An Information Quality Framework for Managed Health Care.

Introduction: Data and information quality play a critical role in the managed healthcare sector, where accurate and reliable information is crucial for optimal decision-making, operations, and patient outcomes. However, managed care organizations face significant challenges in ensuring information quality due to the complexity of data sources, regulatory requirements, and the need for effective data management practices. The goal of this article is to develop and justify an information quality framework for managed healthcare, thereby enabling the sector to better meet its unique information quality challenges. Methods: The information quality framework provided here was designed using other information quality frameworks as exemplars, as well as a qualitative survey involving interviews of twenty industry leaders structured around 17 questions. The responses were analyzed and tabulated to obtain insights into the information quality needs of the managed healthcare domain. Results: The novel framework we present herein encompasses strategies for data integration, standardization and validation, and is followed by a justification section that draws upon existing literature and information quality frameworks in addition to the survey of leaders in the industry. Discussion: Emphasizing objectivity, utility, integrity, and standardization as foundational pillars, the proposed framework provides practical guidelines to empower healthcare organizations in effectively managing information quality within the managed care model.

Is YouTube a reliable source of education for the intravitreal injection procedure?

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the quality of videos on YouTube that demonstrate the intravitreal injection (IVI) procedure as an educational tool. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search on YouTube using the keywords "intravitreal injection", "intravitreal injection procedure", "eye injection", "eye injection procedure", "dexamethasone intraocular injection", and "anti-VEGF injection" was performed on January 10, 2023. Of the first 300 videos obtained, 70 met the inclusion criteria. The videos were evaluated for content and quality using the IVI procedure checklist score, DISCERN, modified Global Quality Score (GQS), Health on the Net Foundation (HON) code, and the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) scores. The quality of the videos was also compared with regard to the uploading source, such as a university or training hospital, educational channels, and individual medical doctors or healthcare professionals. RESULTS: The mean IVI procedure checklist score was 4.84±1.58, and 29 videos fulfilled more than 80% of the checklist items, indicating that only 41.4% of the videos conformed to the IVI procedure recommendations. The mean DISCERN, modified GQS, and JAMA benchmark scores were 34.75±10.46, 2.90±1.09, and 2.09±0.72, respectively, indicating poor overall video quality. The mean HON code score was 4.68±1.39, indicating moderate overall video quality. Videos uploaded by educational channels seem to be of better quality than those uploaded by others. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of evaluated YouTube videos on the IVI procedure appear to be of low quality as an educational tool. Videos uploaded by educational channels would be preferred to gain quality information about the IVI procedure.

Quality assessment of heatstroke videos on TikTok.

Background: The prevalence of heatstroke is rising due to global warming, making it a serious but preventable condition, highlighting the urgent need for effective dissemination of relevant health education to the general public. Advances in technology have made accessing health information more convenient and rapid. In recent years, short videos have become a primary medium for delivering health education, with TikTok gaining considerable popularity among the general public. However, the quality of heatstroke-related health education content on TikTok deserves closer scrutiny. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the quality and content of heatstroke-related videos available on TikTok. Methods: The present study analyzed the top 100 heatstroke-related short videos on TikTok, focusing on their characteristics, quality, and the content they conveyed. The quality of these videos was assessed using the DISCERN instrument. In addition, the completeness of the videos was assessed by examining six key aspects: disease definition, clinical manifestations, risk factors, assessment, management, and outcomes. Results: The study included a total of 90 videos. The results showed that news organizations and healthcare professionals were the primary contributors to these videos, with those from news organizations receiving the most attention. In contrast, those from healthcare professionals received comparatively less engagement. Overall, the quality of the information was found to be moderately low, with the highest quality videos posted by non-profit organizations, followed by those posted by healthcare professionals. The majority of videos uploaded described the disease definition, clinical presentation, risk factors, assessment, management, and outcomes of heatstroke. Conclusion: The quality of information provided in heatstroke-related short videos on TikTok is generally inadequate and requires significant improvement. In addition, such content should be subject to government review to ensure its accuracy and reliability.

Douyin and Bilibili as sources of information on lung cancer in China through assessment and analysis of the content and quality.

Lung cancer has emerged as a major global public health concern. With growing public interest in lung cancer, online searches for related information have surged. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the credibility, quality, and value of lung cancer-related videos on digital media platforms remains unexamined. This study aimed to assess the informational quality and content of lung cancer-related videos on Douyin and Bilibili. A total of 200 lung cancer-related videos that met the criteria were selected from Douyin and Bilibili for evaluation and analysis. The first step involved recording and analyzing the basic information provided in the videos. Subsequently, the source and type of content for each video were identified. All videos' educational content and quality were then evaluated using JAMA, GQS, and Modified DISCERN. Douyin videos were found to be more popular in terms of likes, comments, favorites, and shares, whereas Bilibili videos were longer in duration (P < .001). The majority of video content on both platforms comprised lung cancer introductions (31/100, 31%), with medical professionals being the primary source of uploaded videos (Douyin, n = 55, 55%; Bilibili, n = 43, 43%). General users on Douyin scored the lowest on the JAMA scale, whereas for-profit businesses scored the highest (2.50 points). The results indicated that the videos' informational quality was insufficient. Videos from science communications and health professionals were deemed more reliable regarding completeness and content quality compared to videos from other sources. The public should exercise caution and consider the scientific validity when seeking healthcare information on short video platforms.

Low-carbon information quality dimensions and random forest algorithm evaluation model in digital marketing.

The growing urgency for low-carbon lifestyles necessitates developing effective strategies to promote sustainable consumer choices. This study investigates key dimensions of information quality that shape consumer behavior within digital marketing to achieve this goal. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates grounded theory and machine learning, this study identifies three core dimensions of low-carbon information quality: matching quality, presentation quality, and interpretability quality. These dimensions underscore the importance of aligning information with consumer needs, ensuring clear and accurate presentation, and fostering transparency for trustworthiness. A Random Forest algorithm-based evaluation model is constructed to assess low-carbon information quality, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying high-quality, sustainable content. This research provides a practical tool for digital marketers to enhance their strategies, raise consumer awareness of sustainable options, and ultimately contribute to the growth of the low-carbon consumption market.

Patient education resources for oral mucositis: a google search and ChatGPT analysis.

PURPOSE: Oral mucositis affects 90% of patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation for head and neck malignancies. Many patients use the internet to learn about their condition and treatments; however, the quality of online resources is not guaranteed. Our objective was to determine the most common Google searches related to "oral mucositis" and assess the quality and readability of available resources compared to ChatGPT-generated responses. METHODS: Data related to Google searches for "oral mucositis" were analyzed. People Also Ask (PAA) questions (generated by Google) related to searches for "oral mucositis" were documented. Google resources were rated on quality, understandability, ease of reading, and reading grade level using the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria, Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool, Flesch Reading Ease Score, and Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, respectively. ChatGPT-generated responses to the most popular PAA questions were rated using identical metrics. RESULTS: Google search popularity for "oral mucositis" has significantly increased since 2004. 78% of the Google resources answered the associated PAA question, and 6% met the criteria for universal readability. 100% of the ChatGPT-generated responses answered the prompt, and 20% met the criteria for universal readability when asked to write for the appropriate audience. CONCLUSION: Most resources provided by Google do not meet the criteria for universal readability. When prompted specifically, ChatGPT-generated responses were consistently more readable than Google resources. After verification of accuracy by healthcare professionals, ChatGPT could be a reasonable alternative to generate universally readable patient education resources.

Investigating Topical Steroid Withdrawal Videos on TikTok: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Top 100 Videos.

BACKGROUND: Social media platforms like TikTok are a very popular source of information, especially for skin diseases. Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW) is a condition that is yet to be fully defined and understood. This did not stop the hashtag #topicalsteroidwithdrawal from amassing more than 600 million views on TikTok. It is of utmost importance to assess the quality and content of TikTok videos on TSW to prevent the spread of misinformation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the quality and content of the top 100 videos dedicated to the topic of TSW on TikTok. METHODS: This observational study assesses the content and quality of the top 100 videos about TSW on TikTok. A total of 3 independent scoring systems: DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association, and Global Quality Scale were used to assess the video quality. The content of the videos was coded by 2 reviewers and analyzed for recurrent themes and topics. RESULTS: This study found that only 10.0% (n=10) of the videos clearly defined what TSW is. Videos were predominantly posted by White, middle-aged, and female creators. Neither cause nor mechanism of the disease were described in the videos. The symptoms suggested itching, peeling, and dryness which resembled the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The videos fail to mention important information regarding the use of steroids such as the reason it was initially prescribed, the name of the drug, concentration, mechanism of usage, and method of discontinuation. Management techniques varied from hydration methods approved for treatment of atopic dermatitis to treatment options without scientific evidence. Overall, the videos had immense reach with over 200 million views, 45 million likes, 90,000 comments, and 100,000 shares. Video quality was poor with an average DISCERN score of 1.63 (SD 0.56)/5. Video length, total view count, and views/day were all associated with increased quality, indicating that patients were interacting more with higher quality videos. However, videos were created exclusively by personal accounts, highlighting the absence of dermatologists on the platform to discuss this topic. CONCLUSIONS: The videos posted on TikTok are of low quality and lack pertinent information. The content is varied and not consistent. Health care professionals, including dermatologists and residents in the field, need to be more active on the topic, to spread proper information and prevent an increase in steroid phobia. Health care professionals are encouraged to ride the wave and produce high-quality videos discussing what is known about TSW to avoid the spread of misinformation.

Quality of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Information on the Chinese Internet: Website Evaluation Study.

BACKGROUND: The development of internet technology has greatly increased the ability of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to obtain health information, giving patients more initiative in the patient-physician decision-making process. However, concerns about the quality of website health information will affect the enthusiasm of patients' website search behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the current situation of Chinese internet information on COPD. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the quality of COPD treatment information on the Chinese internet. METHODS: Using the standard disease name "" ("chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" in Chinese) and the commonly used public search terms "" ("COPD") and "" ("emphysema") combined with the keyword "" ("treatment"), we searched the PC client web page of Baidu, Sogou, and 360 search engines and screened the first 50 links of the website from July to August 2021. The language was restricted to Chinese for all the websites. The DISCERN tool was used to evaluate the websites. RESULTS: A total of 96 websites were included and analyzed. The mean overall DISCERN score for all websites was 30.4 (SD 10.3; range 17.3-58.7; low quality), no website reached the maximum DISCERN score of 75, and the mean score for each item was 2.0 (SD 0.7; range 1.2-3.9). There were significant differences in mean DISCERN scores between terms, with "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" having the highest mean score. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of COPD information on the Chinese internet is poor, which is mainly reflected in the low reliability and relevance of COPD treatment information, which can easily lead consumers to make inappropriate treatment choices. The term "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" has the highest DISCERN score among commonly used disease search terms. It is recommended that consumers use standard disease names when searching for website information, as the information obtained is relatively reliable.

Enhancing telehealth services development in Pakistani healthcare sectors through examining various medical service quality characteristics.

Introduction: The telehealth service increased attention both during and after the Covid-19 outbreak. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research in developing countries, including Pakistan. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine telehealth service quality dimensions to promote the telehealth behavior intention and sustainable growth of telehealth in Pakistan. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design. Data were collected from doctors who were delivering telehealth services through a well-designed questionnaire. To examine the hypothesis of the study, we employed the Smart PLS structural equation modeling program, namely version 0.4. Results: The study findings indicate that medical service quality, affordability, information quality, waiting time, and safety have a positive impact on the intention to engage in telehealth behavior. Furthermore, the adoption of telehealth behavior has a significant favorable effect on the actual utilization of telehealth services, which in turn has a highly good impact on sustainable development. Conclusion: The study determined that telehealth services effectively decrease the amount of time and money spent on travel, while still offering convenient access to healthcare. Furthermore, telehealth has the potential to revolutionize payment methods, infrastructure, and staffing in the healthcare industry. Implementing a well-structured telehealth service model can yield beneficial results for a nation and its regulatory efforts in the modern age of technology.

Quality controlled YouTube content intervention for enhancing health literacy and health behavioural intention: A randomized controlled study.

Background: Individuals increasingly turn to the Internet for health information, with YouTube being a prominent source. However, the quality and reliability of the health information vary widely, potentially affecting health literacy and behavioural intentions. Methods: To analyse the impact of health information quality on health literacy and behavioural intention, we conducted a randomized controlled trial using a quality-controlled YouTube intervention. Health information quality on YouTube was evaluated using the Global Quality Score and DISCERN. We randomly allocated (1 : 1) to the intervention group to watch the highest quality-evaluated content and to the control group to watch the lowest quality-evaluated content. Health literacy and health behavioural intention were assessed before and after watching YouTube. The trial was set for two different topics: interpreting laboratory test results from health check-up and information about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Results: From 8 April 2022 to 15 April 2022, 505 participants were randomly assigned to watch either high-quality content (intervention group, n = 255) or low-quality content (control group, n = 250). Health literacy significantly improved in the intervention group (28.1 before and 31.8 after; p < 0.01 for health check-up; 28.3 before and 31.3 after; p < 0.01 for IBD). Health behavioural intention significantly improved in the intervention group (3.5 before and 4.1 after; p < 0.01 for health check-up; 3.6 before and 4.0 after; p < 0.01 for IBD). Control groups had no such effect. Conclusion: High-quality health information can enhance health literacy and behavioural intention in both healthy individuals and those with specific conditions like IBD. It stresses the significance of ensuring reliable health information online and calls for future efforts to curate and provide access to high-quality health content.

Does the Information Quality of ChatGPT Meet the Requirements of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery?

BACKGROUND: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, particularly through AI-based language models like ChatGPT, offers a promising avenue for enhancing patient education and healthcare delivery. This study aims to evaluate the quality of medical information provided by Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) regarding common orthopedic and trauma surgical procedures, assess its limitations, and explore its potential as a supplementary source for patient education. METHODS: Using the GPT-3.5-Turbo version of ChatGPT, simulated patient information was generated for 20 orthopedic and trauma surgical procedures. The study utilized standardized information forms as a reference for evaluating ChatGPT's responses. The accuracy and quality of the provided information were assessed using a modified DISCERN instrument, and a global medical assessment was conducted to categorize the information's usefulness and reliability. RESULTS: ChatGPT mentioned an average of 47% of relevant keywords across procedures, with a variance in the mention rate between 30.5% and 68.6%. The average modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) score was 2.4 out of 5, indicating a moderate to low quality of information. None of the ChatGPT-generated fact sheets were rated as "very useful," with 45% deemed "somewhat useful," 35% "not useful," and 20% classified as "dangerous." A positive correlation was found between higher mDISCERN scores and better physician ratings, suggesting that information quality directly impacts perceived utility. CONCLUSION: While AI-based language models like ChatGPT hold significant promise for medical education and patient care, the current quality of information provided in the field of orthopedics and trauma surgery is suboptimal. Further development and refinement of AI sources and algorithms are necessary to improve the accuracy and reliability of medical information. This study underscores the need for ongoing research and development in AI applications in healthcare, emphasizing the critical role of accurate, high-quality information in patient education and informed consent processes.

YouTube/ Bilibili/ TikTok videos as sources of medical information on laryngeal carcinoma: cross-sectional content analysis study.

BACKGROUND: YouTube, a widely recognized global video platform, is inaccessible in China, whereas Bilibili and TikTok are popular platforms for long and short videos, respectively. There are many videos related to laryngeal carcinoma on these platforms. This study aims to identify upload sources, contents, and feature information of these videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, and further evaluate the video quality. METHODS: On January 1, 2024, we searched the top 100 videos by default sort order (300 videos in total) with the terms "laryngeal carcinoma" and "throat cancer" on YouTube, "" on Bilibili and TikTok. Videos were screened for relevance and similarity. Video characteristics were documented, and quality was assessed by using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), Global Quality Score (GQS), and modified DISCERN (mDISCERN). RESULTS: The analysis included 99 YouTube videos, 76 from Bilibili, and 73 from TikTok. Median video lengths were 193 s (YouTube), 136 s (Bilibili), and 42 s (TikTok). TikTok videos demonstrated higher audience interaction. Bilibili had the lowest ratio of original contents (69.7%). Treatment was the most popular topic on YouTube and Bilibili, while that was the prognosis on TikTok. Solo narration was the most common video style across all platforms. Video uploaders were predominantly non-profit organizations (YouTube), self-media (Bilibili), and doctors (TikTok), with TikTok authors having the highest certification rate (83.3%). Video quality, assessed using PEMAT, VIQI, GQS, and mDISCERN, varied across platforms, with YouTube generally showing the highest scores. Videos from professional authors performed better than videos from non-professionals based on the GQS and mDISCERN scores. Spearman correlation analysis showed no strong relationships between the video quality and the audience interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Videos on social media platforms can help the public learn about the knowledge of laryngeal cancer to some extent. TikTok achieves the best flow, but videos on YouTube are of the best quality. However, the video quality across all platforms still needs enhancement. We need more professional uploaders to ameliorate the video quality related to laryngeal carcinoma. Content creators also should be aware of the certification, the originality, and the style of video shooting. As for the platforms, refining the algorithm will allow users to receive more high-quality videos.

Lost in Translation: Multilingual Analysis of Online Breast Cancer Information.

INTRODUCTION: Patients use the internet to learn more about health conditions. Non-English-speaking patients may face additional challenges. The quality of online breast cancer information, the most common cancer in women, is uncertain. This study aims to examine the quality of online breast cancer information for English and non-English-speaking patients. METHODS: Three search engines were queried using the terms: "how to do a breast examination," "when do I need a mammogram," and "what are the treatment options for breast cancer" in English, Spanish, and Chinese. For each language, 60 unique websites were included and classified by type and information source. Two language-fluent reviewers evaluated website quality using the Journal of American Medical Association benchmark criteria (0-4) and the DISCERN tool (1-5), with higher scores representing higher quality. Scores were averaged for each language. Health On the Net code presence was noted. Inter-rater reliability between reviewers was assessed. RESULTS: English and Spanish websites most commonly originated from US sources (92% and 80%, respectively) compared to Chinese websites (33%, P < 0.001). The most common website type was hospital-affiliated for English (43%) and foundation/advocacy for Spanish and Chinese (43% and 45%, respectively). English websites had the highest and Chinese websites the lowest mean the Journal of American Medical Association (2.2 ± 1.4 versus 1.0 ± 0.8, P = 0.002) and DISCERN scores (3.5 ± 0.9 versus 2.3 ± 0.6, P < 0.001). Health On the Net code was present on 16 (8.9%) websites. Inter-rater reliability ranged from moderate to substantial agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of online information on breast cancer across all three languages is poor. Information quality was poorest for Chinese websites. Improvements to enhance the reliability of breast cancer information across languages are needed.

Validation of the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool: a new tool to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms.

BACKGROUND: The widespread diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms is revolutionizing how health-related information is disseminated, thereby highlighting the need for tools to evaluate the quality of such information. This study aimed to propose and validate the Quality Assessment of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI), a tool specifically designed to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. METHODS: The QAMAI tool has been developed by a panel of experts following guidelines for the development of new questionnaires. A total of 30 responses from ChatGPT4, addressing patient queries, theoretical questions, and clinical head and neck surgery scenarios were assessed by 27 reviewers from 25 academic centers worldwide. Construct validity, internal consistency, inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed to validate the tool. RESULTS: The validation was conducted on the basis of 792 assessments for the 30 responses given by ChatGPT4. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure of the QAMAI with a single factor comprising all the items that explained 51.1% of the variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.449 to 0.856. Overall internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.837). The Interclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.983 (95% CI 0.973-0.991; F (29,542) = 68.3; p < 0.001), indicating excellent reliability. Test-retest reliability analysis revealed a moderate-to-strong correlation with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.876 (95% CI 0.859-0.891; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The QAMAI tool demonstrated significant reliability and validity in assessing the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. Such a tool might become particularly important/useful for physicians as patients increasingly seek medical information on AI platforms.

Readability and Quality of Online Patient Education Materials Concerning Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Objective This study aimed to assess the quality of online patient educational materials regarding posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Methods We performed a search of the top-50 results on Google® (terms: "posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction," "PCL reconstruction," "posterior cruciate ligament surgery," and "PCL surgery") and subsequently filtered to rule out duplicated/inaccessible websites or those containing only videos (67 websites included). Readability was assessed using six formulas: Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKG), Gunning Fog Score (GF), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Automated Readability Index (ARI); quality was assessed using the JAMA benchmark criteria and recording the presence of the HONcode seal. Results The mean FRE was 49.3 (SD 11.2) and the mean FKG level was 8.09. These results were confirmed by the other readability formulae (average: GF 8.9; SMOG Index 7.3; CLI 14.7; ARI 6.5). A HONcode seal was available for 7.4 % of websites. The average JAMA score was 1.3. Conclusion The reading level of online patient materials concerning PCL reconstruction is too high for the average reader, requiring high comprehension skills. Practice implications Online medical information has been shown to influence patient healthcare decision processes. Patient-oriented educational materials should be clear and easy to understand.

Artificial intelligence large language model ChatGPT: is it a trustworthy and reliable source of information for sarcoma patients?

Introduction: Since its introduction in November 2022, the artificial intelligence large language model ChatGPT has taken the world by storm. Among other applications it can be used by patients as a source of information on diseases and their treatments. However, little is known about the quality of the sarcoma-related information ChatGPT provides. We therefore aimed at analyzing how sarcoma experts evaluate the quality of ChatGPT's responses on sarcoma-related inquiries and assess the bot's answers in specific evaluation metrics. Methods: The ChatGPT responses to a sample of 25 sarcoma-related questions (5 definitions, 9 general questions, and 11 treatment-related inquiries) were evaluated by 3 independent sarcoma experts. Each response was compared with authoritative resources and international guidelines and graded on 5 different metrics using a 5-point Likert scale: completeness, misleadingness, accuracy, being up-to-date, and appropriateness. This resulted in maximum 25 and minimum 5 points per answer, with higher scores indicating a higher response quality. Scores ≥21 points were rated as very good, between 16 and 20 as good, while scores ≤15 points were classified as poor (11-15) and very poor (≤10). Results: The median score that ChatGPT's answers achieved was 18.3 points (IQR, i.e., Inter-Quartile Range, 12.3-20.3 points). Six answers were classified as very good, 9 as good, while 5 answers each were rated as poor and very poor. The best scores were documented in the evaluation of how appropriate the response was for patients (median, 3.7 points; IQR, 2.5-4.2 points), which were significantly higher compared to the accuracy scores (median, 3.3 points; IQR, 2.0-4.2 points; p = 0.035). ChatGPT fared considerably worse with treatment-related questions, with only 45% of its responses classified as good or very good, compared to general questions (78% of responses good/very good) and definitions (60% of responses good/very good). Discussion: The answers ChatGPT provided on a rare disease, such as sarcoma, were found to be of very inconsistent quality, with some answers being classified as very good and others as very poor. Sarcoma physicians should be aware of the risks of misinformation that ChatGPT poses and advise their patients accordingly.

Myopia information on TikTok: analysis factors that impact video quality and audience engagement.

BACKGROUND: TikTok is emerging as a vital platform for health information dissemination. Despite myopia being a global public health issue, the high-quality myopia information shared by health educators often fails to go viral. It is imperative to analyze the factors influencing video quality and popularity, especially from diverse perspectives of researchers, health educators, and audiences. METHODS: TikTok myopia-related videos were retrieved using TikTok's default comprehensive search (DCS) and most liked search (MLS) strategies. Venn diagrams were employed to illustrate the relationships and commonalities between the two strategies across four sample sizes (top 200, 150, 100, and 50). Video metadata, including details such as creator information, production properties, upload time, video duration, and viewer engagement, were collected. Video quality was assessed using the DISCERN tool. Video content covering six aspects of myopia were evaluated. The impact of search strategies, video sample sizes, production properties, and myopia content on video quality and audience engagement was analyzed through single-factor or multi-factor analysis. RESULTS: DCS and MLS retrieval strategies, as well as varying sample sizes, resulted in differences in audience engagement for myopia videos (P < 0.039), while The DISCERN quality scores remained comparable (P > 0.221). Videos published by healthcare professionals (HCPs) and non-profit organizations (NPOs) were associated with high-quality (P ≤ 0.014) but comparatively lower popularity (P < 0.033). Videos that reported contents of risk factors, management, and outcomes showed high popularity (P < 0.018), while longer video duration (> 60s) exhibited the opposite trend (P < 0.032). Content on myopia evaluation (P ≤ 0.001) and management (P ≤ 0.022) and video duration were positively correlated with higher DISCERN quality. CONCLUSION: Videos created by HCPs and NPOs deserve greater attention. Rather than pursuing entertaining effects, professional educators should emphasize producing concise, and high-quality myopia content that readily resonates with the audience and has the potential to go viral on the platform.

Modern internet search analytics and thyroidectomy: What are patients asking?

Objectives: Thyroidectomy is among the most commonly performed head and neck surgeries, however, limited existing information is available on topics of interest and concern to patients. Study Design: Observational. Setting: Online. Methods: A search engine optimization tool was utilized to extract metadata on Google-suggested questions that "People Also Ask" (PAA) pertaining to "thyroidectomy" and "thyroid surgery." These questions were categorized by Rothwell criteria and topics of interest. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria enabled quality assessment. Results: A total of 250 PAA questions were analyzed. Future-oriented PAA questions describing what to expect during and after the surgery on topics such as postoperative management, risks or complications of surgery, and technical details were significantly less popular among the "thyroid surgery" group (P < 0.001, P = 0.005, and P < 0.001, respectively). PAA questions about scarring and hypocalcemia were nearly threefold more popular than those related to pain (335 and 319 vs. 113 combined search engine response page count, respectively). The overall JAMA quality score remained low (2.50 ± 1.07), despite an increasing number of patients searching for "thyroidectomy" (r(77) = 0.30, P = 0.007). Conclusions: Patients searching for the nonspecific term "thyroid surgery" received a curated collection of PAA questions that were significantly less likely to educate them on what to expect during and after surgery, as compared to patients with higher health literacy who search with the term "thyroidectomy." This suggests that the content of PAA questions differs based on the presumed health literacy of the internet user.

Understanding Social Media Information Sharing in Individuals with Depression: Insights from the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Schema Activation Theory.

Purpose: How individuals engage with social media can significantly impact their psychological well-being. This study examines the impact of social media interactions on mental health, grounded in the frameworks of the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Schema Activation Theory. It aims to uncover behavioral differences in information sharing between the general population and individuals with depression, while also elucidating the psychological mechanisms underlying these disparities. Methods: A pre-experiment (N=30) and three experiments (Experiment 1a N=200, Experiment 1b N=180, Experiment 2 N=128) were executed online. These experiments investigated the joint effects of information quality, content valence, self-referential processing, and depression level on the intention to share information. The research design incorporated within-subject and between-subject methods, utilizing SPSS and SPSS Process to conduct independent sample t-tests, two-factor ANOVA analyses, mediation analyses, and moderated mediation analyses to test our hypotheses. Results: Information quality and content valence significantly influence sharing intention. In scenarios involving low-quality information, individuals with depression are more inclined to share negative emotional content compared to the general population, and this tendency intensifies with the severity of depression. Moreover, self-referential processing acts as a mediator between emotional content and intention to share, yet this mediation effect weakens as the severity of depression rises. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of promoting viewpoint diversity and breaking the echo chamber effect in social media to improve the mental health of individuals with depression. To achieve this goal, tailoring emotional content on social media could be a practical starting point for practice.

Determinants of accounting information system effectiveness and moderating role of external consultants: Empirical research in the Ben Tre Province of Vietnam.

The characteristics of accounting information systems (AISs) within organizations and the factors affecting their effectiveness are investigated in this study. In particular, how external consultants moderate the relationship between the determinants and AIS effectiveness is examined. A total of 167 agricultural companies in the Ben Tre Province of Vietnam were surveyed using a regression-based partial least squares structural equation model. Then, the influence of these determinants on AIS effectiveness was evaluated. The findings showed that managers' involvement and managers' accounting knowledge positively affect AIS effectiveness. Furthermore, the involvement and knowledge of managers are mitigated by external consultants, which reduces the negative influence of such involvement on AIS effectiveness. This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on the determinants affecting AIS effectiveness by providing agricultural companies in Ben Tre and Vietnam with insights into the effectiveness of their respective AIS activities.