Adaptive capability of slow-growing backyard poultry as indicated by physiological and molecular responses in a hot and humid coastal climate.

Assessing the adaptability of slow-growing rural chickens for improving thermotolerance to suit the global climate change is a major research need. This work was aimed to evaluate the adaptability of CARI-Debendra chickens and to identify the polymorphism as well as expression profiling of thermotolerant genes (HSP70 and GRP78) under prevailing temperature-humidity indices and thermal stress in a coastal environment. One hundred sixty straight run chicks were reared at THI≥75 (control) and THI>80 under coastal climate till 12 weeks. Polymorphism of HSP70 and GRP78 candidate genes were explored using restriction enzymes TaqI and HaeIII to identify possible thermotolerance markers. Expression profiling of both the genes in liver, intestine and pectoralis muscle was determined through quantitative real-time PCR. Rectal and body surface temperature recorded in the neck and back showed significant differences (P < 0.01) with higher temperature in THI>80 group. Comparatively lower live weights (P < 0.05) and poor FCR were recorded in THI>80 group. The villi height in all intestinal segments was significantly lower (P < 0.01), but deeper crypt depth was observed in THI>80 than control group. A lowest thymus weight (P < 0.05) was noted with no significant differences in immune response in treatment group. Serum levels of cholesterol, activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase and concentration of potassium, sodium and thyroxine hormone were not different between the 2 groups. The concentration of triiodothyronine and chloride ion was lower in THI>80 group indicating adaptive changes for thermoregulation. HSP70 gene expressions in the three tissues were differentially increased (P < 0.01) by temperature-humidity indices, but the expression of GRP78 was not different between the 2 groups. The results concluded that the environmental factors interact with genetics on adaptability towards thermotolerance in slow-growing chickens.

Radiographic, computed tomographic, and histologic characteristics of bone for clinically normal laying hens in a free-range housing system.

Laying hens are increasingly being kept in backyard flocks and considered family pets; however, diagnostic imaging characteristics of bone for clinically normal backyard hens are currently limited. This prospective, descriptive study was to describe radiographic, computed tomographic, and histologic characteristics of bone for a group of clinically normal laying hens housed in conditions comparable to those of backyard flocks. Sixteen 60-week-old Lohmann Brown laying hens were included. Hens were housed in a free-range unit with outdoor access at a university research and teaching farm. Hens were defined as clinically normal by the farm manager and a veterinary researcher in laying hen behavior and welfare. Findings from the horizontal beam, left lateral, sternal radiographs (n = 16), postmortem, and whole-body CT scans (n = 4) were recorded by a veterinary radiologist and a research technician. Histologic findings for sternal, femoral, and tibiotarsal bone samples (n = 5) were recorded by a veterinary pathologist. The most frequent radiographic findings for the sternal carina (keel bone) were smoothly marginated concave deviations of the ventral margin and caudal section fractures. Multiple punctate mineral opacities (PMOs) were present in radiographs and CT images for all hens and were involved in the sternal carina and multiple other bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton. No bone abnormalities were identified in any histologic sections where PMOs were radiographically detected. Authors propose that PMOs are normal radiographic and CT findings in the bones of mature, laying hens and may represent temporary calcium reservoirs formed during osteoclastic activities.

Prevalence data on chicken diseases in low-resource settings.

The presence of transmissible disease in livestock has a major impact on welfare and economics in animal and public health. A lack of data enables the spread of diseases due to misinformed decision-making on prevention and control. Low-resource settings face challenges in providing data, turning data availability into a development issue. For this study, a large dataset (n = 997) was collected on prevalence and seroprevalence estimates on viral (n = 224), bacterial (n = 83) and parasitic (n = 690) diseases in backyard chickens in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These estimates originate from 306 studies identified during the screening phase of a systematic literature review. An attempt was made to classify the studies according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'classification system for family poultry production systems. Of the studies, 98.7% (302/306) focused on a single poultry production system, while 1.3% (4/306) targeted two different production systems. Within the group of studies that covered one production system, 85.4% (258/302) were classified as â€Ëœsmall extensive scavenging or extensive scavenging,'â€Ëœsmall extensive scavenging'and/or â€Ëœextensive scavenging'. In addition, 52% (159/306) of the studies did not report information on chicken breed type. No data were found on any relevant disease for 56.9% (78/137) of LMICs, signifying a potential data gap. Of the estimates on viral and bacterial diseases, 71.0% (218/307) corresponded to diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health, highlighting a tendency to measure disease occurrence for diseases relevant to trade. The latter might not necessarily be priority diseases for the producers, however. Furthermore, 72.3% (222/307) of the estimates originate from random samples and could be used to estimate prevalence in backyard chickens using imputation methods, thus bridging the data gap.

Les maladies transmissibles affectant les animaux d'élevage ont un impact majeur sur la santé animale et la santé publique, avec des effets sur le bien-être et sur l'économie. L'absence de données favorise la propagation des maladies puisque les mesures de prévention et de contrôle reposent sur des décisions mal informées. Les contextes faiblement dotés en ressources se heurtent à la difficulté de produire des données, ce qui fait de la disponibilité des données un enjeu de développement. Pour les besoins de la présente étude, un vaste jeu de données (n = 997) a été constitué, regroupant les taux de prévalence et de séroprévalence estimés d'un certain nombre de maladies virales (n = 224), bactériennes (n = 83) et parasitaires (n = 690) affectant les poulets de basse-cour dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Ces estimations sont extraites des 306 études retenues lors de la phase de sélection initiale d'un examen systématique de la littérature. Une tentative de classement de ces études a été réalisée en se basant sur la classification des systèmes d'aviculture familiale élaborée par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. Au total, 98,7 % (302/306) des études portaient sur un système unique de production de volailles, les 1,3 % restantes (4/306) portant sur deux systèmes de production différents. Dans le groupe des études couvrant un seul système de production, 85,4 % des élevages étudiés (258/302) relevaient des catégories " petits systèmes extensifs en liberté ou systèmes extensifs en liberté ", " petits systèmes extensifs en liberté " et/ou " systèmes extensifs en liberté ". En outre, dans 52 % des études (159/306), la race des poulets n'était pas précisée. Aucune donnée n'a pu être trouvée concernant les maladies importantes des volailles dans 56,9 % (78/137) des pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, ce qui indique un déficit potentiel de données. S'agissant des maladies virales et bactériennes, 71,0 % des estimations (218/307) correspondaient à des maladies à déclaration obligatoire à l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale, ce qui souligne la tendance à signaler la survenue des maladies ayant une incidence sur les échanges internationaux. Toutefois, ce ne sont pas nécessairement ces maladies qui sont prioritaires pour les éleveurs. D'autre part, 72,3 % (222/307) des estimations provenaient d'échantillons aléatoires et pourraient donc servir à estimer la prévalence chez les poulets de basse-cour en appliquant des méthodes d'imputation, ce qui permettrait de combler les écarts.

La presencia de enfermedades transmisibles en los animales de granja tiene importantes repercusiones en el bienestar y la economía tanto en el ámbito de la sanidad animal como en el de la salud pública. La falta de datos favorece la propagación de enfermedades debido a la toma de decisiones en materia de prevención y control basada en información mal fundada. En los entornos de bajos recursos existen dificultades para el suministro de información, lo que convierte la disponibilidad de datos en un problema de desarrollo. Para este estudio, se recopiló un amplio conjunto de datos (n = 997) sobre estimaciones de prevalencia y seroprevalencia de enfermedades víricas (n = 224), bacterianas (n = 83) y parasitarias (n = 690) en pollos de traspatio en países de ingresos medios y bajos (PIMB). Estas estimaciones provienen de 306 estudios encontrados durante la fase de selección de una revisión bibliográfica sistemática. Se intentó clasificar los estudios según la clasificación de sistemas de producción avícola familiar de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. El 98,7 % de los estudios (302/306) se centraron en un único sistema de producción avícola, mientras que el 1,3 % (4/306) se centraron en dos sistemas de producción diferentes. Dentro del grupo de estudios que abarcaban un solo sistema de producción, el 85,4 % (258/302) se clasificaron como sistema "extensivo de escarbado pequeño o extensivo de escarbado", "extensivo de escarbado pequeño" o "extensivo de escarbado". Además, en el 52 % (159/306) de los estudios no se proporcionó información sobre el tipo de raza de los pollos. No se encontraron datos sobre ninguna enfermedad pertinente para el 56,9 % (78/137) de los PIMB, lo que indica una posible carencia de datos. De las estimaciones sobre enfermedades víricas y bacterianas, el 71,0 % (218/307) correspondían a enfermedades de declaración obligatoria a la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal, lo que evidencia una tendencia a medir la aparición de enfermedades pertinentes para el comercio. Sin embargo, estas podrían no ser necesariamente enfermedades prioritarias para los productores. Por otro lado, el 72,3 % (222/307) de las estimaciones proceden de muestras aleatorias y podrían utilizarse para estimar la prevalencia en los pollos de traspatio utilizando métodos de imputación, lo que permitiría subsanar la carencia de datos.

The Egg Hub Model: A Sustainable and Replicable Approach to Address Food Security and Improve Livelihoods.

Background: Despite progress in improving living standards and reduced poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition remain a significant issue worldwide. Childhood is a critical time for the intake of protein to support physical and cognitive growth, including animal-source foods like eggs which can effectively mitigate stunting in low- and middle-income countries. In Malawi, high malnutrition rates among women and children represent a significant public health challenge, but high-quality sources such as eggs remain costly, scarce, and rarely consumed by children in Malawi. The Egg Hub model, identified and piloted by local agri-food entrepreneurs and the Sight and Life Foundation in Malawi, tackles the obstacles faced by smallholder farmers, working to increase egg production, enhance availability, and improve consumption within rural communities by supporting small-scale farmers transition from unsustainable and unproductive backyard rearing to small-scale farm through access to high-quality inputs, training, loans, and a guaranteed market for their eggs. Objectives: This paper provides a detailed account of the implementation of the pilot of the Egg Hub Model in Malawi including the demand creation process, the impact of the model on producers, consumers, and operators, and the social, economic, and environmental sustainability aspects of the model. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative surveys (n = 217 consumers) were used for demand creation and qualitative surveys were used with 15 retailers to determine egg sales. With 16 farmers and the egg hub operator, business metrics, including profits and loss records, were analyzed. Results: The pilot of the Egg Hub model in Malawi supported 85 farmers to triple their egg production, allowing their communities to purchase eggs at prices reduced by 40%, benefiting an estimated number of 180,000 rural poor. Egg consumption among the target population increased from an average of 2 to 9 eggs/month and led to reduced egg wastage and better biosecurity, reducing the risk of children's exposure to chicken feces and infections. The achievements of this Egg Hub in Malawi allowed the model to be replicated in Ethiopia, Peru, and Brazil, producing 40 million eggs annually and benefiting more than half a million consumers. Conclusion: The Egg Hub model is a comprehensive and scalable solution to increase egg supply, address malnutrition and food insecurity, and improve livelihoods. The advantages include centralizing key activities through a community-centered approach, empowering female farmers, increasing access to a highly nutritious food, and economic benefits for farmers and their communities.

Polymelia and concurrent intestinal duplication and cloacal atresia in a broiler chick: case report and literature review.

Congenital malformations are a highly diverse group of conditions reported in both humans and animals, characterized by defects in morphogenesis observed at birth. Although most cases are idiopathic, genetic and environmental factors may be involved. The frequency of such conditions varies with species, geographic regions, and the specific malformation involved. In polymelia, supernumerary limbs are attached to different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal duplications are described less frequently and can be associated with polymelia. Cloacal atresia is among the least-reported malformations in avian species, described only once in a kiwi. Here we describe a case with these 3 malformations in a single broiler chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) and provide a literature review about the occurrence of these malformations in birds. The 3-d-old chick also had an unidentified structure projecting from the pygostyle region. We performed clinical, radiographic, and postmortem examinations. The intestinal duplication was identified only during the postmortem evaluation. Detailed descriptions of avian congenital malformations are scarce. Although similar cases have been reported, we retrieved no cases of concurrent polymelia, intestinal duplication, and cloacal atresia in broiler chickens in our literature search, suggesting that the simultaneous occurrence of these conditions has not been reported previously in this species.

Silicone Shoes for the Treatment of Foot Pad Dermatitis (Bumblefoot) in Pet Chickens-A Retrospective Case Series.

Backyard chickens often suffer from foot pad dermatitis (FPD), a condition exacerbated by poor husbandry, nutritional deficiencies, and obesity. Pressure-relieving bandages, commonly used in the treatment of FPD, are impractical for outdoor chickens as they quickly become wet and dirty, necessitating daily changes that are often unfeasible. This retrospective study explores the use of custom-fit silicone shoes created via 3D-printed molds as an alternative to traditional bandages. CT scans were used to design shoes adapted from a design used for birds of prey. Over three years, 16 chickens with varying degrees of FPD were treated. The results demonstrated that silicone shoes were an effective treatment for FPD, allowing outdoor activity and facilitating daily lesion care without frequent bandage changes. The median shoe-wearing period was 14 days, and most owners provided positive feedback. Despite some attachment issues, the occurrence of secondary pressure marks, and feather regrowth challenges, the silicone shoes offered better ventilation, reusability, and consistent pressure relief compared to traditional bandages. This study concludes that silicone shoes are a viable solution for managing FPD in backyard chickens, promoting faster healing and improving owner compliance.

Dumpsites farmers' awareness of physicochemical properties of dumpsites soil in two agro-ecological zones, Ghana.

In Ghana, widespread backyard farming on arable land with refuse waste is driven by the enriched physicochemical properties of dumpsite soils, supporting crop growth. However, the enhanced levels of heavy metals have raised concerns among policymakers focusing on the environmental challenges posed by dumpsites soil. The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of dumpsites farmers on soil physicochemical properties and dangers posed by accumulated toxic heavy metals. A total of 100 vegetable farmers were interviewed in three communities to gauge their awareness of dumpsite soil properties and potential contamination. A semi-structured questionnaire was purposively used to solicit for information from farmers. Chi-square (χ2) test of homogeneity was used to ascertain if there was any uniformity among respondents in the different communities studied. The findings showed that the level of education of the famers had no relationship (p = 0.21) with farmers' educational level. Dumpsites farmers' knowledge on soil physicochemical properties had a significant (p = 0.02) relationship with farmers' awareness of toxic elements in dumpsites. Farmers' soil physicochemical knowledge further had a significant (p = 0.03) relationship with their awareness that, plants on dumpsites absorb toxic elements. Furthermore, ailments commonly associated with heavy metals as reported by farmers included skin rashes, cough, diarrhoea, and cholera. It can be concluded that although dumpsite farmers exhibit some awareness about the physicochemical properties of their soil and the risks associated with toxic heavy metals, there is still room for improvement. Despite education levels not significantly impacting awareness, targeted intervention programs are necessary to enhance understanding and address this pressing issue effectively. We recommend an implementation of a tailored educational programs for dumpsite farmers to enhance understanding of soil properties and heavy metal risks. There should be improved access to soil testing and interpretation to enable informed decision-making among farmers. Foster collaborations among stakeholders for sustainable waste management, soil remediation, and health monitoring to mitigate heavy metal contamination are also recommended.

Backyard running: Pushing the boundaries of human performance.

Ultrarunning is gaining in popularity but no information is available on the physiological and psychological responses during backyard ultrarunning events. The aim of this study was to determine changes in cognitive function, markers of physiological resilience, and running performance during a backyard-running event. Twelve male ultrarunners (38 ± 8 years old, BMI: 23.5 ± 1.6 kg/m2, and VO2max: 60.8 ± 4.7 mL/min/kg) were monitored before, during, and after the event. Cognitive performance was determined using a cognitive test battery before, during, and after the event. During the event, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration, and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Physical performance was investigated using the total number of completed laps and running speed per lap. Athletes completed 34 ± 17 laps equaling 227.8 ± 113.9 km with average speeds starting at 9.0 km/h and slowing down to 7.5 km/h at the end of the event. Physiological resilience (estimated using HR/speed) varied between athletes, with significantly lower values in the more proficient backyard runners at the end of the event (p < 0.05). HR and lactate levels remained constant, whereas a progressive increase in RPE was noticed (p ≤ 0.001). A significantly worsened reaction time was observed for several cognitive tasks after the event compared to baseline measures (p ≤ 0.05). These observations show that physiological resilience differs depending on the level of endurance performance of the athletes. Furthermore, the backyard ultrarunning event negatively impacted psychomotor speed. Therefore, the results suggest that implementing strategies that enhance physiological resilience and/or psychomotor speed could potentially have a positive effect on performance in ultraendurance activities.

Survey of the husbandry and biosecurity practices of backyard chicken keepers in the UK.

BACKGROUND: This survey investigated the housing, feeding, health and welfare of backyard chickens kept in the UK. METHODS: Information was collected via an online questionnaire active from May to July 2021. The survey asked about flock demographics, housing, diet, enrichment provision, if the flock was registered with the Animal Plant and Health Agency (APHA) and the reason, preventative health care and biosecurity, and the incidence and methods of euthanasia. RESULTS: The majority of flocks (48.8%) consisted of one to five birds, were located in rural areas (58%) and were kept as pets (77%) and/or for eggs (71.6%). Enrichment was provided by 78.4% of keepers. Most respondents (69%) were aware of the Animal Plant and Health Agency poultry registration scheme, with 32.8% being registered with the scheme. Kitchen scraps were fed by 29% of keepers. Veterinary services were used by 63.6% of keepers, although 4% said they struggled to find a veterinarian willing to treat backyard poultry. New additions to the flock were isolated by 70.2% of keepers. LIMITATIONS: The survey was distributed through poultry-specific Facebook groups and via chicken rescue centres, so it is not a truly random sample of backyard chicken keepers. All survey-based studies have an inherent element of subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified biosecurity, humane euthanasia training, veterinary training in backyard poultry medicine, and enrichment provision as areas where improvements can be made to improve poultry health and welfare and reduce the risks of infectious disease transmission.

Exploring the influence of slaughterhouse type and slaughtering steps on Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat: A cluster analysis approach.

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a foodborne pathogen, poses notable hazards to human health and has significant economic implications for poultry production. This study aimed to assess C. jejuni contamination levels in chicken carcasses from both backyard and commercial slaughterhouses in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. It also sought to examine the effects of different slaughtering practices on contamination levels and to offer evidence-based recommendations for reducing C. jejuni contamination. Through the sampling of 105 chicken carcasses and subsequent enumeration of C. jejuni, the study captured the impact of various slaughtering practices. Utilizing k-modes clustering on the observational and bacterial count data, the research identified distinct patterns of contamination, revealing higher levels in backyard operations compared to commercial ones. The application of k-modes clustering highlighted the impact of critical slaughtering practices, particularly chilling, on contamination levels. Notably, samples with the lowest bacterial counts were typically from the chilling step, a practice predominantly found in commercial facilities. This observation underpins the recommendation for backyard slaughterhouses to incorporate ice in their post-evisceration soaking process. Mimicking commercial practices, this chilling method aims to inhibit C. jejuni growth by reducing carcass temperature, thereby enhancing food safety. Furthermore, the study suggests backyard operations adopt additional measures observed in commercial settings, like segregating equipment for each slaughtering step and implementing regular cleaning protocols. These strategic interventions are pivotal in reducing contamination risks, advancing microbiological safety in poultry processing, and aligning with global food safety enhancement efforts.

Comparative assessment of climate resilient potential in four poultry genotypes reared in hot-humid tropical environment: a preliminary evaluation.

The general objective of this study is to comparatively assess the climate-resilient potential of four different poultry genotypes-Giriraja (n = 8), Country chicken (n = 8), Naked neck (n = 8), and Kadaknath (n = 8)-reared in a hot-humid tropical environment. Birds from all genotypes had ad libitum access to feed and water and were exposed to identical environmental temperatures in the experimental shed. Diurnal meteorological data were recorded inside and outside the shed daily. Blood biochemical, hormonal, and endocrine variables were monitored monthly until the birds reached 12 weeks of age. Significant variations (P < 0.01) were observed at different intervals in variables, including total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Genotype-specific differences were noted in triglycerides (P < 0.01), albumin (P < 0.01), total protein (P < 0.05), and cholesterol (P < 0.05). Inter-genotype variations (P < 0.05) were also observed in serum cortisol, T3, and T4 levels. Distinct variations (P < 0.05) were also observed during specific intervals, particularly in cortisol and T3 levels. The study of hepatic mRNA expression of HSPs and HSF-1 revealed a significant breed difference (P < 0.05) in the expression pattern of HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110, while no difference was observed between genotypes for HSP40 and HSF-1. The study highlights the Naked Neck breed as an exemplar of resilience, showcasing its distinctive ability to maintain homeostasis under heat stress compared to other genotypes. The genetic and physiological insights gained from this investigation offer prospective pathways for aligning sustainable poultry farming with environmental exigencies.

Promoting sustainable smallholder farming via multistakeholder collaboration.

Transforming smallholder farms is critical to global food security and environmental sustainability. The science and technology backyard (STB) platform has proved to be a viable approach in China. However, STB has traditionally focused on empowering smallholder farmers by transferring knowledge, and wide-scale adoption of more sustainable practices and technologies remains a challenge. Here, we report on a long-term project focused on technology scale-up for smallholder farmers by expanding and upgrading the original STB platform (STB 2.0). We created a formalized and standardized process by which to engage and collaborate with farmers, including integrating their feedback via equal dialogues in the process of designing and promoting technologies. Based on 288 site-year of field trials in three regions in the North China Plain over 5 y, we find that technologies cocreated through this process were more easily accepted by farmers and increased their crop yields and nitrogen factor productivity by 7.2% and 28.1% in wheat production and by 11.4% and 27.0% in maize production, respectively. In promoting these technologies more broadly, we created a "one-stop" multistakeholder program involving local government agencies, enterprises, universities, and farmers. The program was shown to be much more effective than the traditional extension methods applied at the STB, yielding substantial environmental and economic benefits. Our study contributes an important case study for technology scale-up for smallholder agriculture. The STB 2.0 platform being explored emphasizes equal dialogue with farmers, multistakeholder collaboration, and long-term investment. These lessons may provide value for the global smallholder research and practitioners.

Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis linked to contact with backyard poultry-United States, 2015-2022.

AIMS: Contact with backyard poultry (i.e., privately-owned, non-commercial poultry) was first associated with a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis in 1955. In recent years, backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks have caused more illnesses in the United States than salmonellosis outbreaks linked to any other type of animal. Here, we describe the epidemiology of outbreaks from 2015-2022 to inform prevention efforts. METHODS AND RESULTS: During 2015-2022, there were 88 multistate backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks and 7866 outbreak-associated illnesses caused by 21 different Salmonella serotypes. Salmonella Enteritidis accounted for the most outbreaks (n = 21) and illnesses (n = 2400) of any serotype. Twenty-four percent (1840/7727) of patients with available information were <5 years of age. In total, 30% (1710/5644) of patients were hospitalized, and nine deaths were attributed to Salmonella infection. Throughout this period, patients reported behaviours that have a higher risk of Salmonella transmission, including kissing or snuggling poultry or allowing poultry inside their home. CONCLUSIONS: Despite ongoing efforts to reduce the burden of salmonellosis associated with backyard poultry, outbreak-associated illnesses have nearly tripled and hospitalizations more than quadrupled compared with those in 1990-2014. Because this public health problem is largely preventable, government officials, human and veterinary healthcare providers, hatcheries, and retailers might improve the prevention of illnesses by widely disseminating health and safety recommendations to the public and by continuing to develop and implement prevention measures to reduce zoonotic transmission of Salmonella by backyard poultry.

Content of Toxic Elements (Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead) in Eggs from an Ethically Managed Laying Hen Farm.

Domestic chicken farming has been promoted and spread in several Italian municipalities and worldwide as an aid to the self-consumption of domestically produced food. This study investigated the levels of four toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in eggs from an ethical laying hen farm, comparing the element concentrations with those possibly present in supermarket eggs. A total of 201 eggs, 141 from the farm and produced by different hen genotypes, and 60 from the supermarket, were collected. The levels of the toxic elements were evaluated in the yolk, albumen, and eggshells of all eggs. The results show that the supermarket eggs' yolk and albumen were more contaminated with lead, compared to the rural eggs. Contrarily, the mean content of arsenic was higher in the albumen and eggshells of the rural eggs, compared to the supermarket eggs. The cadmium content was below the LOQ (0.005 mg/kg) in all samples. The mercury content was below or around the LOQ in all rural eggs. Overall, the supermarket egg albumens were significantly more contaminated than the rural ones. No significant differences were found in quality parameters for both types of eggs. The toxic element values that were detected were in line with other studies in the literature. However, despite the concentrations found not representing a risk to the consumers' health, the results of this study raise a potential food safety issue, and it would be desirable to set specific MRLs for eggs for consumers' protection.

A survey of gastrointestinal helminth infestation in smallholder backyard pigs and the first molecular identification of the two zoonotic helminths Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis in Myanmar.

BACKGROUND: Parasitic infestations have a substantial economic impact on pig production. This study aimed to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) helminths in pigs and to molecularly characterise two important nematodes, Ascaris and Trichuris species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 500 pig faecal samples were collected from small holder backyard pig farms in five townships within Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Microscopic examination was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GI helminth infestation in the pigs. DNA extraction and PCR were performed on faecal samples that were morphologically positive for Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. Molecular analysis was then conducted to characterise A. suum and T. suis, the most common and zoonotic helminths. RESULTS: According to microscopic examination, 69.2% (346/500) were positive for GI helminth eggs. The GI helminth species observed were A. suum, Strongyle, Strongyloides spp., T. suis, Metastrongylus spp., Hyostrongylus spp., Fasciolopsis spp., Paragonimus spp., and Schistosoma spp., with occurrences of 34.8%, 29.6%, 21.4%, 20.0%, 4.0%, 1.6%, 1.0%, 1.0%, and 0.4%, respectively. Mixed infections of GI helminths were noted in 31.0% of the samples. Overall, sampled pigs excreted mostly low levels (< 100 EPG) or moderate levels (> 100-500 EPG) of GI helminth eggs. The highest mean EPG for each parasite species was noted in A. suum. The presence of A. suum and T. suis was confirmed molecularly. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of A. suum showed high similarity with previously reported sequences. Likewise, the sequences of T. suis exhibited high similarity with the sequences reported from humans and pigs. Age was noted as an associated factor (P < 0.05) for GI helminth infection status. CONCLUSIONS: In this report, A. suum and T. suis were molecularly identified for the first time in Myanmar. It is important to extend the information among the farmers to be aware of the necessity of preventing zoonotic parasites by practicing regular deworming, proper use of anthelmintics and maintaining hygienic conditions in their pig farms.

The Frequency of Porcine Cysticercosis and Factors Associated with Taenia solium Infection in the Municipality of Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia.

Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections that affect humans and pigs. Their global distribution constitutes a serious public health issue with significant implications for pork production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of porcine cysticercosis in backyard swine from 42 indigenous communities throughout Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia. Between December 2020 and March 2021, free-range pigs (n = 442) were assessed using the ELISA cysticercosis Ag test; 85 pigs were examined through sublingual visual evaluation, and 4 slaughtered pig carcasses were subjected to standard operation inspection. The collected cysticercus underwent histological and PCR analysis. Furthermore, 192 surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) were used to identify the factors that facilitate infection transmission. Serological investigation revealed that 9.7% (46/472) of the animals were positive for cysticerci Ag. Sublingual inspection identified cysticercus in 28.7% (25/87) of the animals, while PCR analysis indicated that cysticercus corresponded to the T. solium American/African genotype. The factors associated with T. solium infection in the pigs in the surveyed areas numbered 14. The majority are associated with factors that promote the active persistence of Taenia solium's life cycle in an area, such as lack of environmental sanitation, a lack of coverage or care for drinking water and wastewater treatment services, and no solid waste disposal.

Megaplasmid Dissemination in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Serotypes from Backyard and Commercial Broiler Production Systems in the Southeastern United States.

Over the past decade, there has been a rise in U.S. backyard poultry ownership, raising concern for residential area antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella contamination. This study aims to lay the groundwork to better understand the persistence of AMR Salmonella in residential broiler production systems and make comparisons with commercial systems. Ten backyard and 10 commercial farms were sampled at three time points across bird production. Both fecal (n = 10) and environmental (soil, n = 5, litter/compost, n = 5, feeder, and waterer swabs, n = 6) samples were collected at each visit on days 10, 31, and 52 of production for backyard farms and days 10, 24, and 38 of production for commercial farms. AMR Salmonella was characterized phenotypically by broth microdilution and genotypically by whole-genome sequencing. Overall, Salmonella was more prevalent in commercial farm samples (52.31%) over backyard farms (19.10%). Kentucky (sequence type (ST) 152) was the most common serotype found in both backyard and commercial farms. Multidrug-resistant (MDR, resistance to ≥3 or more antimicrobial classes) isolates were found in both production systems, while ciprofloxacin- and nalidixic acid-resistant and intermediate isolates were more prevalent in commercial (33%) than backyard samples (1%). Plasmids that have been associated with MDR were found in Kentucky and Infantis isolates, particularly IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 megaplasmid (Infantis). Our study emphasizes the need to understand the selection pressures in disseminating megaplasmids in MDR Salmonella in distinct broiler production systems.

A filarial parasite potentially associated with the health burden on domestic chickens in Japan.

Chickens in free-range environments are at risk of exposure to various pathogens, such as filarioids transmitted via hematophagous vectors. However, the study of filarioids in poultry has been largely neglected compared to the extensive studies focused on viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Here, we performed histological and molecular investigations of the filarioids detected in domestic chickens from two different flocks in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. In the first case, adult worms were present in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle, and microfilariae were present in multiple organs of deceased chickens. In the second case, similar filarioids were detected in the organs and blood of one necropsied layer. Phylogenetic analysis using 18S rRNA gene fragments positioned the filarioid in the same clade as that of Onchocercidae sp., previously identified in a deceased chicken from Chiba Prefecture, Japan, that is located 500 km away from Hiroshima Prefecture. Based on 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene fragments, the filarioid was positioned distinctly from previously reported genera of avian filarioids. These results suggest that the filarioids are potentially associated with the health burden on domestic chickens and belong to the genus Paronchocerca. Furthermore, we developed a nested PCR assay targeting mitochondrial COI and detected the parasite DNA from the biting midge Culicoides arakawae captured near the flock, suggesting that it serves as a vector. Our findings fill the knowledge gap regarding avian filarioids, laying the groundwork for future studies examining the epidemiology, life cycle, and species diversity of this neglected parasite group.

The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa.

Poultry diseases pose major constraints on smallholder production in Africa, causing high flock mortality and economic hardship. Infectious diseases, especially viral diseases like Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and bacterial diseases, especially colibacillosis and salmonellosis, are responsible for most chicken losses, with downstream effects on human nutrition and health. Beyond production impacts, poultry diseases directly harm public health if zoonotic, can give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and facilitate antimicrobial resistance through treatment attempts. HPAI, campylobacteriosis, and salmonellosis are the priority zoonoses. Sustainable solutions for poultry health remain elusive despite recognition of the problem. This review summarises current knowledge on major poultry diseases in smallholder systems, their impacts, and options for prevention and control. We find biosecurity, vaccination, good husbandry, and disease-resistant breeds can reduce disease burden, but practical limitations exist in implementing these measures across smallholder systems. Treatment is often inefficient for viral diseases, and treatment for bacterial diseases risks antimicrobial resistance. Ethnoveterinary practices offer accessible alternatives but require more rigorous evaluation. Multisectoral collaboration and policies that reach smallholder poultry keepers are essential to alleviate disease constraints. Successful control will improve livelihoods, nutrition, and gender equity for millions of rural families. This review concludes that sustainable, scalable solutions for smallholder poultry disease control remain a critical unmet need in Africa.

Serological detection of Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry production system in Woliso District South West Shewa, Central Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important respiratory viral diseases. The disease is endemic in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is no clear record about the introduction of the virus to the country (Ethiopia). Hence, detail about the ND is very important in its (ND) control and prevention. Despite these facts, there is no available research work done on ND in the current research area that would help either as references for researchers or that could help in the control and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the ND virus (NDV), using serological methods in from December 2018 to November 2019. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional type of study was conducted to detect the NDV. The convenience sampling method was used for sample data collection. Before data collection, chicken with previous history of vaccination against the NDV was excluded from the sampling animals. Then, a total of 348 blood samples of 2 mL were collected from the brachial vein in 3 mL disposable syringes. The serum was collected in labeled 2 mL cryovial tubes. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were performed to detect antibodies against NDV and to determine its antibody titer. The test was performed using (ID.vet innovative version 2) procedure. RESULT: In the indirect ELISA test, 37.64% (131/348) were positive and antibody titer mean value of (1761.9088) was scored. The standard deviation of 2592.42160 and a percentage coefficient of variation of 147% was scored. CONCLUSION: From the finding, we conclude that indirect ELISA test detected the presence of the NDV in the study area and the heterogeneousity of antibody titer in the study area. Therefore, further molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation should be carried and vaccination of animals is critical in the study area.