutic role.

Rosa roxburghii tratt residue: A novel feed resource for cattle indicated by the non-deleterious performance and blood metabolites.

Rosa roxburghii tratt residue (RRTR) is a regional and uncommon byproduct in Guizhou. Little information is available on whether RRTR can be used as feed for ruminants. In this study, the feasibility of using RRTR as a new feed resource for cattle was investigated by chemical composition analysis, in vitro gas production (Trial 1) and animal feeding experiments (Trial 2). In trial 1, compared to the commonly used fruit residues, RRTR had a proximate nutrient level; the in vitro gas production curve and dynamics fell within the normal range. In trial 2, 16 cattle were allocated to the control and treatment groups, with 8 replicates of 1 cattle each. Cattle in the control group were fed a basal diet without RRTR, while those in the treatment group were fed a diet containing 30% RRTR to replace 30% whole corn silage in basal diet. Feeding RRTR had little effect on the growth performance of the control and treatment cattle (P > 0.05). The feed-to-gain ratio was greater in the treatment group than in the control group throughout the trial period (P < 0.05). The plasma urea levels in the treatment group were lower (P < 0.05) than that in control group, and the levels of other plasma biochemical metabolites were not different between the two groups of cattle (P > 0.05). The in vivo rumen fermentation parameters did not differ between the control and treatment groups (P > 0.05). Our findings indicate that RRTR has a nutritional profile (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber) similar to that of commonly used fruit residues (such as apple, pineapple, and citrus residue et al.); improves plasma protein utilization efficiency; and has no negative impact on growth performance, albeit with limited effects on feed conversion; blood metabolites, and rumen fermentation parameters in cattle. Accordingly, we conclude, based on the above-mentioned result, that RRTR can serve as a novel feed alternative resource when considering the affordability and as a practical choice for low-cost diets for cattle.

Structural feature of RrGGP2 promoter and functional analysis of RrNAC56 regulating RrGGP2 expression and ascorbate synthesis via stress-inducible cis-elements in Rosa roxburghii Tratt.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a well-known horticultural crop that produces fruits with extremely high l-ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, and GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase2 (RrGGP2) encodes a major enzyme operating in AsA biosynthesis. This study aims to elucidate the transcriptional mechanism of RrGGP2 underlying AsA overproduction under abiotic stress. Herein, the sequence of RrGGP2 promoter (PRrGGP2) was isolated. The analysis of the PRrGGP2 detected an upstream open reading frame encoding a 64-amino acid peptide as well as a number of cis-acting elements responsive to environmental factors and hormones. Several truncated promoter fragments were constructed for dual-luciferase assays which revealed a critical promoter region (-1949 to -2089 bp) for PRrGGP2 activity. Overexpressing ß-glucuronidase (GUS) and RrGGP2 under the control of PRrGGP2 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increased the GUS activity and AsA content, respectively. Furthermore, the extent of the increases was significantly influenced by temperature and abscisic acid. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays indicated that RrNAC56 could activate PRrGGP2. Cold stress significantly increased the transcription of RrNAC56 and RrGGP2 in R. roxburghii fruits, which resulted in AsA accumulation. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for understanding the transcriptional regulation of RrGGP2, while also uncover a novel mechanism of RrNAC56-RrGGP2 module-mediated abiotic stress response via regulating AsA synthesis.

Exploring Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides: From extraction to application potential in functional products - An in-depth review.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (R. roxburghii), a unique ethnic medicine native to southwest China, is classified as both medicinal and culinary, offering a multitude of health benefits. Traditionally, it is used to eliminate diet and relieve diarrhea, nourish Yin and invigorate the spleen, dispel wind and dampness, enhance immunity, and promote the healthy development of the body. Furthermore, it serves as a remedy for ailments such as scurvy, night blindness, cancer, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. R. roxburghii contains many nutritious and active ingredients, including proteins, vitamin C, inorganic salts, essential amino acids, polysaccharides, phenols, triterpenes, organic acids, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Among them, polysaccharides stand out as pivotal bioactive components, comprising mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose, among others. R. roxburghii polysaccharides (RTFPs) present diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, immune modulation, relief from ulcerative colitis, protection of neural stem cells from glutamate damage, and improvement of intestinal micro-ecology. Due to its distinctive bioactivity, the research on RTFPs is booming. While numerous extraction and purification techniques have successfully isolated and characterized RTFPs, comprehensive understanding of their chemical structure, mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, safety profiles, and practical applications remains limited. This knowledge gap hampers their optimal utilization and development. In response, this research offers an overview of extraction, purification, structure characteristics, biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and pharmaceutical application of RTFPs. Additionally, this research not only lays a theoretical basis for the comprehensive exploration and exploitation of R. roxburghii and its polysaccharide resources but also offers extensive knowledge and insights into the development and application of RTFPs as a novel functional foods and drugs.

Characterization of ultrasonic-assisted antifungal film loaded with fermented walnut meal on Rosa roxburghii Tratt during near-freezing temperature storage.

Fermented walnut meal (FW) has antifungal activity against Penicillium victoriae, a fungus responsible for Rosa roxbughii Tratt spoilage. This study characterized and applied ultrasonic-assisted antifungal film loaded with FW to preserve R. roxbughii Tratt during near-freezing temperature (NFT). Results showed that O2 and CO2 transmission rates decreased by 80.02% and 29.05%, respectively, and antimicrobial properties were improved with ultrasound at 560 W for 5 min and 1% FW. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results revealed ultrasound improved hydrogen bonds and inductive effect via ─NH, ─OH, and C═O bonds. The addition of FW led to the formation of CMCS-GL-FW polymer via C═O bond. Thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscope results demonstrated thermal degradation process was decomposed by ultrasound, and the internal structure of P. victoriae was accelerated by the addition of FW. Compared to the U-CMCS/GL group, the vitamin C content, peroxidase, and catalase activities of U-CMCS/GL/FW were enhanced by 4.24%, 8.52%, and 14.3% during NFT (-0.8 to -0.4°C), respectively. Particularly, the fungal count of the U-CMCS/GL/FW group did not exceed 105 CFU g-1 at the end of storage, and the relative abundance of P. victoriae decreased to 0.007%. Our findings provide an effective route for agricultural waste as natural antifungal compounds in the active packaging industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the barrier and antimicrobial properties of film were successfully improved by ultrasonic treatment and loaded fermented walnut meal. The ultrasonic-assisted antifungal film loaded with fermented walnut meal effectively delayed the degradation of nutrients and reduced microbial invasion of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of agricultural waste in the food packaging industry.

First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Didymella segeticola on Rosa roxburghii Tratt in China.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt, known as Cili in China, is a fruit crop that grows in the mountains of southwest China at altitudes of 500 - 2500 m, especially in Guizhou province (Huang et al. 2022). In July 2021, leaf spot symptoms were observed on approximately 20 to 30% of R. roxburghii plants in a field of 6,000 m2 in Guiding County (107°14'E, 26°45'N), Guizhou Province, China. Severe leaf spot can lead to excessive leaf drop, significantly weakening the tree and adversely affecting its growth and fruit quality, which in turn can result in reduced or even lost harvests. The symptoms appeared as irregular brown spots (0.5 to 9.5 mm), which could coalesce when densely clustered and could lead to yellowing of the leaves in severe cases. To isolate the pathogen, 10 symptomatic leaves were collected from 10 trees. Symptomatic leaves were washed with sterile distilled water and then portions of the tissue (0.5×0.5cm) were cut at the junction of infected and healthy tissues. After surface sterilization (0.5 min with 75% ethanol, 2 min with 3% NaOCl, washed three times with sterilized distilled water), the leaves were dried and placed flat on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and left for 3-4 days incubated at 25°C (Fang, 2007). From this process, three isolates, denoted as F3-Y-21, F3-Y-22 and F3-Y-23, were obtained through single spore isolation, all displaying identical morphology. Subsequently, isolate F3-Y-21 was selected for further study. The colonies had dense aerial hyphae, initially white and later turning gray near the colony center when cultured on PDA at 28℃. Pycnidia were dark, spherical or flat spherical, and 42.2 to 52.6 µm × 51.5 to 55.2 µm in diameter (n = 50). Conidia were oval, smooth, aseptate, usually guttulate, and the size was 3.0 to 4.6 µm × 2.3 to 2.8 µm (n = 50). These morphological attributes were consistent with the description of Didymella segeticola (Chen et al. 2015). The isolate F3-Y-21 was confirmed to be D. segeticola by amplification and sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS; primers ITS5/ITS4), large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU; primers LROR/LR5), beta-tubulin gene (TUB2; primers Bt2a/Bt2b), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2; primers RPB2-5F2/fRPB2-7cR) (Liu et al. 1999; Suwannarachetal. 2019). Sequences from PCR amplification were deposited in GenBank under accessions PP159078 (ITS), PP159081 (LSU), PP178656 (TUB2), and PP178653 (RPB2). BLASTn searches of the sequences in GenBank revealed 100.00% identity of ITS (486/486 bp), 100.00% identity of LSU (574/574 bp), 98.93% identity of TUB2 (277/280 bp), and 99.05% identity of RPB2 (838/846 bp) with those sequences of D. segeticola CGMCC 3.17489 (accessions KP330443, KP330455, KP330399, and KP330414, respectively). A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA7.0 using the maximum likelihood method. The isolate F3-Y-21 clustered in the same branch with D. segeticola. To assess its pathogenicity, a pot assay was conducted. Twelve leaves of three healthy R. roxburghii plants were spray-inoculated with a spore suspension (106 spores/ml), and an additional three plants were sprayed with sterile water. The plants were maintained at 25°C and 75% relative humidity in a growth chamber. The experiment was repeated three times. After 7 days, the inoculated leaves developed brown lesions similar to those in the field, while the control had no symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased leaves and identified by morphological characterization and molecular analyses (ITS, LSU, TUB2 and RPB2), and the reisolated pathogen was identical to D. segeticola, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Similar results were obtained from three replications of the pathogenicity test. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot diseases of R. roxburghii plants caused by D. segeticola in China, although it has been previously reported to cause diseases on other hosts in China (Guo et al. 2020). It provides a theoretical basis for the detection and prevention of R. roxburghii leaf spot disease.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Cili) has a more effective capacity in alleviating DSS-induced colitis compared to Vitamin C through B cell receptor pathway.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT), a traditional Chinese plant known as the 'King of Vitamin C (VitC; ascorbic acid, AsA)', contains a wealth of nutrients and functional components, including polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The various functional components of RRT suggest that it may theoretically have a stronger potential for alleviating colitis compared to VitC. This study aims to verify whether RRT has a stronger ability to alleviate colitis than equimolar doses of VitC and to explore the mechanisms underlying this improvement. Results showed that RRT significantly mitigated body weight loss, intestinal damage, elevated inflammation levels, and compromised barriers in mice induced by Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Additionally, RRT enhanced the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota in these DSS-induced mice. Colon RNA sequencing analysis revealed that compared to VitC, RRT further downregulated multiple immune-related signaling pathways, particularly the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway, which is centered around genes like Btk and its downstream PI3K-AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. Correlation analysis between microbiota and genes demonstrated a significant relationship between the taxa improved by RRT and the key genes in the BCR and its downstream signaling pathways. Overall, RRT exhibited superior capabilities in alleviating DSS-induced colitis compared to VitC by decreasing intestinal inflammation and modulating BCR and its downstream signaling pathways, potentially regulated by the improved intestinal microbiota.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Structural Characteristics and Multiple Bioactivities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fruit Polysaccharides.

Drying conditions significantly impact the compositions and microstructures of polysaccharides, leading to various effects on their chemical characteristics and bioactivities. The objective of this study was to investigate how different industrial drying techniques, i.e., hot air drying, infrared drying, microwave vacuum drying, and freeze drying, affect the structural properties and biological activities of polysaccharides extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RRTP). Results revealed that these drying methods significantly altered the extraction yield, molecular weights, monosaccharide ratios, contents of uronic acid and total sugars, gelling properties, particle sizes, thermal stability, and microstructures of RRTPs. However, the monosaccharide composition and functional groups of polysaccharides remained consistent across the different drying techniques. Biological activity assays demonstrated that RRTPs, particularly those processed through microwave vacuum drying (MVD-RRTP), exhibited excellent anti-linoleic acid oxidation, robust anti-glycosylation effects, and significant α-glucosidase inhibition in vitro. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that microwave vacuum drying serves as an effective pre-extraction drying method for RRTPs, enhancing their biological activities. This technique is particularly advantageous for preparing RRTPs intended for use in functional foods and pharmaceuticals, optimizing their health-promoting properties for industrial applications.

Protective effects of fermented Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice against ethanol­induced hepatocyte injury by regulating the NRF2­AMPK signaling pathway in AML­12 cells.

Alcohol­related liver disease (ALD) is a major health concern worldwide. In recent years, there has been growing interest in natural products and functional foods for preventing and treating ALD due to their potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Rosa roxburghii Tratt, known for its rich content of bioactive compounds, has demonstrated promising health benefits, including anti­inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Fermentation has been utilized as a strategy to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of natural products. In the present study, using a mixture of Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice, lotus leaf extract and grape seed proanthocyanidins fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum HH­LP56, a novel fermented Rosa roxburghii Tratt (FRRT) juice was discovered that can prevent and regulate ethanol­induced liver cell damage. Following fermentation, the pH was significantly decreased, and the content of VC and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased, along with a noticeable enhancement in hydroxyl and 2,2­diphenyl­1­picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging abilities. Alpha Mouse liver 12 cells were exposed to ethanol for 24 h to establish an in vitro liver cell injury model. The present study evaluated the effects of FRRT on cell damage, lipid accumulation and oxidative stress markers. The results revealed that FRRT pretreatment (cells were pre­treated with 2.5 and 5 mg/ml FRRT for 2 h) significantly reduced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in liver cells. Mechanistically, FRRT regulated lipid metabolism by influencing key genes and proteins, such as AMP­activated protein kinase, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 and Stearyl­CoA desaturase­1. Furthermore, FRRT enhanced antioxidant activity by increasing SOD activity, glutathione and catalase levels, while reducing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. It also reversed the expression changes of ethanol­induced oxidative stress­related genes and proteins. In conclusion, a novel functional food ingredient may have been discovered with extensive potential applications. These findings indicated that FRRT has antioxidant properties and potential therapeutic benefits in addressing ethanol­induced liver cell damage through its effects on liver lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Rosa roxburghii tratt residue as an alternative feed for improving growth, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and slaughter performance in Hu sheep.

The utilization of agro-industrial by-products, such as fruit residues, presents a promising strategy for providing alternative feed to ruminants amidst rising prices and limited availability of traditional roughage. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rosa roxburghii tratt residue, a local fruit residue in Guizhou province of China, on the growth, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and slaughter performance of Hu sheep. Ninety-six sheep were randomly divided into four groups, namely control, treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue, respectively. Feeding varying levels of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue showed no significant differences in dry matter intake, average daily gain, or the ratio of dry matter intake to average daily gain. However, sheep in the group fed with 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue showed the highest gross profit. Plasma albumin content was lower in groups fed with Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue-containing diets compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, diet treatment 3 decreased plasma creatinine levels compared to control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05). Sheep in treatment 2 and treatment 3 exhibited higher plasma high-density lipoprotein level than control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05), as well as increased total cholesterol levels compared to control (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other plasma metabolites. Rumen pH, N-NH3, volatile fatty acids, and methane levels did not differ significantly among the four groups. However, feeding diets treatment 2 and treatment 3 resulted in decreased water holding capacity and increased shear force compared to control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pH, red chromaticity (a*), yellowness index (b*), and luminance (L*) were unaffected among the four groups of sheep. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue had no adverse effects on growth performance, allowing for feed cost savings without impacting rumen fermentation parameters. Rosa roxburghii tratt residue also showed benefits in improving plasma protein efficiency and enhancing lipid metabolism, albeit with limited effects on meat quality. Considering its affordability, Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue presents a practical choice for low-cost diets, ensuring economic returns.

Lysine acetylproteome analysis reveals the lysine acetylation in developing fruit and a key acetylated protein involved in sucrose accumulation in Rosa roxburghii Tratt.

Lysine acetylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins in plants. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an economically important fruit tree known for its high nutritional value. However, the characteristics of acetylome-related proteins during fruit development in this crop remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit to identify key lysine-acetylated proteins associated with its quality traits. A total of 4280 acetylated proteins were identified, among them, 981 proteins exhibited differential acetylation (DA) while 19 proteins showed increased acetylation level consistently on individual sites. Functional classification revealed that these DA proteins were primarily associated with central metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, terpenoids and polyketides metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, highlighting the importance of lysine acetylation in fruit quality formation. Notably, the most significant up-regulated acetylation occurred in sucrose synthase (SuS1), a key enzyme in sucrose biosynthesis. Enzyme assays, RNA-seq and proteome analysis indicated that SuS activity, which was independent of its transcriptome and proteome level, may be enhanced by up-acetylation, ultimately increasing sucrose accumulation. Thus, these findings offer a better understanding of the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit, while also uncover a novel mechanism of acetylated SuS-mediated in sucrose metabolism in plant. SIGNIFICANCE: Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an important horticultural crop whose commercial value is closely linked to its fruit quality. Acetylation modification is a post-translational mechanism observed in plants, which regulates the physiological functions and metabolic fluxes involved in various biological processes. The regulatory mechanism of lysine acetylation in the fruit quality formation in perennial woody plants has not been fully elucidated, while most of the research has primarily focused on annual crops. Therefore, this study, for the first time, uses Rosaceae fruits as the research material to elucidate the regulatory role of lysine-acetylated proteins in fruit development, identify key metabolic processes influencing fruit quality formation, and provide valuable insights for cultivation strategies.

Influence of Three Modification Methods on the Structure, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Rosa roxburghii Tratt Pomace.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace is rich in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). This study aimed to investigate the influence of three modification methods on Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace insoluble dietary fiber (RIDF). The three modified RIDFs, named U-RIDF, C-RIDF, and UC-RIDF, were prepared using ultrasound, cellulase, and a combination of ultrasound and cellulase methods, respectively. The structure, physicochemical characteristics, and functional properties of the raw RIDF and modified RIDF were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that all three modification methods, especially the ultrasound-cellulase combination treatment, increased the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of RIDF, while also causing a transition in surface morphology from smooth and dense to wrinkled and loose structures. Compared with the raw RIDF, the modified RIDF, particularly UC-RIDF, displayed significantly improved water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-binding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SC), with increases of 12.0%, 84.7%, and 91.3%, respectively. Additionally, UC-RIDF demonstrated the highest nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), and bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC). In summary, the combination of ultrasound and cellulase treatment proved to be an efficient approach for modifying IDF from RRTP, with the potential for developing a functional food ingredient.

First report of Diaporthe eres causing leaf spot on Rosa roxburghii Tratt in Guizhou Province, China.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a plant from the Rosaceae family whose fruits are rich in vitamins, dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other active components (Jiang, et al. 2024). In July 2023, about R. roxburghii 500 plants were investigated in a field of 6000 m2 in Guiding County (107°14'E, 26°45'N), Guizhou province, China, and the results showed a leaf spot incidence of s 20 to 30%. . The affected leaves had irregular, black lesions with a clear blackish brown boundary and faint black conidiomata in a brown center. Fifteen symptomatic leaves were collected from 10 plants washed with sterile distilled water, and 5 × 5 mm pieces of the infected tissues were cut. After surface sterilization for30 s with 75% ethanol, 2 min with 3% NaOCl, three washes in sterilized distilled water, the leaf pieces were dried and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25℃ for 5 days. Three isolates (H3-Y-1-1, H3-Y-1-2, H3-Y-1-3) with identical morphology were obtained, and the isolate H3-Y-1-1was selected for further study. The colonies on PDA exhibited irregular growth patterns, with white felty aerial mycelium on the upper surface, and white mycelium on the lower surface. Conidiomata were irregularly distributed over the agar surface. The isolate H3-Y-1-1 produced darkly pigmented pycnidia on PDA after 30 days and oozed milky mucilaginous drops. The fungus produced two types of conidia, α and ß. Regular α conidia were 4.74 - 5.96 × 1.52 - 2.24 µm (n = 50), hyaline, elongated, biguttulate and non-septate. Beta conidia were 20.13 - 25.74 × 0.86 - 1.29 µm (n = 50), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, spindle shaped, slightly curved to bent. The morphological features were consistent with the description of Diaporthe eres (Pereira, et al. 2022). The pathogen was confirmed to be D. eres by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the partial ß-tubulin (TUB), the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt-2a/Bt-2b, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively. Sequences from PCR amplification were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers PP411998 (ITS), PP502153 (TUB), PP502156 (TEF). BLAST searches of the sequences revealed (96%) (500/523nt), 97% (479/494 nt) and 99% (334/338 nt) homology with those of D. eres CBS 138594 from GenBank (OM698848, OM752196 and OM752197), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods placed the isolate H3-Y-1-1 in a well-supported cluster with D. eres CBS 101742. The pathogen was thus identified as D. eres based on the morphological characterization and molecular analyses (Feng, et al. 2013; Tao, et al. 2020). To assess its pathogenicity, healthy R. roxburghii potted plants were inoculated with H3-Y-1-1 spore suspensions. Symptomatic leaves mirroring field symptoms were observed after XX days of incubations at XX°C, while control plants exhibited no symptoms. Diaporthe eres was consistently reisolated from the infected leaves showing brown irregular or round lesions at the initial stage of the disease, expanding and become more irregular over time ultimately causing leaf curling and plant death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on R. roxburghii caused by D. eres in China. The disease may become a serious threat to fruit of R. roxburghii production in China. Therefore, detection of this pathogen is very important to ensure timely disease management.

Chemical diversity, traditional uses, and bioactivities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt: A comprehensive review.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT), known as chestnut rose, has been a subject of growing interest because of its diverse chemical composition and wide range of traditional uses. This comprehensive review aimed to thoroughly examine RRT, including its traditional applications, chemical diversity, and various bioactivities. The chemical profile of this plant is characterized by the presence of essential nutrients such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), flavonoids, triterpenes, organic acids, tannins, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, carotenoids, triterpenoids, volatile compounds, amino acids, and essential oils. These constituents contribute to the medicinal and nutritional value. Additionally, we explore the multifaceted bioactivities of RRT, including its potential as an anticancer agent, antioxidant, antiaging agent, antiatherogenic agent, hypoglycemic agent, immunoregulatory modulator, radioprotective agent, antimutagenic agent, digestive system regulator, anti-inflammatory agent, cardioprotective agent, and antibacterial agent, and its intriguing role in modulating the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of this plant species and shed light on its ecological significance. This comprehensive review provides a holistic understanding of RRT, bridges traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific research, and highlights its potential applications in medicine, nutrition, and pharmacology.

Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Prostatic Carcinoma DU145 Cells by Polysaccharides from Yunnan Rosa roxburghii Tratt.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate methodologies for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits and their impact on various cellular processes in prostate cancer DU145 cells, including survival rate, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the polysaccharide exhibited a significant reduction in the viability, migration, and invasion rates of DU145 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner within the polysaccharide-treated groups. Additionally, it effectively arrested the cell cycle of DU145 cells at the G0/G1 phase by downregulating the expressions of CDK-4, CDK-6, and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis by upregulating the expressions of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and BAX. METHODS: Polysaccharides were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt sourced from Yunnan, China. Extraction and decolorization methods were optimized using response surface methodology, based on a single-factor experiment. Polysaccharide purification was carried out using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The optimal dosage of R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharide affecting DU145 cells was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using transwell and scratch assays. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR were utilized to examine protein and mRNA expressions in DU145 cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides, consisting of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucose, D-galactcose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and L-fucose, possess the ability to hinder DU145 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis through the modulation of relevant protein and gene expressions.

Widely targeted metabolomics-based analysis of the impact of L. plantarum and L. paracasei fermentation on rosa roxburghii Tratt juice.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits (RRT) exhibit extremely high nutritional and medicinal properties due to its unique phytochemical composition. Probiotic fermentation is a common method of processing fruits. Variations in the non-volatile metabolites and bioactivities of RRT juice caused by different lactobacilli are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to profile the non-volatile components and investigate the impact of L. plantarum fermentation (LP) and L. paracasei fermentation (LC) on RRT juice (the control, CG). There were both similarities and differences in the effects of LP and LC on RRT juice. Both of the two strains significantly increased the content of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and some bioactive compounds such as 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, hydroxytyrosol and indole-3-lactic acid in RRT juice. Interestingly, compared with L. paracasei, L. plantarum showed better ability to increase the content of total phenolic and these valuable compounds, as well as certain bioactivities. The antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RRT juice were notably enhanced after the fermentations, whereas its cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity was reduced significantly. Moreover, a total of 1466 metabolites were identified in the unfermented and fermented RRT juices. There were 278, 251 and 134 differential metabolites in LP vs CG, LC vs CG, LC vs LP, respectively, most of which were upregulated. The key differential metabolites were classified into amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids, nucleotides and their analogues, phenolic acids and alkaloids, which can serve as potential markers for authentication and discrimination between the unfermented and lactobacilli fermented RRT juice samples. The KEGG enrichment analysis uncovered that metabolic pathways, purine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and ABC transporters contributed mainly to the formation of unique composition of fermented RRT juice. These results provide good coverage of the metabolome of RRT juice in both unfermented and fermented forms and also provide a reference for future research on the processing of RRT or other fruits.

Characterization and prebiotic potential of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace by ultrasound-assisted extraction.

In this study, polysaccharides (RRTPs) were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace by hot water or ultrasound (US)-assisted extraction. The structural properties and potential prebiotic functions of RRTPs were investigated. Structural characterization was conducted through HPAEC, HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR and SEM. Chemical composition analysis revealed that RRTPs extracted by hot water (RRTP-HW) or US with shorter (RRTP-US-S) or longer duration (RRTP-US-L) all consisted of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid in various molar ratio. US extraction caused notable reduction in molecular weight of RRTPs but no significant changes in primary structures. Fecal fermentation showed RRTPs could reshape microbial composition toward a healthier balance, leading to a higher production of beneficial metabolites including total short-chain fatty acids, curcumin, noopept, spermidine, 3-feruloylquinic acid and citrulline. More beneficial shifts in bacterial population were observed in RRTP-HW group, while RRTP-US-S had stronger ability to stimulate bacterial short-chain fatty acids production. Additionally, metabolic profiles with the intervention of RRTP-HW, RRTP-US-S or RRTP-US-L were significantly different from each other. The results suggested RRTPs had potential prebiotic effects which could be modified by power US via molecular weight degradation.

Protective effect of soluble dietary fiber from Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating serum metabolism and NF-κB pathway in mice.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) refers to an idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease that starts with inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal architecture of the intestinal mucosa. In this study, the protective effect and potential mechanism of soluble dietary fiber from Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue (SDFR) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice were explored. RESULTS: The results revealed that SDFR could ameliorate body weight loss and pathological injury, improve the structure and crypt destruction in colon in DSS-induced mice. Moreover, the levels of NO, IL-1ß, TNF-α, MPO and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were decreased after administration of SDFR. Notably, nontargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that there were significant differences in 51 potential metabolites in serum between the DSS and control groups. SDFR intervention could regulate aberrant alterations of these metabolites and mitigate UC via regulating metabolic pathways, including arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: This study provides novel evidence that SDFR could be used as a potential modulator to relieve UC. Also, the results provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of byproducts in Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit processing. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Protective Mechanism of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fermentation Broth against Ultraviolet-A-Induced Photoaging of Human Embryonic Skin Fibroblasts.

This study takes the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) as a fermentation substrate and carries out a quantitative visual analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on screenings of five different lactic acid bacteria to obtain a fermentation broth. Systemic anti-photoaging effects are analyzed at the biochemical, cellular, and molecular biological levels. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities are used to verify the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth in vitro. Human embryonic skin fibroblasts (HESs) are used to establish a UVA damage model, and the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth is verified in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activity. RT-qPCR and ELISA are used to detect the expression of TGF-ß/Smad, MMPs, and the MAPK/AP-1 and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways in order to explore the anti-oxidation and anti-photoaging effects of the RRT fruit fermentation broth by regulating different signaling pathways. The results show that an RRT fruit fermentation broth can effectively protect cells from oxidative stress caused by UVA and has significant anti-photoaging effects, with the co-cultured Lactobacillus Yogurt Starter LYS-20297 having the highest overall effect.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice inhibits NF-κB and increases IL-2 to alleviates the Foxp3-mediated Tregs imbalance in the peripheral blood of arseniasis patients.

Arsenic can cause immune inflammation, which is the basis of arsenic-induced damage to multiple organs and systems. Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-labelled CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) are critical regulators of Foxp3. Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) is an edible medicinal plant with anti-inflammation effects. In this study, a control group (n = 41) and an arseniasis group (n = 209) were recruited, and screened subjects from the arseniasis patients for RRTJ (n = 46) or placebo (n = 43) to explore the possible mechanism by which RRT alleviates immune inflammation. The results indicated that RRTJ can inhibits NF-κB and increases IL-2, and alleviates the Foxp3-mediated Tregs imbalance in the peripheral blood of arseniasis patients. In summary, these findings suggest a novel intervention or therapeutic target for immune inflammation in arseniasis patients and provide new evidence that RRTJ inhibits immune inflammation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01384-0.