Parental decision regret after pediatric urologic surgeries compared to decisions of everyday life.

INTRODUCTION: Parents are at risk of decision regret (DR) for decisions affecting their children. The Decision Regret Scale (DRS) measures medical DR but lacks context outside of healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To compare parental DR 1) between common pediatric urologic surgeries and everyday decisions and 2) with preference to make a different choice. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of randomly selected parents >1year (y) after their children underwent: orchiopexy (males ≤10y), open ureteral reimplant (OUR, females 2-6y), open pyeloplasty (OP, ≤2y), or robotic pyeloplasty (RP, 5-17y) (2017-2021). Higher DRS scores indicate increased DR (none: 0, mild: 1-25, moderate: 30-50, strong: 55-75, very strong: 80-100). Parents completed DRS on four decisions: their child's surgery, most recent/current romantic relationship, most recent leased/purchased car, and most recent purchased meal. Parents reported if they would make the same choice (yes/no). Nonparametric statistics were used. RESULTS: We surveyed 191 parents (orchiopexy n = 52, OUR n = 50, OP n = 51, RP n = 38). The median parent age was 36y (mothers: 86%). Some DR was reported for all decisions, but with significant differences in DR severity. The lowest median DRS score was seen with surgery (orchiopexy 0 [IQR 0-10], OUR 0 [IQR 0-5], OP 0 [IQR 0-0], RP 0 [IQR 0-0]), with no difference between surgery groups (p = 0.78). This was followed by relationship (0, IQR 0-20), car (15, IQR 0-25), and meal (20, IQR 0-30, p < 0.001). Most parents did not report any DR regarding surgery (orchiopexy 69%, OUR 74%, OP 76%, RP 76%, with no difference between surgery groups p = 0.85, Summary Figure). Comparatively, 59% of parents did not have any regret about their relationship, 37% their car, and 28% their meal (p < 0.001). All surgical DR was mild or moderate. No parent (0%) would have chosen differently for their child's surgery versus 4-12% for non-surgical decisions (p < 0.001). Overall, increasing DR corresponded to increasing desire to have made a different choice (DRS≤10: 0%, DRS 45-50: 32%, DRS 55-60: 66%, DRS≥75: 100%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Parental DR varied between urological surgical and non-surgical decisions. It was lowest after surgery. Some regret was reported after every decision, but the subset of parents with regret was smallest after surgical decisions. Positive DRS scores do not necessarily correspond to parents wishing they made a different choice.

Prognostic Impact of the Modified 5-Item Frailty Index After Radical Nephroureterectomy in Patients With Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The modified 5-item frailty index can be used to evaluate frailty using 5 routinely encountered clinical variables. This study aimed to assess the impact of the modified 5-item frailty index in patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, we calculated the modified 5-item frailty index scores of patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma between 2010 and 2022. Patients were categorized into the high (≥2) and low (≤1) modified 5-item frailty index score groups. To assess the prognostic influence of the preoperative modified 5-item frailty index, we conducted Cox proportional regression analyses concerning progression-free, overall, and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Of 434 patients, 82, and 352 were classified into the high and low modified 5-item frailty index score groups, respectively. The high modified 5-item frailty index score group had significantly higher rates of severe surgical complications (P = .038) and ≥30 days of hospitalization (P = .049) and significantly worse progression-free (P = .012) and overall survival (P = .002) than the low modified 5-item frailty index score group. The multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that a high modified 5-item frailty index score was independently associated with poor progression-free (P = .044), overall (P = .017), and cancer-specific survival (P = .005). CONCLUSION: The modified 5-item frailty index emerged as a significant predictive indicator of severe surgical complications and postoperative survival outcomes in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

What do we see when we do not see the bladder? Review of the main urinary diversion techniques and their complications.

OBJECTIVE: To review the different types of urinary diversion surgeries (UDS) in order to recognize the expected findings in a postoperative study, using different imaging techniques. To recognize the main postoperative complications, both early and late. CONCLUSION: UDS are surgical procedures whose purpose is to redirect urine flow after cystectomy, generally in an oncologic context. The imaging evaluation of urological surgeries is often a radiological challenge, with CT being the most commonly used image modality. Therefore, it is essential to know the main surgical techniques, the expected postoperative findings and the optimization of imaging techniques for early diagnosis and correct evaluation of postoperative complications.

Subcoronal Incision for Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Does Not Risk Glans Necrosis.

PURPOSE: Glans vascular compromise had previously been considered a rare but devastating complication of the subcoronal incision for inflatable penile prosthesis surgery. Here, we describe the largest series of subcoronal implants to date to assess contemporary complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of subcoronal prosthesis placements by a single surgeon from Seoul, South Korea, was performed. Patients were randomly assigned either Coloplast Titan or AMS 700 device per institutional practice. RESULTS: A total of 898 patients who underwent subcoronal implants from May 2015 to March 2022 were analyzed. Median follow-up was 41 months (IQR 40). Preoperative patient comorbidities included diabetes (36.6%) and Peyronie's disease (4%). The most common complication was transient distal penile edema (74.7%). Transient incisional paresthesia (20.6%) was more common in patients with diabetes (31.9% vs 13.9%, P < .01). Five cases (0.5%) of distal penile skin necrosis were reported in patients who had previously been circumcised. Of these, 3 were managed successfully with wet-to-dry dressing, 1 required skin grafting, and 1 required device explant. Device infection without incisional compromise occurred in 2 cases (0.2%). There were no instances of glans necrosis or ischemia observed in this cohort. Of the first-time implants (817, 90.9%), most (62.3%) were successfully completed under local anesthetic alone, with the remainder of surgeries completed with the addition of adjunctive conscious sedation. CONCLUSIONS: Subcoronal incision for first-time or revision penile implant surgery is not a risk factor for glans ischemia or necrosis and can be safely completed under local anesthetic with or without conscious sedation.

Bilateral medial sacrospinous ligament suture for apical suspension through natural spaces: A single-center study with low perioperative complications.

Sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSLF) is one of the most used native tissue approaches for apical suspension with a high rate of perioperative complications. This study aimed to review cases undergoing a modified SSLF and assess its perioperative adverse events. It was a retrospective study of 168 consecutive patients undergoing modified transvaginal SSLF at a single tertiary center from 2017 to 2021. The sutures were placed on the sacrospinous ligament (SSL) approaching the sacrum through natural spaces under direct vision. Moreover, it was performed bilaterally. Patient demographics and perioperative complications were reviewed. The median age was 65 years, and 85.7% (144/168) had stage III-IV prolapse. Among the 168 patients undergoing this modified SSLF, 161 were for uterovaginal prolapse, and seven were for posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. 83.9% (135/161) patients were concomitant with hysterectomy, and 70.2% (118/168) were with anteroposterior colporrhaphy. The median operation time was 82 min (interquartile range [IQR], 61-100 min), and the median intraoperative blood loss was 50 ml (IQR, 30-50 ml). Two cases had pelvic hematoma, and both were cured after expectant treatment. No patient required a homologous blood transfusion, and none complained about buttock or lower limb pain 2 weeks postoperatively. Nor did injury of the ureters, bladder, or rectum occur intraoperatively. This modified transvaginal SSLF procedure was safe and had no severe perioperative complications.

Circumcision Knowledge and Opinions of Primary Healthcare Workers: The Case of Turkey.

This study evaluates the knowledge levels and opinions of Islamic primary healthcare workers regarding the medical indications of circumcision, its mode of application, contraindications, and possible complications together with the current literature. Our study was conducted with the participation of 400 healthcare personnel having Islamic faith and working in primary healthcare centers in Kahramanmaras. Data were collected through in-person interviews with healthcare workers who completed our questionnaire consisting of 52 questions and designed based on a literature review. SPSS 21 was used to evaluate the collected data statistically. Findings were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. We evaluated these participants in terms of their levels of knowledge on circumcision. None of the participants had a very high knowledge level. In correlation analysis, it was detected that age (r = 0.194, p < 0.001) and duration of employment in the profession (experience) (r = 0.164, p = 0.001) were positively correlated with knowledge level. Those who found circumcision necessary mostly justified its necessity due to medical benefits (n = 321, 80.3%) and/or religious obligations (n = 242, 60.5%). Our study demonstrates the importance of providing information about circumcision, including the information from the current literature, to primary healthcare workers together with theoretical training and practice both during their formal training and after graduation in Turkey.

The Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap to Manage Vaginal Evisceration.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a significant issue requiring surgical correction in 19% of the female population by age 85 years. Complications of POP, especially in women who have undergone hysterectomy, include vaginal evisceration-a serious complication that carries high morbidity and mortality rates. Rarely, vaginal evisceration occurs after colpocleisis. CASE: A 69-year-old female with recurrent vaginal evisceration following colpocleisis underwent surgical repair using a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap. CONCLUSION: Recurrent cases of POP and vaginal evisceration that are refractory to conventional treatment require consideration of novel management options. To our knowledge, this is the first case using a VRAM flap for the management of vaginal evisceration.

Penile Rehabilitation Strategy after Nerve Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

PURPOSE: Despite the advances in nerve sparing and minimally invasive radical prostatectomy, erectile dysfunction remains an important adverse event after radical prostatectomy. Penile rehabilitation strategies have been developed to expedite and improve erectile function recovery. However, the differential efficacy and the best penile rehabilitation strategy are unclear as yet. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to investigate and compare the efficacy of different penile rehabilitation strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed in May 2020 using PubMed® and Web of Science™ databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension statement for network meta-analysis. Studies that compared the erectile function recovery rate and adverse events between penile rehabilitation treatment groups (eg medications, devices and actions) and control group were included. We used the Bayesian approach in the network meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies (2,711 patients) met our eligibility criteria. Out of 16 different penile rehabilitation strategies and schedules vs placebo, only pelvic floor muscle training (OR 5.21, 95% CrI 1.24-29.8) and 100 mg sildenafil regular doses, ie once daily or nightly (OR 4.00, 95% CrI 1.40-13.4) were associated with a significantly higher likelihood of erectile function recovery. The certainty of results for 100 mg sildenafil regular dose was moderate, while pelvic floor muscle training had low certainty. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that the regular high dose of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors regardless of type vs placebo (OR 2.09, 95% CrI 1.06-4.17) was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of erectile function recovery with a moderate certainty. The on-demand doses of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors were not proven to be more beneficial than placebo. Secondary outcomes such as adverse events were not analyzed due to incomplete data in the literature. However, no serious adverse events were reported in any of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil 100 mg regular dose is the best penile rehabilitation strategy to improve erectile function recovery rates after radical prostatectomy. Although pelvic floor muscle training has been shown to be effective in increasing the erectile function recovery rate, well designed randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the presented early results. The on-demand dose of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors should not be considered as a penile rehabilitation strategy.

Beyond changing diapers: stress and decision-making among parents of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia seeking consultation about feminizing genital restoration surgery.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: The impact of having a child with atypical genitalia due to a life-threating chronic medical condition like congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine parental stress and impact of CAH on parental decisions, including decisions regarding female genital restoration surgery (FGRS). STUDY DESIGN: The authors surveyed consecutive parents of girls with CAH ≤3 years presenting at a tertiary referral center for FGRS consultation (2016-2019). The survey was developed by three families of daughters with CAH and six clinicians. Nine potentially stressful past experiences were rated on a 6-point Likert scale ('not at all' to 'extremely' stressful). Overall parental stress and strain (broader negative consequences) were reported using validated instruments (Perceived Stress Scale and Caregiver Strain Questionnaire Short Form, respectively). Impact of CAH on past decisions about childcare, social interactions, and who changes diapers were also assessed. Non-parametric tests were used for analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine parents (median age: 32years) of 22 consecutive children participated (Prader 3/4/5: 59.1%/36.4%/4.5%). After the study, 20 girls (90.9%) underwent FGRS at a median age of 8 months. The most stressful experiences were having an adrenal crisis ('very much' stressful), waiting for the CAH diagnosis, and making sense of the diagnosis (both 'quite a bit') (Figure 1). Remaining issues were 'somewhat' stressful. Deciding whether to proceed with FGRS was ranked as the least stressful issue. Overall parental stress was similar to overall stress previously reported by spousal caregivers of stroke or heart failure survivors (P ≥ 0.15). Overall parental strain was similar to parents of adolescents receiving mental health counseling (P = 0.77). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia impacted decisions about babysitting, daycare, who changed diapers, and choosing a pediatrician (P ≤ 0.02), but did not impact parental social interactions (P ≥ 0.11). Diapers were typically changed by parents (100.0%) and grandmothers (50.0%). Parents anticipated that some individuals currently not allowed to change diapers would be allowed after FGRS: grandfathers (+18.2%), aunts/uncles (+27.3-32.8%), cousins (+18.2%), and family friends (+45.5%). DISCUSSION: The authors present the first assessment of parental stress with respect to different aspects of care of a daughter with CAH. Larger studies are required to determine if the parental stress associated with these experiences varies over time and how these stressors rank relative to each other through the child's development. CONCLUSION: Parents experience multiple stressors after having a daughter with CAH. Parental stress surrounding a decision about FGRS appears less severe than events pertaining to the diagnosis and medical management of CAH. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia impacts multiple parental decisions.

What about my daughter's future? Parental concerns when considering female genital restoration surgery in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: The parental decision-making process regarding female genital restoration surgery (FGRS) for girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is controversial and poorly understood. The aim of the study aim was to evaluate parental concerns related to their child's future and parental plans about disclosure prior to FGRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors performed an online survey of consecutive parents presenting at a tertiary referral center for consultation regarding FGRS for their daughter with CAH before 3 years of age (2016-2018). Twenty issues initially identified by three families and six clinicians were rated on a 6-point Likert scale of importance ('not at all' to 'extremely'). RESULTS: Sixteen consecutive families participated (Prader 3/4/5: 43.8%/43.8%/12.5%). Fourteen girls (87.5%) subsequently underwent FGRS at a median age of 8 months. Most issues (19/20, 95.0%) were ranked 'quite a bit' to 'extremely' important (Table). Top issues were not surgical: Normal physical/mental development, adrenal crisis and side-effects of medications. Surgery-related and self-image concerns followed in importance. Least prioritized issues were multiple genital exams ('quite a bit' important) and the child not being involved in the decision to proceed with FGRS ('somewhat' important). On average, no issues were considered 'not at all' or 'a little' important. Disclosure of FGRS to their daughter was the 15th prioritized issues. Almost all families (93.8%, 1 unsure) planned to disclose the surgery to their daughter, although many were unsure when and how to do it (33.3% and 37.5%, respectively). COMMENT: Initial efforts to understand the complex process of parental decision-making regarding FGRS in the context of CAH, a complex, multifactorial disease, are presented. Parents of infant girls with CAH simultaneously weigh multiple life-threatening concerns with a decision about FGRS. While issues of genital ambiguity and surgery are important, they are not overriding concerns for parents of girls with CAH. Parents report significant uncertainty about appropriate timing and approach to disclosing FGRS to their daughters. Unfortunately, best practice guidelines for this process are lacking. The findings are not based on actual history of disclosure but on parents' anticipated behavior. Further data are need from parents, children, and women with CAH about successful disclosure. Being a single-center series, these data may not correspond to the wider CAH community. CONCLUSIONS: Parental decision-making regarding FGRS is multifactorial. Even when considering FGRS, parents' largest concerns remain focused on the life-threatening and developmental effects of CAH and side-effects of its medical treatment. The disclosure process deserves further attention.

Autologous rectus fascia sling placement in the management of female stress urinary incontinence.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Autologous pubovaginal sling placement remains a treatment option in index patients, given high, long-term success rates. This video reviews the technical considerations for performing an autologous rectus fascia sling. METHODS: The patient is a 47-year-old woman with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) refractory to conservative management. First, a 10-cm rectus fascial segment is harvested and prepped with placement of nonabsorbable stay sutures for later sling passage. Then, an inverted U-shaped incision is made in the anterior vaginal wall based on the bladder neck, and perforation of the endopelvic fascia is performed. Following passage of the sling in the retropubic space, it is secured to periurethral tissue. Cystoscopy is then used to evaluate for bladder perforation and to confirm sling tensioning. RESULTS: The patient was discharged on the same day of surgery with a suprapubic tube in place, which was removed on postoperative day 7 after passing a capping trial. At 6 weeks' follow-up, the patient had complete resolution of SUI, with no de novo urgency symptoms, and could empty her bladder to completion. CONCLUSION: Autologous pubovaginal sling placement remains an effective treatment option for the management of female SUI. This video highlights important technical considerations for this procedure.

Parental decisional regret and views about optimal timing of female genital restoration surgery in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: The role of female genital restoration surgery (FGRS) in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is controversial, with no long-term parent-reported outcomes available. Decisional regret (DR) affects most parents after their children's treatment of pediatric conditions, including hypospadias. We aimed to assess parental DR after FGRS in infancy or toddlerhood and explore optimal timing for surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred and six parents of females with CAH undergoing FGRS before 3 years old and followed at our institution (1999-2017) were invited to enroll online. Higher Decision Regret Scale (DRS) scores indicated greater DR (range 0-100). Participants also reported preferred FGRS timing relative to their surgery (earlier, same, later/delayed). Non-parametric statistical tests were used. RESULTS: Thirty-nine parents (median 4.4 years after FGRS) participated (36.8% response rate). Median age at FGRS was 9 months. Median DRS score was 0 (mean: 5.0). Overall, 20.5% of parents reported some regret (all mild-moderate) (Figure). Fewer parents reported DR after FGRS compared with published DR after hypospadias repair (50-92%, p ≤ 0.001) or adenotonsillectomy (41-45%, p ≤ 0.03). No parent preferred delayed FGRS. Seven parents (18.1%) preferred earlier surgery, especially when performed after birthday (80.0% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.004). DISCUSSION: We present the first report of validated long-term parent-reported outcomes after FGRS in infant and toddler girls with CAH. One limitation is that this is largely a single surgeon series. Reasons for the observed low levels of DR are likely multifactorial. Far from a definitive study, we aimed to provide parents willing to share about their experience an opportunity to do so. For that reason, selection bias may exist in our study. While parents with higher DR were potentially less likely to participate because of mistrust of the medical establishment, those with a negative experience may in fact be more likely to voice their opinions. A low participation rate was likely a result of the sensitive nature of FGRS, a desire for privacy, and inability to locate parents. A larger study will be required to assess how DR is affected by sexual function, genital appearance and complications, and DR among women with CAH. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of females with CAH report low levels of DR after FGRS in infancy and toddlerhood. This appears to be lower than after other genital and non-genital pediatric procedures. When present, parental DR is usually mild. No parents preferred delayed surgery, even among those with DR. Some preferred earlier surgery.

Long-term follow-up of anterior vaginal repair: A comparison among colporrhaphy, colporrhaphy with reinforcement by xenograft, and mesh.

AIMS: To assess the long-term complications and outcomes in patients treated for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) with transvaginal anterior colporrhaphy (AC) alone, transvaginal naterior AC with reinforcement by using porcine Xenograft (AC-P) (Pelvisoft® Biomesh), and transvaginal anterior repair with polypropylene mesh (AC-M). METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 109/123 consecutive patients, who underwent cystocele repair: 42 AC, 19 AC-P, and 48 AC-M. Subjective outcomes included validated questionnaires as well as questions that had not been previously validated. Objective outcomes have been evaluated considering failure the anterior vaginal wall recurrence >2 stage POP-Quantification. Statistical analysis included the chi-square or Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 94.80 ± 51.72 months (19-192 months). In all groups, the patient's personal satisfaction was high. There was no evidence of difference in outcome based on whether a biological graft was or was not performed, or whether synthetic mesh was used to reinforce the repair. Data showed a higher rate of complications in the AC-M group (P < 0.05) that could explain the lower subjective satisfaction of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated long-term outcomes to anterior vaginal repair over a period of more than 5 years in all the groups. Our data show that anterior vaginal repair with mesh and xenograft did not improve significantly objective and subjective outcomes. Rather, prosthetic device use leads to higher rate of complications.

Outcome Analysis of Redo Orchiopexy: Scrotal vs Inguinal.

PURPOSE: Redo orchiopexy after previous surgery is technically challenging and requires skills and care to ensure preservation of cord structures. We report our experience with redo orchiopexy in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who had undergone redo orchiopexy between January 2004 and May 2015. Variables evaluated included primary procedure, type of redo procedure, operative time, shift of surgical route, operative and postoperative complications, and testicular location at last followup. RESULTS: A total of 3,384 orchiopexies were performed during the study period, with 61 children (1.8%) requiring redo orchiopexy. Mean ± SD patient age at redo orchiopexy was 6.4 ± 3.6 years (range 1.5 to 17.1) and average followup was 24.9 months (2.1 to 99.6). The primary surgical procedure preceding redo surgery was inguinal orchiopexy in 45.9% of the patients, scrotal orchiopexy in 13.1% and laparoscopy in 13.1%, and 27.9% of patients were status post inguinal surgery (hernia/hydrocele repair). Redo surgery was performed by inguinal approach in 33 patients, while 28 children underwent a scrotal approach. There was no statistical difference in intraoperative and postoperative complication rates for the 2 approaches (p = 0.52 and p = 0.26, respectively). However, there was a statistically significant difference in overall operative time between approaches (p = 0.003) with scrotal orchiopexy being significantly shorter (53.1 minutes) compared to inguinal orchiopexy (84.6). CONCLUSIONS: Scrotal and inguinal orchiopexy appear to be viable in managing secondarily ascending testes, with the scrotal approach offering some advantage in terms of length of procedure.

Impact of hemiscrotectomy on outcome of patients with embryonal paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: results from the Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group Studies CWS-86, 91, 96 and 2002P.

PURPOSE: Children with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma have a favorable prognosis. Surgical treatment problems include inadequate primary transscrotal approaches, incomplete tumor resections and the need for secondary hemiscrotectomy. We evaluated the need for hemiscrotectomy regarding local relapse and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 173 patients with a diagnosis of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma were enrolled in the Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Studies between 1986 and 2008. Of the patients 17 were excluded due to an incomplete data set and alveolar histology. Thus, a total of 156 patients with embryonal subtype were analyzed. All patients were treated according to study protocols, which included multiagent chemotherapy, tumor resection and/or radiotherapy. RESULTS: Mean ± SD 5-year overall survival rate was 91.5% ± 2.4% for patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. A total of 28 patients underwent transscrotal approaches initially. Of these patients 12 were treated with hemiscrotectomy (mean ± SD 5-year event-free survival 91.7% ± 8%) and 16 without hemiscrotectomy (93.8% ± 6.1%). Additionally 13 of 156 patients underwent an inguinal approach with hemiscrotectomy due to suspicious tumor infiltration of the scrotal skin (mean ± SD 5-year event-free survival 84.6% ± 10%). Relapse was observed in 3 of 12 patients after transscrotal approach with hemiscrotectomy (locoregional lymph node in 1 and metastasis in 2). One metastatic relapse was observed in the group undergoing a transscrotal approach without hemiscrotectomy. One of 13 patients treated with an inguinal approach and hemiscrotectomy had locoregional relapse and died of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Hemiscrotectomy seems not to be mandatory in patients after transscrotal approaches regarding outcome and local relapse. Nevertheless, hemiscrotectomy probably should be performed if the scrotal skin is infiltrated.

Sexual function in adult life following Passerini-Glazel feminizing genitoplasty in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: We assessed external genitalia sensitivity and sexual function in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who had undergone Passerini-Glazel feminizing genitoplasty as children, and compared them to a control group of healthy counterparts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Passerini-Glazel feminizing genitoplasty, adult age and penetrative vaginal intercourse. Thermal and vibratory sensitivity of the clitoris, vagina and labia minora were analyzed using the Genito Sensory Analyzer (Medoc Ltd., Minnetonka, Minnesota). Psychosexual outcome was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Female Sexual Distress Scale and Female Sexual Function Index. Matched analyses were performed to compare outcomes in patients to controls (healthy medical students). All statistical tests were performed using SPSS®, version 18.0 RESULTS: A total of 12 patients (10%) entered the study. Thermal and vibratory clitoral sensitivity was significantly decreased in all patients compared to healthy controls (p <0.01). There was no difference in thermal or vibratory vaginal sensitivity between patients and controls. On the Female Sexual Distress Scale 11 patients (91.6%) and 11 controls (91.6%) described a stable satisfactory relationship. All patients reported active sexual desire, good arousal, adequate lubrication and orgasm. No significant difference in Female Sexual Function Index global score or single domain scores was observed between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Although clitoral sensitivity in sexually active patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia treated with Passerini-Glazel feminizing genitoplasty is significantly reduced compared to controls, sexual function in those patients is not statistically or clinically significantly different from their healthy counterparts. Finally, 1-stage Passerini-Glazel feminizing genitoplasty seems to allow normal adult sexual function.

Total urogenital mobilization by posterior sagittal approach and ileal neovaginoplasty in cloacal repair by a common channel of 4 cm.

OBJECTIVE: The total urogenital mobilization (TUM) technique avoids dissection of the vagina from the urinary tract. However, in the case of a long common channel, bowel interposition for vaginal replacement may be necessary. We present a video of the TUM technique in cloacal repair with ileal neovaginoplasty. METHODS: An 8-month-old female patient with cloaca, presenting a 4-cm common channel, was operated on by the TUM technique, through a perineal sagittal with additional abdominal approach. She had undergone decompressing colostomy at birth. Total urogenital sinus mobilization was performed with ileal neovaginoplasty. RESULTS: The patient had a good postoperative outcome, an endoscopy of all structures reconstructed was performed at PO day 30, and home dilatation of colon and vagina by parents was initiated. CONCLUSION: TUM with neovaginoplasty bowel interposition is an effective technique for repairing long common channels.

"Sling" retropúbico e transobturatório no tratamento da incontinênca urinária de esforço: [revisão] / Retropubic and transobturator sling in treatment of stress urinary incontinence: [review]

OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados das técnicas de "sling" retropúbico e transobturador para o tratamento de mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). MÉTODOS: Foram randomizadas 30 pacientes, sendo que 20 se submeteram ao sling retropúbico e 10 ao transobturador. As pacientes foram avaliadas antes e após o tratamento com um, seis e 12 meses, por meio de história clínica, exame físico, questionário de qualidade de vida ("King's Health Questionnaire"), teste do absorvente e avaliação urodinâmica. Os grupos foram homogêneos no pré-operatório. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora significante na avaliação da qualidade de vida em ambos os grupos após a terapêutica, sem diferença entre os grupos. Houve diminuição no peso do absorvente para os dois grupos. As taxas de cura pela avaliação urodinâmica em 12 meses foram de 84,2 por cento para o grupo transobturador e 88,8 por cento para o retropúbico. Da mesma forma, a cura subjetiva foi de 85 por cento e 88,8 por cento, respectivamente. Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos consoante as complicações. CONCLUSÃO: As cirurgias deste sling, pelas vias retropúbica e transobturadora, foram eficazes para o tratamento de mulheres com IUE, no seguimento de 12 meses. Observamos elevada taxa de cura e melhora da qualidade de vida com baixos índices de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare results of retropubic and transobturator sling for surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: Thirty randomized patients with SUI were divided in two groups, twenty who underwent the transobturator sling and ten the retropubic sling procedure. .Patients were assessed before and after one, six and twelve months of treatment by clinical history, physical examination, quality of life questionnaire (King's Health Questionnaire), pad test and urodynamic parameters. At preoperative both groups were homogenous. RESULTS: One year after surgery, incontinence and quality of life questionnaire parameters had improved significantly in both groups and there was no difference between them. There was significant reduction in the pad test in both groups. Concerning urodynamic evaluation, one year after surgery cure rates were 84.2 percent for the transobturator group and 88.8 percent for the retropubic,. Subjective cure rate was 85 percent in the transobturator group and 88.8 percent in the retropubic. No statistical difference was found in complications rates. CONCLUSION: Retropubic and transobturator slings were effective in treatment of female SUI at one-year follow-up. Both techniques had significant cure rates and improved the quality of life with few complications.

Acesso à esterilização cirúrgica pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, Ribeirão Preto, SP / Acceso a la esterilización quirúrgica por el Sistema Único de Salud, Ribeirão Preto, Sureste de Brasil / Access to surgical sterilization through the National Health System, Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil de indivíduos que não obtiveram o procedimento de contracepção cirúrgica e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em Ribeirão Preto (SP), em 2004, com 230 indivíduos que não obtiveram cirurgia de esterilização no período de 1999 a 2004 pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário com informações sociodemográficas, uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e aspectos da esterilização e desejo de esterilizar-se no futuro. Foram comparadas as variáveis sexo, idade, religião, renda per capita, estado marital e escolaridade do total dos que não obtiveram o procedimento com 297 indivíduos esterilizados. RESULTADOS: Dos 230 entrevistados 21,3% eram homens e 78,7% mulheres. A maioria era casada, branca, católica e tinha pelo menos quatro anos de estudo. A renda per capita mediana mensal foi R$ 140,00. Dos entrevistados, 23 (10%) tinham expectativa de fazer a cirurgia. Os restantes 207 foram classificados em dois grupos: 71% decidiram adiar cirurgia e 29% encontraram obstáculos no acesso à esterilização. O segundo grupo foi associado a ser mulher, jovem e negra. Após regressão logística, ser negro foi o único fator que se manteve associado à não-obtenção da esterilização. Ao comparar com o grupo dos que obtiveram o procedimento, pertencer ao sexo feminino, ser de maior idade, ter como religião a evangélica e ser solteiro estiveram associados à não obtenção da esterilização, enquanto maior renda e maior escolaridade favoreceram o acesso. CONCLUSÕES: Poucos indivíduos estudados não tiveram acesso à esterilização, sobretudo por terem adiado esse procedimento e uma menor parcela teve obstáculos institucionais. Os negros encontraram mais barreiras que os brancos.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the profile of individuals who were unable to obtain the surgical contraception procedure, and associated factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ribeirão Preto (Southeastern Brazil) in 2004, on 230 individuals who were unable to obtain sterilization surgery through the National Health System between 1999 and 2004. A questionnaire on sociodemographic information, use of contraceptive methods, aspects of sterilization and desire to undergo sterilization in the future was applied. The variables of sex, age, religion, per capita income, marital status and schooling level were compared between the total number of individuals who were unable to obtain this procedure and 297 individuals who were sterilized. RESULTS: Among the 230 interviewees, 21.3% were men and 78.7% were women. Most of them were married, white and Catholic and had had at least four years of schooling. The median monthly per capita income was R$ 140.00. Twenty-three of them (10%) had hopes of undergoing the operation. The remaining 207 were classified in two groups: 71% had decided to postpone the operation and 29% had faced obstacles in relation to gaining access to sterilization. The latter group was associated with being female, young and black. After logistic regression, being black was the only factor that remained associated with inability to obtain sterilization. Comparison with individuals who were able to obtain the procedure showed that being female, older, evangelical and single were associated with inability to obtain sterilization, while higher income and schooling levels favored access. CONCLUSIONS: Few of the individuals studied had not had access to sterilization. Most had postponed the procedure and a smaller proportion had encountered institutional obstacles. Blacks encountered more barriers than whites did.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el perfil de individuos que no obtuvieron el procedimiento de contracepción quirúrgica y factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en Ribeirão Preto (Sureste de Brasil), en 2004, con 230 individuos que no obtuvieron cirugía de esterilización en el período de 1999 a 2004 por el Sistema Único de Salud. Fue aplicado un cuestionario con informaciones sociodemográficas, uso de métodos anticonceptivos y aspectos de la esterilización y deseo de esterilizarse en el futuro. Fueron comparadas las variables sexo, edad, religión, renta per capita, estado marital y escolaridad del total de los que no obtuvieron el procedimiento con 297 individuos esterilizados. RESULTADOS: De los 230 entrevistados 21,3% eran hombres y 78,7% mujeres. La mayoría era casada, blanca, católica y tenía por lo menos cuatros años de estudio. La renta per capita mediana mensual fue R$ 140,00. De los entrevistados, 23 (10%) tenían expectativa de hacer la cirugía. Los restantes 207 fueron clasificados en dos grupos: 71% decidieron posponer la cirugía y 29% encontraron obstáculos en el acceso a la esterilización. El segundo grupo fue asociado a ser mujer, joven y negra. Posterior a la regresión logística, ser negro fue el único factor que se mantuvo asociado a la no obtención de la esterilización. Al comparar con el grupo de los que obtuvieron el procedimiento, pertenecer al sexo femenino, ser mayor de edad, tener como religión la evangélica y ser soltero estuvo asociado a la no obtención de la esterilización, mientras que mayor renta y mayor escolaridad favorecieron el acceso. CONCLUSIONES: Pocos individuos estudiados no tuvieron acceso a la esterilización, sobretodo por haber pospuesto ese procedimiento y una menor parcela tuvo obstáculos institucionales. Los negros encontraron más barreras que los blancos.