Humor in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Humor is essential to social relationships. Its use and understanding appear to be impaired in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The main objective was to review the existing literature on the detection, understanding and use of humor in persons with ASD. The secondary objective involved exploring assessment scales and specific intervention tools. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out on all available French and English scientific papers about humor - including irony - in persons with ASD up to November 2021. We extracted 552 references and included 43 articles from six databases. RESULTS: Studies suggest that those with ASD can detect audiovisual and written humor. Understanding humor was impaired in writing and when using pure auditory stimuli and non-verbal cartoons. For irony, the results indicated a lower detection of quality and less understanding in speaking but not in writing. Regarding its use, in terms of expression, people with ASD use benevolent humor less often and do not consider humor as a key source of satisfaction with life, as opposed to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that it would be worthwhile to develop standardized humor detection and assessment tools specific to persons with ASD. Practical strategies that focus on humor ability could be worth developing, either individually or in groups.

Que dúvida pode haver? / What doubt can there be? / ¿Qué duda puede haber? / Quel doute peut-il y avoir?

Consciente das complexidades que a sexualidade humana implica, Virginia Woolf desconstrói, em Orlando: uma biografia, os binarismos redutores que tolhem o desejo e a liberdade. No corpo de seu protagonista (corpo feito de linguagem), ela tece uma crítica irônica aos estereótipos formados a partir dos conceitos que categorizam os seres humanos em dois gêneros sexuais distintos na sociedade patriarcal ocidental.

In her novel Orlando: a biography, Virginia Woolf deconstructs the sexual dichotomies that restrict human desire and freedom. Knowing how complex sexuality is, she produces the body of her protagonist by the means of an ironical language that criticizes the stereotypes formed by the concepts that categorize the human beings into two distinct genders in the patriarchal occidental society.

En su novela Orlando: a biography, Virginia Woolf desconstruye las dicotomias sexuales que refrenan el deseo y la libertad de las personas. Consciente de las complejidades de la sexualidad humana, ella produce el cuerpo de su protagonista por medio de um lenguaje irónico que critica los estereotipos formados por los conceptos que categorizan los seres en dos géneros distintos en la sociedad patriarcal occidental.

Dans son roman Orlando : une biographie, Virginia Woolf déconstruit les binarismes qui restreignent le désir et la liberté humains. Consciente qu'elle est des complexités la sexualité, elle produit le corps de son/sa protagoniste par le moyen dun langage critique qu'ironise les stéréotypes formés par les deux genres sexuels distincts dans la société patriarcale occidentale.

Savoir rire entre les lignes : matérialisme médical et « hiéropsychologie ¼ dans la Revue de l'hypnotisme (1887-1910).

Laughter played a crucial strategic role in the fight against clericalism and religion in France during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The cultural output from this polemical use of laughter is contrasted with a "scholarly literature," which fought against religion in a radically different manner that featured reason facing obscurantism and prejudice. Drawing on a study of the contributions dealing with "the psychology of religion" or "hieropsychology" published in the Revue de l'hypnotisme, I will try to show that there also exists a "scholarly ridicule," the forms, codes, and uses of which are characteristic of the anticlerical laughter associated with "medical materialism."

Le rire a joué, en France, dans la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle et la première moitié du 20e siècle, un rôle stratégique crucial dans le combat anticlérical et antireligieux. De cet usage polémique du rire est résultée toute une production culturelle qu'on a distinguée d'une littérature « savante ¼, qui mènerait la lutte contre la religion sur un tout autre plan, celui de la raison affrontant l'obscurantisme et le préjugé. Dans cet article, on essaye de montrer, à partir d'une analyse des contributions relevant de la « psychologie de la religion ¼ ou « hiéropsychologie ¼ publiées dans la Revue de l'hypnotisme, qu'il existe aussi un « ridicule savant ¼, dont les formes, les codes et les usages sont caractéristiques du rire anticlérical que l'on peut associer au « matérialisme médical ¼.