Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis by FTIR Microspectroscopy.

Cervical cancer was considered the fourth most common cancer worldwide in 2020. In order to reduce mortality, an early diagnosis of the tumor is required. Currently, this type of cancer occurs mostly in developing countries due to the lack of vaccination and screening against the Human Papillomavirus. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for new methods aiming at a reliable screening and an early diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. Vibrational spectroscopy has provided very good results regarding the diagnosis of various tumors, particularly using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, which has proved to be a promising complement to the currently used histopathological methods of cancer diagnosis. This spectroscopic technique was applied to the analysis of cryopreserved human cervical tissue samples, both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and non-cancer samples. A dedicated Support Vector Machine classification model was constructed in order to categorize the samples into either normal or malignant and was subsequently validated by cross-validation, with an accuracy higher than 90%.

P2X7 receptor involved in antitumor activity of atractylenolide I in human cervical cancer cells.

Atractylenolide I (Atr-I) was found to sensitize a variety of human cancer cells in previous studies. Purinergic P2X7R plays important role in different cancers. However, whether Atr-I could generate antitumor activity in human cervical cancer cells and P2X7R get involved in this effect remain unclear. In this study, Hela (HPV 18 +) and SiHa (HPV 16 +) cells were treated with different doses of Atr-I. The results indicated that agonist and antagonist of P2X7 receptors, BzATP and JNJ-47965567 (JNJ), could suppress the proliferation of Hela and SiHa cells. Atr-I demonstrated a considerable antitumor effect in both human cervical cancer cells in vitro. Atr-I combined with P2X7R agonist, BzATP, restored Atr-I-induced growth inhibition in Hela cells but not in SiHa cells. However, the combinatorial treatment of P2X7R antagonist JNJ and Atr-I has an additive effect on cell growth inhibition in SiHa cells rather than in Hela cells. It implied that P2X7R would get involved in the anti-human cervical cancer cells effect of Atr-I.

[Retracted] Induction of apoptosis by casticin in cervical cancer cells through reactive oxygen species­mediated mitochondrial signaling pathways.

Following the publication of the above paper, it was drawn to the Editors' attention by a concerned reader that certain of the lanes shown in the DNA agarose gel electrophoresis experiment in Figs. 2D bore some striking similarities; furthermore, there were unexpectedly similar­looking bands included within the gel slices for the western blotting experiments portrayed in Fig. 3B and C. The Editor of Oncology Reports independently received a request from the authors that this paper be retracted, and in view of the uncertainties regarding some of the data shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the Editor agrees with the authors' request that their paper be retracted. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 26: 1287­1294, 2011; DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1367].

Synthesis and Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles of Poly(Glycerol Sebacate): A Novel Highly Stable Anticancer System.

The research for alternative administration methods for anticancer drugs, towards enhanced effectiveness and selectivity, represents a major challenge for the scientific community. In the last decade, polymeric nanostructured delivery systems represented a promising alternative to conventional drug administration since they ensure secure transport to the selected target, providing active compounds protection against elimination, while minimizing drug toxicity to non-target cells. In the present research, poly(glycerol sebacate), a biocompatible polymer, was synthesized and then nanostructured to allow curcumin encapsulation, a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical isolated from the powdered rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Curcumin was selected as an anticancer agent in virtue of its strong chemotherapeutic activity against different cancer types combined with good cytocompatibility within healthy cells. Despite its strong and fascinating biological activity, its possible exploitation as a novel chemotherapeutic has been hampered by its low water solubility, which results in poor absorption and low bioavailability upon oral administration. Hence, its encapsulation within nanoparticles may overcome such issues. Nanoparticles obtained through nanoprecipitation, an easy and scalable technique, were characterized in terms of size and stability over time using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, confirming their nanosized dimensions and spherical shape. Finally, biological investigation demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxic effect of curcumin-loaded PGS-NPs on human cervical cancer cells compared to free curcumin.

Enhancing electron transfer of a semiconducting polymer for type I photodynamic and photothermal synergistic therapy.

Tumor hypoxia is responsible for the reduced therapeutic efficacy of type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of the dependence of cellular oxygen during 1O2 generation. Type I PDT may be a better strategy to overcome the disadvantages of hypoxia for enhanced theranostics. Herein, a new semiconducting polymer PDPP was synthesized and encapsulated with hydrophilic PEG-PDPA to enhance the electron transfer for type I PDT. PDPP NPs show a high superoxide radical generation ability with DHR123 as a probe. In vitro MTT assay indicates PDPP NPs with considerably high phototoxicity on human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) with a low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.1 µg/ml. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrates that PDPP NPs can lead to complete tumor suppression with the help of laser, compared with the control and dark groups. The biosafety is confirmed by the H&E analysis of the normal tissues (the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney). The results provide a strategy to design nanosystems for type I PDT and PTT synergistic therapy.

Cytotoxic Effect of the Essential oils from Erigeron Canadensis L. on Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells in Vitro.

Erigeron Canadensis L. (E. canadensis) is a widely distributed invasive weed species in China. Potentially anti-cancer qualities may exist in its essential oils (EOs). The purpose of this study was to analyze the components of the EOs of E. canadensis and their effects on the normal liver cell lines L02 and the human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa. The EOs from the upper region of E. canadensis were prepared, its components were identified by GC/MS. Cell viability, cell morphology observation, AO/EB dual fluorescence staining assay, flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential, western blot, caspase inhibitor test, and oxidative stress tests were used to investigate the impact of the EOs on HeLa cells. Network pharmacological analysis was employed to study the potential mechanism of the EOs in the treatment of cervical cancer. According to the findings, the EOs had 21 chemical components, of which limonene made up 65.68 %. After being exposed to the EOs, the cell viability of HeLa and L02 dramatically declined. The inhibition of EOs was more effective than that of limonene when used in an amount equivalent to that in the EOs. L02 cells were less susceptible to the cytotoxicity of EOs than HeLa cells were. Furthermore, EOs altered the cell cycle in HeLa cells and caused oxidative stress and apoptosis. Compared with the control group, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased in HeLa cells at first and then decreased, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in HeLa cells significantly decreased. G1 phase cells decreased whereas G2/M phase cells increased. The rate of apoptosis rose. Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and Caspase-3, -9, and -12 protein expression were both observed. Nerolidol, dextroparaffinone, and α-pinene were shown to be the primary components for the suppression of HeLa cells, according to the results of the prediction of pharmacologic targets. In conclusion, findings of this study indicated the EOs may have the potential to curb the growth of cervical cancer cells. Further research is needed to explore the in vivo effect of EOs.

Fenbendazole and its synthetic analog interfere with HeLa cells' proliferation and energy metabolism via inducing oxidative stress and modulating MEK3/6-p38-MAPK pathway.

Fenbendazole, a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug, can be a potential anti-tumor agent. In this study, we synthesized and purified its derivative, analog 6, intending to achieve improved efficacy in cancer cells and decreased toxicity in normal cells. To evaluate in vitro anti-tumor activities of fenbendazole and analog 6 in different cancer cell lines, a CCK-8 assay was performed, and we found that human cervical cancer HeLa cells were more sensitive to analog 6 than to fenbendazole. Furthermore, we explored the associated mechanism, and our results showed that analog 6 and fenbendazole could induce oxidative stress by accumulating ROS. It not only activated the p38-MAPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of HeLa cells and enhancing the apoptosis of HeLa cells, but also significantly induced impaired energy metabolism and restrained their migration and invasion. In addition, the modified analog 6 showed reduced toxicity to normal cells without decreased anti-cancer effect. In conclusion, fenbendazole and analog 6 have multiple targets and strong anti-tumor effects on HeLa cells in vitro and in vivo. The optimized analog 6 could inhibit the viability of HeLa cells with lower toxicity than normal human cells, promising to be developed as an antitumor active compound.

Angelol-A exerts anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects on human cervical carcinoma cells by modulating the phosphorylated-ERK/miR-29a-3p that targets the MMP2/VEGFA axis.

AIMS: Angelol-A (Ang-A), a kind of coumarins, is isolated from the roots of Angelica pubescens f. biserrata. However, AA exerts antitumor effects and molecular mechanism on cervical cancer cells is unknown. MAIN METHODS: Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay, and the cell cycle phase was assessed by PI staining with flow cytometry. Ang-A-treated cells with/without Antago-miR-29a-3p (miR-29a-3p inhibitor) or U0126 (MEK inhibitor) were assessed for the expression of miR-29a-3p, in vitro migration/invasion, and angiogenesis using qRT-PCR, a chemotaxis assay, and tube formation assay, respectively. The expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases/MMP2/MMP9/VEGFA was determined by western blot analysis with applicable antibodies. KEY FINDINGS: Ang-A significantly inhibited MMP2 and VEGFA expression, cell migration, and invasive motility in human cervical cancer cells. Conditioned medium inhibited tube formation in HUVECs. Ang-A principally inhibited invasive motility and angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of miR-29a-3p that targets the VEGFA-3' UTR. The role of miR-29a-3p was confirmed using Antago-miR-29a-3p, which reversed the Ang-A-inhibited expression of MMP2 and VEGFA, invasive motility, and angiogenesis in human cervical cancer cells. The ERK pathway was implicated in mediating the metastatic and angiogenic action of Ang-A. Combined treatment with Ang-A treated and U0126 exerted a synergistic inhibitory effect on the expression of MMP2 and VEGFA and the metastatic and angiogenic properties of human cervical cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings are the first to indicate that in human cervical cancer cells, Ang-A exerts anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects via targeting the miR-29a-3p/MMP2/VEGFA axis, mediated through the ERK pathway.

Timosaponin AIII Inhibits Migration and Invasion Abilities in Human Cervical Cancer Cells through Inactivation of p38 MAPK-Mediated uPA Expression In Vitro and In Vivo.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers globally that require novel approaches. Timosaponin AIII (TSAIII) is a steroidal saponin that displays beneficial effects in antitumor activities. However, the effect of TSAIII on human cervical cancer remains unknown. In this study, we found that TSAIII showed no influence on cell viability, cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis induction in human cervical cancer cells. TSAIII was revealed to have a significant inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion through the downregulation of invasion-related uPA expression and p38 MAPK activation in both human cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer stem cells (CCSCs), indicating that the p38 MAPK-uPA axis mediated the TSAIII-inhibited capacity of cellular migration and invasion. In a synergistic inhibition assay, a TSAIII plus p38 siRNA cotreatment revealed a greater inhibition of uPA expression, migration and invasion in human cervical cancer cells. In an immunodeficient mouse model, TSAIII significantly inhibited lung metastases from human cervical cancer SiHa cells without TSAIII-induced toxicity. These findings first revealed the inhibitory effects of TSAIII on the progression of human cervical cancer through its downregulation of p38 MAPK-uPA axis activation. Therefore, TSAIII might provide a potential strategy for auxiliary therapy in human cervical cancer.

Phytochemical and antiplasmodial investigation of Gardenia thunbergia L. f. leaves.

Previous results indicated that the methanol extract of Gardenia thunbergia has antiplasmodial activity but no compounds have ever been isolated from the plant. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antiplasmodial properties of the plant. The methanol leaf extract of G. thunbergia inhibited Plasmodium falciparum at 50 µg/mL (> 80% inhibition) and was not cytotoxic against HeLa cells. Chromatographic purification of the extract afforded a new saponin and eight other known compounds. The saponin and two flavonoid glycosides displayed non-selective antiplasmodial activity at 50 µg/mL but the activities were diminished at 10 µg/mL. The presence of the isolated compounds in the leaf extract of G. thunbergia could account for the folkloric use of the plant in treating malaria.

Trichomonas vaginalis induces apoptosis via ROS and ER stress response through ER-mitochondria crosstalk in SiHa cells.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis causes lesions on the cervicovaginal mucosa in women; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. We have investigated the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the induction of apoptosis by T. vaginalis and its molecular mechanisms in human cervical cancer SiHa cells. METHODS: Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ER stress response and Bcl-2 family protein expression were evaluated using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide dye staining and western blotting. RESULTS: Trichomonas vaginalis induced mitochondrial ROS production, apoptosis, the ER stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction, such as MMP depolarization and an imbalance in Bcl-2 family proteins, in SiHa cells in a parasite burden- and infection time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (ROS scavenger) or 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; ER stress inhibitor) significantly alleviated apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress response in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, T. vaginalis induced the phosphorylation of apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in SiHa cells, whereas 4-PBA or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) pretreatment significantly attenuated ASK1/JNK phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and ER stress response in SiHa cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, T. vaginalis excretory/secretory products also induced mitochondrial ROS production, apoptosis and the ER stress response in SiHa cells, in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Trichomonas vaginalis induces apoptosis through mitochondrial ROS and ER stress responses, and also promotes ER stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis via the IRE1/ASK1/JNK/Bcl-2 family protein pathways in SiHa cells. These data suggest that T. vaginalis-induced apoptosis is affected by ROS and ER stress response via ER-mitochondria crosstalk.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tumor Cell Invasion Using Au Clusters.

Tumor invasion/metastasis is still the major cause of death in cancer patients. Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is directly related to tumor invasion/metastasis. To accurately and quickly distinguish the risk of invasion/metastasis of primary tumor cells, it is urgent to develop a simple and precise quantitative method to distinguish the expression level of MT1-MMP. In this work, we have constructed red fluorescent Au clusters with peroxidase-like properties that could specifically bind to MT1-MMP on human cervical cancer cells. After MT1-MMP was labelled with Au clusters, we could visually see red fluorescence of MT1-MMP on cervical cancer cells via fluorescence microscopy and catalytic color imaging using an ordinary optical microscope. The constructed Au clusters contained 26 Au atoms; thus, the amount of MT1-MMP on cervical cancer cells could be accurately quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). More importantly, the invasion/metastasis capabilities of the cervical cancer Siha, Caski and Hela cells with different MT1-MMP amounts could be accurately distinguished by fluorescence/catalysis qualitative imaging and ICP-MS quantitative analysis. This method of qualitative/quantitative analysis of tumor-associated proteins on cancer cells has great potential for accurately diagnosing aggressive tumor cells and assessment of their invasion/metastasis risk.

Maslinic Acid Induces DNA Damage and Impairs DNA Repair in Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Maslinic acid, a natural plant-derived triterpenoid compound, exhibits pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of maslinic acid on human cervical cancer HeLa cells in vitro and further investigated the molecular mechanism of maslinic acid-induced DNA damage and repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry. DNA condensation (apoptotic cell death), DNA damage, and DNA fragmentation (DNA ladder) were assayed by DAPI staining, comet assay, and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The expression of DNA damage and repair proteins was assayed by western blotting. RESULTS: Maslinic acid decreased total cell viability and induced DNA condensation, damage, and fragmentation in HeLa cells. Furthermore, maslinic acid elevated the levels of p-ATMSer1981, p-ATRSer428, p53, p-p53Ser151, p-H2A.XSer139, BRCA1 and PARP at 30-40 µM. However, it decreased the levels of DNA-PK and MGMT. CONCLUSION: Maslinic acid reduced the number of viable HeLa cells by inducing DNA damage and altering the expression of proteins involved in DNA damage and repair.

Therapeutic Applications of Biostable Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Peel Extract of Benincasa hispida: Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities.

The purpose of this study was to fabricate biostable inorganic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fresh peel (aqueous) extract of Benincasa hispida. A fast, robust, and eco-friendly approach was used for the synthesis of AgNPs, where bioactive components of peel extract of B. hispida acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorption at 418 nm under the typical AgNPs surface plasmon resonance band range. They depicted a mean size of 26 ± 2 nm with a spherical shape. Their therapeutic prospective was determined by evaluating their antimicrobial and anticancer potential. The bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 50) values of 14.5, 8.6, 6.063, and 13.4 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 14593), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), respectively. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed potent in vitro cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.066 µg/mL; however, no cytotoxic effect was observed on normal human primary osteoblasts cell line. This study explored B. hispida extract and confirmed its effectiveness as a promising source in producing AgNPs that could be employed for several therapeutic applications.

Demethoxycurcumin Inhibits In Vivo Growth of Xenograft Tumors of Human Cervical Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), a derivate of curcumin from natural plants, exerts antitumor effects on various human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, no reports have disclosed whether DMC can affect the growth of human cervical cancer cells in vivo. Therefore we investigated the antitumor effects of DMC on a HeLa cell xenograft model in nude mice in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four nude mice were subcutaneously injected with HeLa cells. All mice were randomly divided into control, low-dose DMC (30 mg/kg), and high-dose DMC (50 mg/kg) groups and individual mice were treated intraperitoneally accordingly every 2 days. RESULTS: DMC significantly reduced tumor weights and volumes of HeLa cell xenografts in mice, indicating the suppression of growth of xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION: These effects and findings might provide evidence for investigating the potential use of DMC as an anti-cervical cancer drug in the future.

Proteomic analysis of the anticancer effect of various extracts of endemicThermopsisturcica in human cervical cancer cells

Background/aim: Thermopsisturcica is a perennial species endemic to Turkey and different extracts of T. turcica have an antiproliferative effect on cancer cells, but there has not been any report on HeLa (human cervical cancer) cells. Materials and methods: To get a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of anticancer activity of methanolic extracts of leaves (LE) and flowers (FE) of T. turcica, we employed 2-DE-based proteomics to explore the proteins involved in anticancer activity in HeLa cells. Results: T. turcica extracts showed a potent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells with the IC50 values of 1.75 mg/mL for LE and 3.25 mg/mL for FE. The induction of apoptosis by LE and FE was also consistent with increased expression of caspase mRNAs and DNA fragmentation. In terms of the proteomic approach, 27 differentially expressed proteins were detected and identified through MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. These altered proteins were involved in cytoskeleton organization and movement, protein folding, proteolysis and translation, cell cycle and proliferation, signal transduction, cell redox homeostasis, and metabolism. Conclusion: Up-regulation of protein disulfide isomerases and down-regulation of Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and heat shock proteins may contribute to the induction of apoptosis and arresting of the cell cycle in HeLa cells.

TSPAN31 suppresses cell proliferation in human cervical cancer through down-regulation of its antisense pairing with CDK4.

Natural antisense transcripts (NAT) are prevalent phenomena in the mammalian genome and play significant regulatory roles in gene expression. While new insights into NAT continue to be revealed, their exact function and their underlying mechanisms in human cancer remain largely unclear. We identified a NAT of CDK4, referred to TSPAN31, which inhibits CDK4 mRNA and protein expression in human cervical cancer by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the CDK4 mRNA. Furthermore, silencing the expression of the TSPAN31 mRNA rescued the TSPAN31 3'-UTR- or the TSPAN31 full-length-induced decrease in CDK4 expression. Noteworthy, we discovered that TSPAN31, as a member of the tetraspanin family, suppressed cell proliferation by down-regulating its antisense pairing with CDK4 and decreasing retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in human cervical cancer. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that TSPAN31 may serve as a potential molecular target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Natural antisense transcripts are widely found in the genome and play an important role in the growth and development of cells. TSPAN31 is natural antisense transcript, and CDK4 is an important gene in the regulation of the cell cycle. Therefore, TSPAN31 and CDK4 have great significance in the study of tumour therapeutic targets.

Effects of Andrographolide on Intracellular pH Regulation, Cellular Migration, and Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cells †.

Cancer cells have been characterized with alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) values (≥7.2) to enable cancer proliferation, migration, and progression. The aim of the present study was to explore the concentration-dependent effects of Andrographolide, an active diterpenoid compound of herb Andrographis paniculata, on Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), cellular migration and apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). The pHi was detected by microspectrofluorometry method, and intracellular acidification was induced by NH4Cl prepulse technique. Viability and protein expression were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and Western blot, respectively. Human normal endocervical cells (End1), ectocervical cells (Ect1), and HeLa were bought commercially. The resting pHi value of HeLa (≈7.47) was significantly higher than that of End1 and Ect1 (≈7.30), and shifted from alkaline to acidic following acid/base impacts. In HEPES (4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid | N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) -buffered superfusate, NHE1 and V-ATPase co-existed functionally for acid extrusion in HeLa, while only NHE1 existed functionally in End/Ect1. Andrographolide (3-1000 µM) concentration-dependently inhibited NHE1 activity. Cell-migration and expressions of NHE1, V-ATPase, PARP (poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase), pro-Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 were significantly reduced by pretreating with Andrographolide (≥100 µM) for 24-48 h in HeLa. Andrographolide inhibited cell viability of End1-cells/Ect1 and HeLa (≥100 and ≥30 µM, respectively). The present findings implicate the promising clinical applications of Andrographolide on cervical cancer treatment.

Anticancerous potential of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Human cervical cancer Hela cells.

The anticancerous effects of PCHPs (HBSS, CHSS, DASS, and CASS) were investigated on Human cervical cancer Hela cells proliferation inhibition, cytotoxicity, caspase-3 activity, cell cycle, and apoptosis. The inhibition rate was expressed as CASS > HBSS > CHSS > DASS, with the maximum inhibition of 74.453 ± 3.399%. Cell cytotoxicity was observed (CASS > CHSS > HBSS > DASS) with the maximum cell death rate of 82.472 ± 3.488%. The caspase-3 activity was induced by CASS > HBSS > DASS > CHSS, with the maximum multiple of 2.954 ± 0.103. CASS induced cell cycle block at the G2/M phase by elevating mRNA expression of CyclinD1, p21, p53 and Wee1, and lowering the expression of Survivin, CHK2, Wee1, CyclinB1, and CDK-1. CASS enhanced the mRNA expression of DR3, DR5, FasL, FADD, PARP, TNF- α, TNF- R1, TRDAA, caspases-8, caspases-10 and the protein expression of FasL and caspases-8, -10 in the death receptor pathway; while, lowered the mRNA expression of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl - 2 and Bcl-xL) and the protein expression of Bcl - 2. The mRNA expression of apoptosis genes (Bak, Cytc, Puma, and caspases-3, -7, -9) and the protein expression of caspases-3, -9 of mitochondria pathway was up regulated which led to cell apoptosis.

Pluronic-based graphene oxide-methylene blue nanocomposite for photodynamic/photothermal combined therapy of cancer cells.

A nanocomposite containing methylene blue (MB), graphene oxide (GO) and Pluronic F127 (PF127) had been developed for combined photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, GO was firstly loaded with MB to form GO-MB by a self-assembly method, and then the surface was modified with PF127 to form GO-MB/PF127 nanocomposite (GO-MB/PF127) by a thin-film hydration method. The structure and properties of the nanocomposite were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The results showed that the as-prepared nanocomposite exhibited high stability in aqueous solution, high release rate of MB from the nanocomposite under acidic conditions. In addition, when excited by 808 nm near infrared (NIR) light and 660 nm light emitting diode (LED) source, GO in GO-MB/PF127 caused photothermal ablation of cancer cells while MB produced singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill cancer cells through oxidative stress in PDT. The combined therapy had a synergistic effect and can achieve a strong killing effect on SiHa cells at a low dose of GO-MB/PF127 containing GO (10 µg mL-1) and MB (5 µg mL-1). And PF127 did not affect the photothermal heating of GO and the 1O2 generation of MB. Moreover, light-induced GO-MB/PF127 nanocomposite killed SiHa cells by apoptosis pathway. The results indicated that the nanocomposite had the potential to effectively treat cancer via noninvasive phototherapy, and could be served as a multifunctional therapeutic agent for photodynamic/photothermal cancer therapy.